Over the period under observation, the highest number of Romanians leaving the country was recorded in 2017 at 242.2 thousand people. In 2023, the number of Romanian emigrants was at 208.4 thousand.

The most frequently chosen country for emigration by Romanians in 2022 was Germany, with a share of about 22 percent of the total number of emigrants. Italy ranked second, being chosen by roughly 14 percent of Romanian emigrants.

Romania Number of Immigrants: by Country of Origin: Hungary data was reported at 233.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 228.000 Person for 2016. Romania Number of Immigrants: by Country of Origin: Hungary data is updated yearly, averaging 200.000 Person from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2017, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 434.000 Person in 1998 and a record low of 56.000 Person in 2003. Romania Number of Immigrants: by Country of Origin: Hungary data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

Over the period under observation, the number of people who immigrated to Romania peaked in 2022 at 293 thousand. This represented an increase of approximately 115 percent compared to the number recorded in 2014. By 2023, the number of immigrants slightly dropped to 290.3 thousand.

Context

Emigration data shows demographics trends in Romania.

Content

This dataset contains population emigration data, at county and region level, for Romania. Romania is a country from Eastern Europe, former part of communist block. After 1989 Revolution, emigration started, mainly due to economical factors but as well due to political issues, in early 1990 years.

Acknowledgements

The data is from Romanian official sources, namely the National Institute for Statistics.

Inspiration

Combine this data with other datasets, for example dataset with European immigration dataset, to see in detail from where (at region or county level) originated the Romanian immigration in European countries. Look at regional or temporal trends. Correlate these data with important historical events, like 1989 Revolution, 1996 democratic regime change in Romania, 2004 pre-admission (with open access for Romanians in Europe, without visa) to EU or 2007 full admission to EU (when all Romanians got permission to work and study in all European Union countries).

Romania RO: Net Migration data was reported at -150,000.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of -299,997.000 Person for 2012. Romania RO: Net Migration data is updated yearly, averaging -200,000.000 Person from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of -2,001.000 Person in 1972 and a record low of -774,651.000 Person in 2007. Romania RO: Net Migration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Data are five-year estimates.; ; United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision.; Sum;

The largest group of Romanian citizens who emigrated in 2023 were aged between 30 and 34 years old. The second-largest number of Romanian emigrants was in the age group between 20 and 24 years old.

Romania Number of Immigrants: Internal Migration: Female: Urban data was reported at 107,821.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 103,491.000 Person for 2015. Romania Number of Immigrants: Internal Migration: Female: Urban data is updated yearly, averaging 93,322.000 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 349,290.000 Person in 1990 and a record low of 58,634.000 Person in 2000. Romania Number of Immigrants: Internal Migration: Female: Urban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration data was reported at 389,373.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 361,083.000 Person for 2015. Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration data is updated yearly, averaging 324,626.000 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 786,471.000 Person in 1990 and a record low of 240,231.000 Person in 1993. Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

This chart shows the distribution of the number of Romanian immigrants living in France in 2018, by age group. In total, France welcomed nearly ******* Romanian expatriates on its territory in that year.

Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration: Male: Rural data was reported at 65,345.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 60,855.000 Person for 2015. Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration: Male: Rural data is updated yearly, averaging 62,285.000 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 304,543.000 Person in 1990 and a record low of 42,909.000 Person in 2000. Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration: Male: Rural data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

Over the period under consideration, Romania's international migration balance recorded a decreasing trend, while still maintaining negative values. However, in 2022, the difference between immigrants and emigrants became positive, amounting to 85.48 thousand, continuing the trend in 2023 with approximately 82 thousand.

This scatter chart displays net migration (people) against inflation (annual %) in Romania. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

In 2021, the majority of immigrants in Romania came from Spain, making up nearly one fifth of the total number. At the same time, over 15 percent of immigrants were from the United Kingdom.

This research examines the ways in which recent East European migration to the UK has been racialised. 48 in-depth face-to-face interviews were carried out with 25 individual Hungarian (among the first of 'A8' migrants to the UK) and 23 individual Romanian (among the second wave of 'A2' migrants to the UK) migrants in Bristol. Focus groups were also conducted with groups of Hungarian migrants (5 groups) and Romanian migrants (5 groups). These were done to understand the main differences in the racialisation of A8 and A2 migration, to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the migrants' experiences of exclusion and marginalisation, and to question the usefulness of the 'colour paradigm' for understanding and investigating racial phenomena. A self-completion follow-up questionnaire was used to also gain demographic data.

Abstract This data repository contains data at municipality data in Romania about population and population change, wages, agregate turnover, sectorial employment, and e,ployees by types of capital (FDI-capital, domestic and public). The data explores the spatial dynamics of the labor market at the subnational level, providing insights into wage moderation and repression in export-led growth regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. The data are used to investigate the spatial concentration of specialized economies within cities and their periurban areas, where the regional labor force is leveraged to moderate wage increases and attract populations in economies heavily reliant on FDI, in Romania. The data and models are used to show that this leads to the formation of ‘enclave economies’, characterized by localized labor regimes shaped by territorial zoning strategies that regulate labor migration and economic zoning of capital. Employing spatial regression with SARAR-SUR, we model population change and concentration to identify different labor regimes in regional enclaves, examining the impact of wages, sectorial employment, and types of capital. Our findings demonstrate that the sub-national distribution of FDI-led growth in Romania primarily revolves around labor-intensive activities and low capitalization costs, rather than urbanization. Additionally, we observe that changes in employment within public services are not significantly associated with population changes, suggesting that the state does not play a major role as a competitor in the labor markets. Furthermore, our analysis captures the specific labor requirements of multinational firms operating in business services and manufacturing, highlighting the negative impact of foreign companies in the business service sector on the population of core cities.

Data Dependent Variable - The dependent variable in our analysis is population change, which we measure using the population ratio of 2012 to 2011 on a natural logarithmic scale due to its mathematical similarity to percent growth. Dual citizens of Romanian descent from Moldova and Ukraine are drawn to the eastern region, particularly border towns in Suceava, Botoșani, Iași, and Vaslui counties. These immigrants often use their Romanian citizenship to migrate within the EU. To account for this regional trend, we substracted from the population the number of emigrants from each locality over the past decade (both in 2011 and 2021)

Independent variables - We model population change at locality level using wages as a pull factor, capital type and economic sector. To assess the impact of personal income on employment, we have utilized personal income tax data to estimate aggregated wages at the local level as provided on the data portal of the Romanian's Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration. - The Romanian National Institute of Statistics categorizes individuals as employed or working to account for those not receiving wages, including self-employed and contributing family workers. Agricultural workers make up most of the un-waged working population. To measure waged relations within the labor pool, we used the ratio of waged employees to the active age population (16-65 years), which serves as a measure of the size of the labor market at the local level. - We obtained employment data from the National Institute of Statistics, which provided aggregated balance sheets of all companies at the subsidiary level for 2011 and 2021. - We used a dummy variable to distinguish between foreign and domestic companies, and we separately aggregated the number of employees working in local and foreign companies. For the purposes of this study, a company was deemed foreign if it was incorporated in Romania and had 50% or more of its equity shares or share capital owned by a natural or legal person residing outside of Romania. - NACE codes related to manufacturing were used to isolate the companies of interest. To differentiate business services from other service activities, NACE codes related to activities such as information and communication, financial and insurance activities, real estate activities, professional, scientific, and technical activities, and administrative and support service activities were used to filter companies. The aim is to capture the growth of outsourcing in this sector while excluding other service activities such as social services and commerce and logistics. - The first layer of municipalities surrounding the 260 cities in Romania are referred to as periurban area, as they represent the transitional zone between urban and rural environments (Dadashpoor and Ahani, 2019; Stahl, 1969). Out of the 319 cities in Romania, 59 towns are located within the periurban areas adjacent to larger cities in terms of population. This classification creates three typologies of administrative territorial units (3180): core cities (260), periurban localities (1330), and villages (1590). These locality types (core city, periurban localities, and villages) were transformed into dummy variables and utilized as interaction variables. - In Romania, periurban areas are defined by Law no. 246/2022, which focuses on metropolitan areas and involves modifications and additions to certain normative acts. For municipalities, the periurban area includes the first two layers of municipalities surrounding the core city, while for cities, it encompasses only the first layer. However, it's important to note that the majority of population growth occurred in the first layer of municipalities. Due to this, we considered the periurban area for all 260 cities to be equivalent to the first layer of municipalities. - An alternative approach for analysis would have been to use the functional urban area, as defined by Eurostat, which covers the localities within the commuting range of the central city. Nevertheless, this scale is unsuitable for examining population change, as it shows only a negligible percentage change (0.1%) between 2003 and 2020. In contrast, periurban areas exhibited a much more significant population change of 5% during the same period. Consequently, we opted to present our analysis using the concept of periurban areas.

Model specification - We employed two specifications for the independent variables: a cross-sectional specification for 2021 and a first-differencing strategy that measures the difference between municipality-level values in 2011 and 2021. We used both specifications to assess the effect of employment composition across municipalities on population dynamics. The cross-sectional specification assumes that larger employment markets with more employees out of the active age population act as population magnets. However, it is influenced by idiosyncratic factors specific to each municipality. The first-differencing strategy controls for individual-level effects and plays a similar role to a fixed effect for two discontinuous time points, accounting for time-variant factors . It assumes that an increase in employment opportunities at the municipality level generates an overall population increase, irrespective of the size of the labor market out of the active age population. - Despite utilizing all three categories of the locality type simultaneously as a dummy system, multicollinearity did not pose a problem. The interaction term divided the independent variable into spatial components, forming spatial regimes, as described by Anselin and Rey (2014). Furthermore, when the locality type was used as an interaction effect in all models, the continuous variable only covered a portion of the population, specifically those within an economic sector. It did not account for the entire population of employees.

Model selection - We employed a three-stage least squares approach using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) models. We incorporated Spatial Autoregressive terms and Spatial Autoregressive Disturbances (SARAR). R package spsur (Angulo et al., 2021) to estimate the model, and a row-standardized queen contiguity spatial weights matrix was computed from the geometries of Romanian localities to perform the regressions.

Files - data cross.csv: The data for the cross-sectional specification for 2021 - data diff.csv: The data for the first-differencing strategy that measures the difference between municipality-level values in 2011 and 2021 - model.csv: The data which contain the analysis for preparatory analysis and model selection - model A.R: The code in R with the preparatory analysis and model selection - model B.R: The code in R with the analysis with the two specifications for the independent variables - Vizualization.twbx: The Vizualization in Tableau of the data and the predicted values of the different models - codebook data cross.csv - codebook data diff.csv - codebook model.csv

This scatter chart displays incidence of HIV (per 1,000 uninfected population) against net migration (people) in Romania. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

As of 2023, Romania was the EU country which had the greatest number of its citizens living in other member states of the EU, with 3.15 Romanian citizens living abroad. The south-eastern European country has seen mass emigration since it joined the EU in 2007, as its citizens have migrated to wealthier member states to live and work. Poland, which has had a similar experience with its citizens emigrating since joining the EU in 2004, is the country with the third highest number of citizens living in other EU countries, wtih almost 1.5 million. Other countries with large number of citizens living abroad include Italy, with almost 1.5 million, and Portugal, with over 980,000. While the two largest member states in the EU in terms of population, Germany and France, have 774,016 and 623,180 of their citizens living elsewhere in the EU respectively, these figures pale in comparison on a per capita level with countries such as Bulgaria and Croatia. Bulgaria, which joined the EU along with Romania in 2007, has 836,065 of its citizens living abroad, which is remarkable considering the country has a population of roughly seven million people. Croatia, the most recent member state to join the EU, has 563,773 of its citizens abroad, with a population at home of less than four million people.

Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration: Male data was reported at 173,152.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 159,388.000 Person for 2015. Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 146,080.000 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 386,382.000 Person in 1990 and a record low of 109,666.000 Person in 2000. Romania Number of Emigrants: Internal Migration: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.

Romania Number of Immigrants: Internal Migration: Male: Rural data was reported at 89,489.000 Person in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 79,709.000 Person for 2015. Romania Number of Immigrants: Internal Migration: Male: Rural data is updated yearly, averaging 72,233.000 Person from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 101,780.000 Person in 2010 and a record low of 36,722.000 Person in 1991. Romania Number of Immigrants: Internal Migration: Male: Rural data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Statistics. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Romania – Table RO.G004: Number of Immigrants and Emigrants.