In 2020, there were 839 students who passed the National Evaluation Exam with an average of 10. This was the best national exam performance recorded since 2013. By contrast, only 75 students passed the National Evaluation Exam with the maximum average in 2025, which was 10 more than in the previous year.

The absenteeism rate at the National Evaluation Exam in Romania in 2023 was *** percent, slightly higher than in 2022. From ******* students enrolled - ******* were present at the exam.

Abstract

The survey is the follow-up of the Diagnostic Review on Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy conducted by the World Bank in 2008-2009. The Diagnostic Review in Romania was the fourth in a World Bank-sponsored pilot program to assess consumer protection and financial literacy in developing and middle-income countries.1 The objectives of this Review were three-fold to: (1) refine a set of good practices for assessing consumer protection and financial literacy, including financial literacy; (2) conduct a review of the existing rules and practices in Romania compared to the good practices; and (3) provide recommendations on ways to improve consumer protection and financial literacy in Romania. The Diagnostic Review was prepared at the request of the National Authority for Consumers' Protection (ANPC), whose request was endorsed by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Support was provided by the National Bank of Romania (BNR), which supervises banks and non-bank credit institutions. Further assistance was given by the supervisory commissions for securities (CNVM), insurance (CSA) and private pensions (CSSPP).

The Diagnostic Review found that the basic foundations needed for consumer protection and financial literacy are in place in Romania but they benefit from further strengthening support. The Review proposes improvements in six areas: consumer awareness, information and disclosure for consumers, professional competence, dispute resolution, financial education and financial literacy surveys.

Consequently, in 2010 the World Bank commissioned a nation-wide survey of the levels of financial literacy. A consultant (sociologist Manuela Sofia Stanculescu) developed the survey methodology (sampling methodology and questionnaire) in line with the Financial Literacy Survey in Russia (the World Bank, 2008) and the baseline survey Financial Capability in the UK (Financial Services Authority, 2005).2 The final form of the questionnaire was agreed with representatives of the National Bank of Romania (BNR), the Romanian Banking Institute (IBR), the National Authority for Consumers' Protection (ANPC), and the Financial Companies Association in Romania (ALB). The Institute for World Economy (Romanian Academy) collected the data in May 2010.

The main objective of this work is the establishment (and later the evaluation) of a well targeted national program of financial education.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Household, individual

Universe

Non-institutionalized persons aged 18 or older

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample of the survey is probabilistic, two-stage, stratified, representative at national level with an error of +/- 3% at a 95% confidence level.

The sample is based on two stratification criteria: (i) historical region (8 regions) and (ii) type of locality (7 types depending on the city size, in urban areas, and on the synthetic index of community development,4 in the rural ones).

The sample volume is 2048,5 out of which 148 cases represent a boost of persons aged 16, 17 or those had their 18th birthday after November 2009.6 Respondents were randomly selected from electoral registers corresponding to 185 voting sections (randomly selected), located in 141 localities (77 communes, 63 towns/cities and the capital Bucharest).

The sample includes a slight over-representation of men, rural respondents, and elderly particularly due to the boost of young but also to the fact that people left abroad concentrate among the 25-44 age category. Nevertheless, the sample fairly reproduces the structure (by gender, age categories and area of residence) of the country population 16+ years according to the data for 2009 provided by the National Institute for Statistics. Socio-demographic structure of the sample is presented in table 3 of the survey report.

Demographic data and data regarding the use of financial services were collected for all members of respondents? households. In the respondents? households live 5406 persons overall. This extended sample has also a slight over-representation of rural respondents and an under-representation of children (0-14 years) and persons 25-24 years (most probably young people who left abroad with children).

MORE INFORMATION ON THE SAMPLING METHODOLOGY

Sample volume: 2,200 non-institutionalized persons aged 18 or older. In addition, the sample will be boosted with 180 persons aged 16-18 years old. Overall, at least 2,000 valid questionnaires should be completed during fieldwork.

Type of the sample: Probabilistic, two-stage, stratified, representative at national level, with an error of +/- 2.8% at a 95% confidence level.

Stratification criteria: The sampling scheme is based on two stratification criteria

(a) Historical region (8 regions) (b) Type of locality, with 7 theoretical strata

i. Urban areas - 4 strata 1. very small towns under 30 thou inhabitants 2. small towns 30,001-100 thou inhabitants 3. medium cities 100,001-199 thou inhabitants 4. large cities 200 thou inhabitants or more

ii. Rural areas - 3 strata determined based on the synthetic index of community development 37 1. poor communes (the 30% communes with the lowest level of development within the country) 2. medium developed communes 3. developed communes (the 30% communes with the highest level of development within the country).

Sampling stages: The sampling scheme includes two stages.

Sampling units: There are two sampling units corresponding to the two sampling stages. In the first sampling stage, voting sections are selected and in the second stage, non-institutionalized persons aged 18 years or more.

Selection: Random selection in all sampling stages.

Sampling scheme: In the first stage the sample is distributed proportionally with the volume of population for each of the 56(= 8 x 7) theoretical strata different from zero.

The corresponding number of voting sections for each strata is determined taking into account on the one hand, the volume of each strata sub-sample (= sample size x share of total population in that strata) and, on the other hand, a minimum level of 10 questionnaires for each sampling point. The voting sections which will represent sampling points are then randomly selected based on the exhaustive national list of voting sections (the latest available from the Permanent Electoral Authority).

The sample has 188 sampling points (voting sections) of which 104 are in urban areas, and 84 are in rural localities, including the capital city.

For each sampling point is computed the number of corresponding questionnaires by dividing the strata sub-sample by the number of sampling points of that strata. In the second sampling stage, the electoral registers corresponding to the voting sections (selected as sampling points) are used as sampling frame. Non-institutionalized persons aged 18 or more are randomly selected from the electoral registers based on the mechanical step method.

In those localities where the electoral registers are not available (or the municipality do not grant access), the random route method will be used. All these cases will be specified and explained in the fieldwork report, except for Bucharest, where the random route method will be used for all voting sections, as the rate of replacement from electoral registers is high in all national representative surveys.

The electoral registers include only persons 18 years or more. Accordingly, the sample will include a boost of persons aged 16, 17 or persons that had their 18th birthday after November 2009.39 For each voting section, one person aged 16-18 years will be added. They will be selected based on the random route method.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Response rate

The overall response rate of the survey is 95.2%. More detailed information is provided in "Table 2 Response rates and quality of the sampling frame by sampling method (%) " of the survey report.

The six data sets were created for an undergraduate course at the Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, held for second year students in the autumn semester. The course is taught both in Romanian and English with the same content and evaluation rules in both languages. The six data sets are the following: - FirstCaseStudy_RO_traditional_2019-2020.txt - contains data about the grades from the 2019-2020 academic year (when traditional face-to-face teaching method was used) for the Romanian language - FirstCaseStudy_RO_online_2020-2021.txt - contains data about the grades from the 2020-2021 academic year (when online teaching was used) for the Romanian language - SecondCaseStudy_EN_traditional_2019-2020.txt - contains data about the grades from the 2019-2020 academic year (when traditional face-to-face teaching method was used) for the English language - SecondCaseStudy_EN_online_2020-2021.txt - contains data about the grades from the 2020-2021 academic year (when online teaching was used) for the English language - ThirdCaseStudy_Both_traditional_2019-2020.txt - the concatenation of the two data sets for the 2019-2020 academic year (so all instances from FirstCaseStudy_RO_traditional_2019-2020 and SecondCaseStudy_EN_traditional_2019-2020 together) - ThirdCaseStudy_Both_online_2020-2021.txt - the concatenation of the two data sets for the 2020-2021 academic year (so all instances from FirstCaseStudy_RO_online_2020-2021 and SecondCaseStudy_EN_online_2020-2021 together)Instances from the data sets for the 2019-2020 academic year contain 12 attributes (in this order): - the grades received by the student for 7 laboratory assignments that were presented during the semester. For assignments that were not turned in a grade of 0 was given. Possible values are between 0 and 10 - the grades received by the student for 2 practical exams. If a student did not participate in a practical exam, de grade was 0. Possible values are between 0 and 10. - the number of seminar activities that the student had. Possible values are between 0 and 7. - the final grade the student received for the course. It is a value between 4 and 10. - the category of the final grade: - E for grades 10 or 9 - G for grades 8 or 7 - S for grades 6 or 5 - F for grade 4Instances from the data sets for the 2020-2021 academic year contain 10 attributes (in this order): - the grades received by the student for 7 laboratory assignments that were presented during the semester. For assignments that were not turned in a grade of 0 was given. Possible values are between 0 and 10 - a seminar bonus computed based on the number of seminar activities the student had during the semester, which was added to the final grade. Possible values are between 0 and 0.5. - the final grade the student received for the course. It is a value between 4 and 10. - the category of the final grade: - E for grades 10 or 9 - G for grades 8 or 7 - S for grades 6 or 5 - F for grade 4

IntroductionPharmacy-based vaccination services are now available in 56 countries, including Romania, that started administering the flu-vaccines in the community pharmacies from 2022. Assessing how pharmacists managed this new pharmaceutical service in Romania is the subject of this study.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among all the pharmacies from Romania that were authorized to provide this service (442 pharmacies, from which 53 were in rural areas). An online survey was created using Google Forms and included 28 items, with 24 closed-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions. The questionnaire covered six sections: General information, Patient perspective, Authorization and training within the pharmacy, Administration of flu vaccine services, Pharmacy logistics, and Staff satisfaction. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were applied.ResultsIn total, 180 pharmacists participated (response rate was 41%), and the respondents were the pharmacists who administered flu vaccines in these pharmacies. Among the respondents, 92.8% were from urban community pharmacies, and most of them were from Bucharest (26.1%) and East Romania. 88% of respondents considered that this new service will significantly impact the future increase in vaccine coverage rates in Romania. Regarding patients’ perception of this pharmaceutical service (provided by pharmacists), the vaccination service was evaluated very positively by 63% patients and positively by 18% patients, with statistically different perceptions between the types of the pharmacies (p < 0.01). A very positive vaccination evaluation was observed more often among national chain pharmacies (73.1%) rather than among local chain pharmacies (35.9%) or independent pharmacies (36.4%). Regarding logistical barriers, 39% of pharmacies reported no issues with vaccine supply. Moreover, 97% of pharmacies had adequate protective materials to safely administer vaccines. In terms of overall satisfaction, 23% of pharmacists reported being very satisfied, while 39% indicated they were satisfied with the new pharmaceutical service they were providing. The majority (82%) felt that their salaries should be increased related to the vaccination service. Additionally, there is a need for improvements in the pharmacy schedule and the advance scheduling of vaccinations.ConclusionThis study was developed to assist future health policies through expansion of advanced pharmaceutical services, and adding other vaccines to community pharmacy portfolios.