IntroductionRoma people in Europe are still in a great risk of social exclusion because of the stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination against them, known as Antigypsyism. They also encounter high levels of poverty, lower levels of education, housing conditions, and health care, high rates of unemployment, and so on. Based on the push-pull theory, the present study examines the phenomenon of international migration of the Roma population from Olt County, Romania, capturing the specific factors that led to their migration and return to the country, and also the effects of this phenomenon on the community at the place of origin.Methodsour study used a mixed-methods approach, applying a non-standardized questionnaire to 796 Roma people who have experienced international, temporary migration and currently live in Olt County from Romania and semistructured interviews with 15 managers and representatives of the local public and socio-cultural institutions from the same region.Resultsthe results show us that the main push-pull factors of external migration of Roma people from Romania, as well as of their return home are economic and socio-cultural ones. Our data can add to the mentioned theory new pull factors for migration to certain countries, such as the friendly climate and easier learning of the language of the host country. We have also discovered that family is the main factor for returning home to Romania, and also the disappointment of their migration experience. The effects of their return migration on them and the community can be positive (e.g., cultural exchange, awareness of the role of education), but also negative (e.g., increasing unemployment, the negative image of Romania).Conclusionthe findings highlight some assumptions of the push-pull theory, but they also bring new perspectives for understanding and approaching this phenomenon. The perspectives of Roma and representatives of institutions are different regarding the push factors that generate external migration of Roma, Roma identify only economic factors that lead to migration, while managers and representatives also talk about socio-cultural factors involved in the decision to migrate of Roma. The study also identifies the implications generated by the return home of the Roma, with economic, socio-cultural, and educational effects, but also effects at the level of public policies. We believe that the push-pull factors of external migration and the effects of Roma's return to the country are interconnected, generating an amplification of the problems for which Roma migrate. Therefore, they constitute solid arguments for building and streamlining social integration policies for Roma.

Roma populations by country of birth, with age, sex and main language breakdowns across different geographical areas.

Abstract

Since its inception in the mid-1990s, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys programme, known as MICS, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on children and women worldwide. In countries as diverse as Bangladesh, Thailand, Fiji, Qatar, Cote d’Ivoire, Turkmenistan and Argentina, trained fieldwork teams conduct face-to-face interviews with household members on a variety of topics – focusing mainly on those issues that directly affect the lives of children and women. MICS is an integral part of plans and policies of many governments around the world, and a major data source for more than 30 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators. The MICS programme continues to evolve with new methodologies and initiatives, including MICS Plus, MICS Link, MICS GIS and the MICS Tabulator.

Geographic coverage

North Macedonia, Republic of (Roma Settlements) The majority of MICS surveys are designed to be representative at the national level. Sample sizes are sufficient to generate robust data at the regional or provincial levels, and for urban and rural areas. Subnational surveys, covering specific population groups (such as Palestinians in Lebanon) or specific geographical areas (such as selected regions of East in Afghanistan) within countries are also conducted.

Analysis unit

Household, Individual

Sampling procedure

Sample sizes vary greatly from one survey to the other, currently averaging around 12,000 households (for national surveys).

The sample for the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for areas of residence, and for geographical locations, such as regions, governorates, or districts. A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was typickly used for the selection of the survey sample. MICS6 surveys are not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights were used. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in Appendix A of Final Report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

MICS questionnaires were designed by implementing agencies, typically the National Statistical Offices. In each country, MICS questionnaires were based on an assessment of the country’s data needs. The starting point were the standard MICS questionnaires designed by UNICEF’s Global MICS Team, in close coordination with experts, development partners and other international survey programmes. Countries chose from the MICS modules in the standard MICS questionnaires. UNICEF’s MICS experts supported implementing agencies to customize the questionnaires, as required, to the national setting. All survey activities, from sample and survey design, to fieldwork and report writing are carried out by the implementing agencies – with continuous technical support from UNICEF.

The sixth round of MICS included six model questionnaires: • Household Questionnaire • Water Quality Testing Questionnaire • The Questionnaire for Individual Women • The Questionnaire for Individual Men • The Questionnaire for Children Age 5-17 and • The Questionnaire for Children Under Five

The flexible, modular nature of MICS questionnaires makes it easy to remove modules which may not be relevant, and modules for which there is already good quality data from other sources.

Refer to tools page on mics.unicef.org for more detailed information on the flow of questionnaires and contents of the modules.

In 2021, most individuals of the Roma and Sinti population living in North-Italy were Italians. More specifically, the share of people with the Italian nationality was equal to 87 percent. On the contrary, 68 percent of Roma and Sinti residing in Central Italy held a nationality of an Ex-Yugoslavia country.

The Roma and Sinti population in Italy was often victim of episodes of hate speech. In 2018, 125 cases of hate speech against Roma and Sinti were recorded nationwide.

As of December 2021, 37 percent of Russians would not let Roma people in the country. As the survey revealed, that group ranked as the one to which Russians were most ethnophobic. However, 29 percent of respondents did not mind seeing Roma as Russian residents.

Gypsy or Irish Traveller populations by country or continent of birth across different geographical areas.

Abstract

The Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-RAEC) was carried out in 2013-2014 by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics, as part of the global MICS programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF, the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs of Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW) provided financial support. UNICEF, UNFPA and MLSW as well as the World Health Organisation, the National Institute of Public Health, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the Office of Strategic Planning and the Kosovo Agency of Statistics of the Office of the Prime Minister were represented on the Inter-Ministerial Technical and Steering Committees. Technical support was provided throughout the entire process through the secondment of UNICEF Staff and Consultants to work alongside the Kosovo Agency of Statistics during all stages of the implementation of these surveys.

The global MICS programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international household survey programme to support countries in the collection of internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in policies and programmes, and to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. This MICS presents up-to-date information for assessing the situation of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring the existing strategies and action plans on the inclusion of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities. This MICS will also furnish data for designing future programme interventions and support evidence based planning of Kosovo institutions. Importantly it will provide data to inform Kosovo’s EU aspirations and planning in the EU enlargement process while contributing to improved quality in statistics, data collection, management and monitoring systems.

The 2013-2014 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo MICS is a nationally representative sample survey in which 1,118 households, 1,439 women, 599 men and 735 mothers (or caretakers) on behalf of children under five were interviewed. This MICS was conducted in parallel to the 2013-2014 Kosovo MICS which was based on a separate sample. The Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo MICS has a sample of the population living in those particular communities. The fieldwork was conducted between November 2013 – March 2014 by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics with financial and technical support from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

Geographic coverage

Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all men age 15-49 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the sample design for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo MICS was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the Kosovo level. The sample was stratified by Enumeration Areas with more than 50 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households and less than 50 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households.

A two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. The sample size for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo MICS was calculated as about 1,200 households.

According to the 2011 Kosovo Census, there are only 6,308 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in Kosovo, or about two percent of all households. A Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian household is defined as a household with at least one person in the Roma, Ashkali or Egyptian ethnic groups. In order to examine the geographic distribution of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, KAS staff tabulated the total number of households with at least one person from these ethnic groups by EA. A total of 667 EAs were identified with at least one Roma/Ashkali/Egyptian household, but about half of these (338 EAs) have only one to three Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households. The EAs were sorted in reverse order of the number of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households. It was found that 169 EAs have 10 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, and these EAs account for 75.7% of all the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in Kosovo.

It was decided that it would be both cost-effective and analytically appropriate to limit the MICS for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian populations to the EAs with 10 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households. Four EAs have more than 100 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, and another 18 EAs have between 50 and 99 households with persons of these ethnic groups. There are 147 EAs with between 10 and 49 Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households.

Some of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian population identified in the 2011 Kosovo Census may have moved since that time, given a potentially higher migration rate for this population group as they find opportunities in other areas in Kosovo or countries in the Region. Therefore the current number of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in the sample EAs will only be known following a new listing of households to identify those with at least one Roma, Ashkali or Egyptian person.

In order to provide a good level of precision for the key maternal and child health indicators for the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian population, it is recommended to have a sample size of about 1,200 households for these ethnic groups. The sampling strategy is similar to that used for the Kosovo MICS. At the first stage a sample of 80 EAs was selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) from the frame of EAs with 10 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households, where the measure of size is based on the number of households with persons of these ethnic groups in the frame. Following a new listing to identify the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households in the sample EAs, 16 of these households were selected in each EA at the second sampling stage. With a sample of 80 EAs selected at the first stage, the final sample size would be about 1,200 households.

Based on the selection of 80 sample EAs with PPS, the EAs with 50 or more Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households were selected in the sample with a probability of 1. Since there are 22 such certainty EAs in the frame, a sample of 58 additional sample EAs were selected from the remainder of the frame with PPS.

Since the sampling frame (the 2011 census) was not up-to-date, a new listing of households was conducted in all the sample enumeration areas prior to the selection of households. For this purpose, listing teams were formed who visited all of the selected enumeration areas and listed all households in the enumeration areas. They also asked if there was anyone from the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities living in the household to ascertain the total number from which the 16 households should be randomly selected. A separate three day listing training including a pilot in both urban and rural areas was conducted in August 2013 according to the recommended MICS procedures. A total of 26 enumerators were utilised for the listing exercise to cover the 80 EAs over August and September 2013.

Lists of households were prepared by the listing teams in the field for each enumeration area. The Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian households were then sequentially numbered from 1 to n (the total number of households in each enumeration area) at the Kosovo Agency for Statistics, where the selection of 16 households in each enumeration area was carried out using random systematic selection procedures. During the selection of EAs for the Kosovo MICS and the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo MICS a total of eight EAs were selected for both surveys, hence a separate a systematic sample of 16 households was drawn for each survey from those EAs. The survey also included a questionnaire for individual men that was to be administered in one-half of the sample of households. To ensure systematic random selection the even/odd nature of the last digit of the cluster number was then used in conjunction with the even/odd nature of the last digit of the household number to select the specific households for interviews with all eligible men. That is If the last digit of the cluster number was odd then all households with the last digit as odd were selected to administer the male questionnaire, etc.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2013-14 - Final Report" pp.194-195.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS5 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes List of Household Members, Education, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Household Characteristics, Water and Sanitation, and Handwashing.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, men age 15-49 and

The second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II) was conducted in 2016 by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) as a follow-up to the first survey on minorities´ and immigrants´ experiences of discrimination and criminal victimisation conducted by the Agency in 2008. The EU-MIDIS II survey collected information from 25,515 respondents from different ethnic minority and migrant backgrounds, including Roma, in all EU Member States (2016: EU-28 including the UK). The EU-MIDIS II sample is representative of the selected populations that were interviewed. The sample includes persons belonging to ethnic or national minorities, Roma and Russians, persons born outside the EU (first generation respondents) and persons with at least one parent born outside the EU (second generation respondents). All respondents were 16 years or older and had lived in a private household for at least 12 months before the interview. People living in institutional settings - for example, hospitals or prisons - were not interviewed.

The selection of groups to be surveyed in each country was based on several criteria, including the size of the target population, the feasibility of surveying the target population in terms of cost and accessibility, the risk of certain groups experiencing ´racial´, ´ethnic´ or ´religious´ discrimination and victimisation, their vulnerability to the risk of social exclusion and, finally, comparability with previous FRA surveys. The target groups of the EU-MIDIS II survey are immigrants and descendants of immigrants from North Africa; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Turkey; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa; immigrants and descendants of immigrants from Asia and South Asia; new immigrants; Roma; members of the Russian minority. In Slovenia and Poland, people who immigrated to the EU in the last 10 years were included, regardless of country of origin. The fieldwork was conducted between September 2015 and September 2016 by Ipsos MORI under the supervision of FRA staff who monitored compliance with strict quality control procedures.

The questionnaire includes questions on perceived discrimination in various areas, such as employment, education, housing, health and in the use of public or private services. It also covers police checks, criminal victimisation (including hate crime), and awareness of rights and of institutions that provide victim support. In addition, respondents were asked about issues of social participation and integration, including trust in public institutions and the degree of attachment to the country in which they live.

Abstract

The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular.

MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The current round of MICS is focused on providing a monitoring tool for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Fit for Children (WFFC), as well as for other major international commitments, such as the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS and the Abuja targets for malaria.

Survey Objectives The 2005 Serbia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives: - To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Serbia. - To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; - To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Serbia and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. They consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker). Other than a set of core modules, countries can select which modules they want to include in each questionnaire.

Survey Implementation The survey was carried out by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Strategic Marketing Research Agency, with the support and assistance of UNICEF and other partners. Technical assistance and training for the surveys is provided through a series of regional workshops, covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

In 2005 Serbia and Montenegro was the State Union composed of the Republic of Serbia (92.5% of population) and the Republic of Montenegro (7.5% of total population). The MICS 2005 survey was planned and implemented on the whole territory of Serbia and Montenegro, and all documents regarding survey plan and contracts with implementing agencies covered the State Union. In May, 2006 the Republic of Montenegro had a referendum of independency and the State Union broke apart. The results of MICS 2005 survey were presented separately for both countries and two separate reports were prepared.

The survey was implemented by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbia) and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Montenegro (in Montenegro) and the expert research agency - Strategic Marketing & Media Research Institute (SMMRI), which covered the survey implementation in both Serbia and Montenegro.

Special tasks performed by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia: Preparation of questionnaire for the survey: Preparation of methodological guidelines for realization of the survey; Updating of lists of households in the selected census block units; Conducting the pilot ; Selection of households to be covered by sample; Coordination of work of their teams in the field; Interviewing of the households; Work control of their teams; Special tasks performed by the SMMRI: Sample selection; Preparation of survey tools; Organising the training; Conducting the pilot; Updating of lists of households in the selected census block units; Organising field work; Coordination of work of their teams in the field; Interviewing of the households; Work control of their teams; Data processing and analysis; Preparation of report.

Geographic coverage

The sample for the Serbia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for six regions: Vojvodina, Belgrade, West, Central, East and South-East Serbia. Belgrade has a large population (almost one-quarter of the total) and its predominantly urban characteristics make it necessary to separate it from the rest of Central Serbia, to which it administratively belongs. In order to look more deeply into existing ethnic disparities and to provide national estimates, a separate sample was designed for Roma living in Roma settlements.

Analysis unit

Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)

De jure household members (defined as memers of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household)

Women aged 15-49

Children aged 0-4

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The principal objective of the sample design was to provide current and reliable estimates on a set of indicators covering the four major areas of the World Fit for Children declaration, including promoting healthy lives; providing quality education; protecting against abuse, exploitation and violence; and combating HIV/AIDS. The population covered by the 2005 MICS is defined as the universe of all women aged 15-49 and all children aged under 5. A sample of households was selected and all women aged 15-49 identified as usual residents of these households were interviewed. In addition, the mother or the caretaker of all children aged under 5 who were usual residents of the household were also interviewed about the child.

The 2005 MICS collected data from a nationally representative sample of households, women and children. The primary focus of the 2005 MICS was to prodvide estimates of key population and health, education, child protection and HIV related indicators for the country as a whole, and for urban and rural areas separately. In additon, the sample was designed to provide estimates for each of the 6 regions (Vojvodina, Belgrade, West, Central, East and South-East Serbia) for key indicators. Separate sample was designed for Roma living in Roma settlements.

Important factors which influenced the sample design of both Serb and Roma samples are the fertility rate and number of household members.

A stratified, two-stage random sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

In the case of the Serbia without the Roma settlements sample, 400 census enumeration areas within each region with probability proportional to size were selected during the first stage. Since the sample frame (Census 2002) was not up to date, household lists in all selected enumeration areas were updated prior to the selection of households. Owing to the low fertility rate and small household size, households were stratified into two categories. One category of households consists of households with under 5 children, while the other category consists of households without children under 5. The allocation of the sample in the category of households with children was significantly greater than the allocation of the sample in the category of households without children. Based on the updated information, selected units were divided into clusters of 18 households on average, plus 3 backup households. Backup households were interviewed only if some of the first 18 households were not found. In the event that a household refused to be interviewed, a backup household was not contacted. In each cluster, the number of households with children was selected with probability proportional to size.

In the case of the Roma population, the universe could be defined only for Roma who live in separate settlements. During the first stage, 106 census enumeration areas were selected. The updating of household lists was done prior to household selection, but there was no need for sample stratification of households with and without children under 5. The average number of households selected in each cluster was 18 on average, plus 3 backup households.

Secondly, after the household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a systematic sample of 7,794 households in Serbia without Roma from Roma settlements and 1,959 Roma households was drawn up, which makes a total of 9,953 sampled households.

The 2002 Serbian Population Census framework was used for the selection of clusters. Census enumeration areas (app. 100 households) were defined as primary sampling units (PSUs), and were selected from each of the sampling domains by using systematic pps (probability proportional to size) sampling procedures, based on the estimated sizes of the enumeration areas from the 2002 Population Census. The first stage of sampling was thus completed by selecting the required number of enumeration areas from each of the 6 regions by urban and rural areas separately.

Following standard MICS data collection rules, if a household was actually more than one household when visited, then a) if the selected household contained two households, both were interviewed, or b) if the selected household contained 3 or more households, then only the household of the person named as the head was interviewd.

The Serbia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey sample is not self-weighted. For reporting of national level results,

The aim of our study is to assess the drivers of discriminatory behaviors of real-estate agents and private landlords toward prospective Roma tenants, relying on qualitative data from Hungary. Though there is a broad literature on the forms and frequency of discrimination, we know much less about the question of why people discriminate. Previous research suggests that discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is widespread in Hungary. To understand the drivers of discrimination, we analyzed: (a) the sources and justifications of discrimination of Roma people on the rental housing market among real-estate agents and private landlords, the actors making decisions about tenants (b) mapped the social embeddedness of discrimination, and (c) assessed the resilience of discriminatory intentions by analyzing the reactions to a 3-min advocacy video showing discrimination of Roma people on the rental housing market. We conducted and analyzed five online group discussions with 18 real estate agents and landlords advertising properties for rent in different regions of the country. Our qualitative study revealed that discrimination of Roma people is understood to be a widespread and socially acceptable practice driven by the need to avoid risks attributed to Roma tenants based on widely held stereotypes about them. We identified certain specificities in the justification and argumentation strategies of real-estate agents in comparison to private landlords. By providing counter-information presenting the perspective of Roma tenants, negative views could be challenged on the emotional level and also by shifting the group dynamics, strengthening the viewpoint of those without prejudice. We discuss our findings with regards to the possibilities of interventions against discrimination in societies in which neither social norms nor state institutions expect the equal treatment of the members of ethnic minority groups.

In 2024, out of 351,872 immigrants living in Rome, about 21 percent came from Romania, almost 74,000 people. Furthermore, around 38,000 Filipinos lived in the Italian capital, the second-largest non-Italian community in the city.

Genzano di roma. name, office head of government, Mayor, image, Area, date founded, Elevation, Country, administrative division, continent, latitude, waterbody, longitude, Website, population, Demonym

Rome is the most populous city in Italy. With 2.75 million inhabitants, the capital of the country put ahead Milan and Naples. Compared to the number of citizens in 2012, the resident population of Rome increased by over 140,000 individuals. Regional data Rome is located in the center of Italy in the Lazio region. Lazio is the second-largest region in terms of population size after Lombardy. In 2024, the region counts roughly 5.7 million inhabitants, whereas Lombardy has over ten million individuals. The third-largest region is Campania, with 5.6 million people. Naples, the major center of Campania, has around 910,000 inhabitants at the beginning of 2024. Nevertheless, this city was, back in the 19th century, one of the largest cities in Western Europe. Tourism in Rome The Eternal City is also the main tourist destination in Italy and was the eighth most-visited city in Europe. The largest groups of international visitors in Rome came from the United States of America, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Every year, more and more tourists also enjoy the best-known tourist attractions in Rome, like the Colosseum, the Roman Forum, and the Palatine Hill, which together recorded almost ten million visitors in 2022.

This survey looks into attitudes and perceptions of Europeans towards discrimination, based on different grounds (gender, ethnic origin, religion or beliefs, age, disability, sexual orientation and gender identity). As the last Eurobarometer on this topic, from 2009, this survey also includes several questions on the impact of the crisis on the implementation of anti-discrimination policies and efforts. New questions have been added to cover important or emerging topics, such as the situation of the Roma in Europe, discrimination outside the workplace or the links between discrimination and accessibility. Perceptions on discrimination against transsexual and transgender persons are also explored for the first time. The report examines the following grounds of discrimination: 1. Gender 2. Ethnic origin 3. Religion or beliefs 4. Age (divided into two subcategories: age over 55 and age under 30) 5. Disability 6. Sexual orientation 7. Gender identity (being transsexual or transgender) The report is structured as follows: - Setting the context, including whether citizens think of themselves as belonging to a minority group and the diversity of their social circles; - Perceptions of discrimination covering attitudes to different groups and the perceived extent of discrimination in Europe in general and outside working life; - A detailed analysis of discrimination on individual grounds; - Measurements of discrimination in Europe, whether directly experienced by Europeans or as third-party evidence; - Knowledge of one’s rights as a potential victim of discrimination; - Assessments of national efforts made to combat discrimination and the impact of the economic crisis on equality policies; - Views on equal opportunities in employment, including an examination of the effect of the economic crisis on the perceived extent of discrimination; - The case of the Roma.

The results by volumes are distributed as follows:

• Volume A: Countries
• Volume AA: Groups of countries
• Volume A' (AP): Trends
• Volume AA' (AAP): Trends of groups of countries
• Volume B: EU/socio-demographics
• Volume B' (BP) : Trends of EU/ socio-demographics
• Volume C: Country/socio-demographics ---- Researchers may also contact GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences: https://www.gesis.org/eurobarometer

README file

Data Set Title: “PERCEIVE - ENGAGING THE PEOPLE’: IS SOCIAL MEDIA COVERAGE OF EU POLICY ASSOCIATED WITH PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION?”

Data Set Authors:

Vitaliano Barberio (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien), ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-5006;

Luca Pareschi (Università di Roma Tor Vergata), ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-9329;

Data Set Contributors:

Ines Kuric (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien);

Edoardo Mollona (Università di Bologna), ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9496-8618.

Markus Höllerer (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien); http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2509-2696

Data Set Contact Person:

Luca Pareschi (Università di Roma Tor Vergata), ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-9329;

luca.pareschi@uniroma2.it .

Data Set License: this data set is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 International license

Publication Year: 2021

Project Info: PERCEIVE (Perception and Evaluation of Regional and Cohesion Policies by Europeans and Identification with the Values of Europe), funded by European Union, Horizon 2020 Programme. Grant Agreement num. 693529; https://www.perceiveproject.eu/.

Data set Contents

The data set consists of:

1 README file

6 textual qualitative file saved in .txt format

“stoplist_file_[nation].txt”

12 textual quantitative file saved in .txt format

“[source]-keys.txt”: 6 files

2 excel quantitative files saved in .xlsx format

“SentimentFB.xlsx”

“topics_prevalence_and_clustering.xlsx”

Data set Documentation

Abstract

This data set contains the underlying data of the paper “’ENGAGING THE PEOPLE’: IS SOCIAL MEDIA COVERAGE OF EU POLICY ASSOCIATED WITH PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION?”, submitted to the Journal of European Public Policy (Print ISSN: 1350-1763 Online ISSN: 1466-4429) in 2021.

Data openly available within this dataset are a subset of the two following data sets, which contains all the relevant data of Work Package 3 and Work Package 5 of PERCEIVE project:

Data set: “PERCEIVE: WP3: Effectiveness of communication strategies of EU projects” https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371133

Data set: “PERCEIVE: WP5: The multiplicity of shared meanings of EU and Cohesion Regional and Urban Policy at different discursive levels” https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371174

For the paper we collected Facebook posts referred to EU CP policies. We don’t have the permission to share these data (as they are protected by copyright), but all the sources are described in Deliverable 5.2, which is public (see http://doi.org/10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5726 or http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1318184). We analyzed the textual content of data to construct a database of discursive topics in Task5.4. Data set includes the results of topic modeling and of a sentiment analysis performed on the Facebook homepages of Local Management Authorities (LMA) of PERCEIVE case study regions.

Content of the files:

1 sub-folder, named “A_Stopword”, which contains all the stopword lists used for performing Topic Modeling. These are 6 .txt files, one for each language: Austrian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish (“stoplist_file_[nation].txt”).

1 sub-folder which contain the Topic Modeling results for Facebook profiles of the Local Managing Authorities for Austria, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain, and Sweden (sub-folder “B_Facebook”, 12 .txt files). For each case, a file “[source]-keys.txt” lists the 100 most important words for each topic, while a file “[source]-composition.txt” details the topic composition of each textual source. These files were obtained through Mallet software[1].

File “SentimentFB.xlsx” contains data regarding the sentiment analysis for contents on Facebook homepages of Local Managing Authorities. The first column indicates the country, as well as row labels (see below). Columns 2-21 indicate the number id of the topics for each topic model (national level). The three rightmost columns of the file represent respectively a) the name of the lexicon used to detect sentiment orientation (i.e. “VADER”); c) the average sentiment score for positive, neutral and average words for each lexicon and each country; and c) the sentiment score across all topics in a country.

File “topics_prevalence_and_clustering.xlsx” contains data regarding the three clusters of topics analyzed in the paper. The first column represents the ID of each topic; the second column reports the cluster of each topic; the third and the fourth columns report the average prevalence of each topic (rows) in posts and comments, respectively. As these data refer to a regional case study, these columns refer the first region for each country; the sixth and the seventh columns report the average prevalence of each topic (rows) in posts and comments for the second region analyzed (only for those countries where we analyzed two regions); the eighth and ninth columns reports the average prevalence of topics and comments, respectively, for each country; and finally the tenth column reports the country to which data in the previous two columns are referred.

[1] McCallum, Andrew Kachites. "MALLET: A Machine Learning for Language Toolkit."http://mallet.cs.umass.edu. 2002.

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study the following modules are included: 1. Discrimination in the European Union, 2. Fighting against organised crime (witness protection, identity fraud, tax fraud), 3. Science and research (biological and medical research), 4. Justice, freedom and security policy areas, 5. Intelligent systems in vehicles, 6. European Union Humanitarian Aid (ECHO).

Topics: 1. Discrimination in the European Union: perceived extent of discrimination in the own country with regard to: ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, disability; development of the extent of discrimination in the own country with regard to the aforementioned characteristics compared to five years ago; attitude towards the following statements on discrimination in the own country: people of different ethnic origin are more often being controlled by the police than the rest of the population, homosexuality is still a taboo, people over 50 are often considered as no longer capable of working efficiently, everyone is free to practice his / her belief; attitude towards selected statements: people of different ethnic origin enrich culture of own country, getting into nightclubs is harder for people of different ethnic origin, family responsibilities are an obstacle for women to accessing management positions, difficult for homosexuals to state their sexual orientation in the workplace, wearing of visible religious symbols in the workplace is acceptable, financial support for disabled persons in order to eliminate physical obstacles; disadvantageous criteria for equally qualified applicants in a recruiting process: name, address, way of speaking, skin colour or ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, expression of religious belief, smoker, look physical appearance; advantageousness of belonging to the following groups: different ethnic origin than the rest of the population, Roma, aged under 25, men, homosexual, aged over 50, disabled, different religion, women; likelihood to get a job, be accepted for training or get promoted for the following people with equivalent qualifications: woman compared with a man, person aged over 50 compared with a person under 50, disabled person compared with an able-bodied person, foreigner compared to a national, coloured person compared to a white person, person with different ethnic origin, homosexual person, person with different religion, person aged under 25 compared to a person over 25; attitude towards increasing the share of selected groups: members of parliament of different ethnic origin, female members of parliament, women in management positions, people aged over 50 in companies, disabled people in the workplace; attitude towards the adoption of specific measures to provide equal opportunities in the field of employment on the basis of the following characteristics: ethnic origin, gender, age, religious belief, disability, sexual orientation; assessment of the efforts in the own country to fight discrimination as sufficient; most important players in fighting discrimination; knowledge test on the existence of national laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of: ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, disability; preferred points of contact in case of experienced discrimination: national body for equal treatment, lawyer to take legal action, trade union, association, international institutions, EU; awareness of own rights in case of being a victim of discrimination or harassment; attitude towards providing anonymous information as part of a census in order to fight discrimination about: ethnic origin, religion, health situation, sexual orientation.

1. Fighting against organised crime (witness protection, identity fraud, tax fraud): preference for witness protection in the following cases: all kinds of crime, only in certain cases, not in any circ...

Abstract

Since its inception in the mid-1990s, the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys programme, known as MICS, has become the largest source of statistically sound and internationally comparable data on children and women worldwide. In countries as diverse as Bangladesh, Thailand, Fiji, Qatar, Cote d’Ivoire, Turkmenistan and Argentina, trained fieldwork teams conduct face-to-face interviews with household members on a variety of topics – focusing mainly on those issues that directly affect the lives of children and women. MICS is an integral part of plans and policies of many governments around the world, and a major data source for more than 30 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators. The MICS programme continues to evolve with new methodologies and initiatives, including MICS Plus, MICS Link, MICS GIS and the MICS Tabulator.

Geographic coverage

Thailand (Bangkok Small Community) The majority of MICS surveys are designed to be representative at the national level. Sample sizes are sufficient to generate robust data at the regional and provincial levels, and for urban and rural areas. In MICS5, subnational surveys, covering specific population groups (such as the Roma surveys in Eastern Europe) or specific geographical areas (such as the Nalaikh District in Mongolia) within countries were also conducted.

Analysis unit

Household, Individual

Sampling procedure

The sample for the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for areas of residence, and for geographical locations, such as regions, governorates, or districts. A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was typickly used for the selection of the survey sample. MICS5 surveys are not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights were used. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in Appendix A of Final Report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

MICS questionnaires were designed by implementing agencies, typically the National Statistical Offices. In each country, MICS questionnaires were based on an assessment of the country’s data needs. The starting point were the standard MICS questionnaires designed by UNICEF’s Global MICS Team, in close coordination with experts, development partners and other international survey programmes. Countries chose from the MICS modules in the standard MICS questionnaires. UNICEF’s MICS experts supported implementing agencies to customize the questionnaires, as required, to the national setting. All survey activities, from sample and survey design, to fieldwork and report writing are carried out by the implementing agencies – with continuous technical support from UNICEF. The fifth round of MICS included four model questionnaires: (1) the Household Questionnaire, (2) the Questionnaire for Individual Women age 15-49 years, (3) the Questionnaire for Individual Men age 15-49 years, and (4) the Questionnaire for Children Under Five. The flexible, modular nature of MICS questionnaires makes it easy to remove modules which may not be relevant, and modules for which there is already good quality data from other sources.

Refer to tools page on mics.unicef.org for more detailed information on the flow of questionnaires and contents of the modules.