Inflation is an important measure of any country’s economy, and the Retail Price Index (RPI) is one of the most widely used indicators in the United Kingdom, with the rate expected to be 4.1 percent in 2025, compared with 3.6 percent in 2024. This followed 2022, when RPI inflation reached a rate of 11.6 percent, by far the highest annual rate during this provided time period. CPI vs RPI Although the Retail Price Index is a commonly utilized inflation indicator, the UK also uses a newer method of calculating inflation, the Consumer Price Index. The CPI, along with the CPIH (Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs) are usually preferred by the UK government, but the RPI is still used in certain instances. Increases in rail fares for example, are calculated using the RPI, while increases in pension payments are calculated using CPI, when this is used as the uprating factor. The use of one inflation measure over the other can therefore have a significant impact on people’s lives in the UK. High inflation falls to more typical levels by 2024 Like the Retail Price Index, the Consumer Price Index inflation rate also reached a recent peak in October 2022. In that month, prices were rising by 11.1 percent and did not fall below double figures until April 2023. This fall was largely due to slower price increases in key sectors such as energy, which drove a significant amount of the 2022 wave of inflation. Inflation nevertheless remains elevated, fueled not only by high food inflation, but also by underlying core inflation. As of February 2025, the overall CPI inflation rate was 2.8 percent, although an uptick in inflation is expected later in the year, with a rate of 3.7 percent forecast for the third quarter of the year.

The inflation rate for the Retail Price Index (RPI) in the United Kingdom was 4.4 percent in June 2025, up from 4.3 percent in the previous month. From 2021 onwards, prices in the UK rose rapidly, with the RPI inflation rate peaking at 14.2 percent in October 2022. Although inflation fell in subsequent months, it wasn't until July 2023 that inflation fell below double digits, and as of late 2024, the RPI rate was still above three percent. The CPI and CPIH While the retail price index is still a popular method of calculating inflation, the consumer price index (CPI) is the current main measurement of inflation in the UK. There is also an additional price index, which includes some extra housing costs, known as the Consumer Price Index including homer occupiers' costs (CPIH) index, which is seen by the UK's Office of National Statistics as the official inflation rate. As of December 2024, the CPI inflation rate stood at 2.5 percent, while the CPIH rate was 3.5 percent. Core inflation down in 2024 Another way of measuring inflation is to strip out the volatility of energy and food prices and look at the underlying core inflation rate. As of December 2024, this was 3.2 percent, slightly higher than the overall CPI rate, but more aligned with the overall figure than it was in 2022 and 2023. When inflation peaked at 11.2 percent in October 2022, for example, core inflation stood at just 6.5 percent. After energy prices in 2023 fell relative to 2022, the overall inflation rate in the UK declined quite rapidly, with core inflation overtaking the overall rate in July 2023. During the most recent period of high inflation, core inflation peaked at 7.1 percent in May 2023, and while taking longer to fall than the overall figure, has generally been declining since then.

The UK inflation rate was 3.6 percent in June 2025, up from 3.4 percent in the previous month, and the fastest rate of inflation since January 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the communications sector, at 6.1 percent, but were falling in both the furniture and transport sectors, at -0.3 percent and -0.6 percent, respectively.
The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

Inflation Rate in the United Kingdom increased to 3.60 percent in June from 3.40 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Measures of monthly UK inflation data including CPIH, CPI and RPI. These tables complement the consumer price inflation time series dataset.

The Retail Price Index (RPI) is one of the main measures of inflation used to calculate the change in the price of goods and services within the British economy. In the second quarter of 2025 the index value was 403.2, indicating that the price for a fixed basket of goods had increased by almost more than 300 percent since 1987. The RPI inflation rate for June 2025 was 4.4 percent, up from 3.2 percent in March 2025 Inflation and UK living standards For UK consumers, high inflation is one of the main drivers of the ongoing cost of living crisis. With wages struggling to keep up with the pace of inflation for a long period between 2021 and 2023, UK households saw their living standards fall significantly. In 2022/23, real household disposable income in the UK is estimated to have fallen by 2.1 percent, which was the biggest fall in living standards since 1956. While there have been some signals that the crisis eased somewhat in 2024, such as falling energy and food inflation, an increasing share of UK households have reported increasing living costs since Summer 2024. Additional inflation indicators Aside from the Retail Price Index, the UK also produces other inflation indices such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH). While these particular indices measure consumer price increases slightly differently, they both provide an overall picture of rising prices. More specific inflation rates, such as by sector, are also produced, while other indices omit certain items, such as core inflation, which excludes food and energy inflation, to provide a more stable measure of inflation.

Inflation Rate in Italy remained unchanged at 1.70 percent in July. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Italy Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2024, the annual inflation rate for the United Kingdom was 2.5 percent, with the average rate for 2025 predicted to rise to 3.2 percent, revised upwards from an earlier prediction of 2.6 percent. The UK has only recently recovered from a period of elevated inflation, which saw the CPI rate reach 9.1 percent in 2022, and 7.3 percent in 2023. Despite an uptick in inflation expected in 2025, the inflation rate is expected to fall to 2.1 percent in 2026, and two percent between 2027 and 2029. UK inflation crisis Between 2021 and 2023, inflation surged in the UK, reaching a 41-year-high of 11.1 percent in October 2022. Although inflation fell to more usual levels by 2024, prices in the UK had already increased by over 20 percent relative to the start of the crisis. The two main drivers of price increases during this time were food and energy inflation, two of the main spending areas of UK households. Although food and energy prices came down quite sharply in 2023, underlying core inflation, which measures prices rises without food and energy, remained slightly above the headline inflation rate throughout 2024, suggesting some aspects of inflation had become embedded in the UK economy. Inflation rises across in the world in 2022 The UK was not alone in suffering from runaway inflation over the last few years. From late 2021 onwards, various factors converged to encourage a global acceleration of prices, leading to the ongoing inflation crisis. Blocked-up supply chains were one of the main factors as the world emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic. This was followed by energy and food inflation skyrocketing after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Central bank interest rates were raised globally in response to the problem, possibly putting an end to the era of cheap money that has defined monetary policy since the financial crash of 2008.

In 2024, the average inflation rate in the United Kingdom was approximately 2.53 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by around 14.32 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The inflation is forecast to decline by about 0.53 percentage points from 2024 to 2030, fluctuating as it trends downward.This indicator measures inflation based upon the year-on-year change in the average consumer price index, expressed in percent. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services.

In June 2025, the Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) inflation rate of the United Kingdom was ****percent, up from **** percent in the previous month. The inflation rate fell noticeably after the COVID-19 pandemic but rose sharply between Spring 2021 and Autumn 2022. After peaking at *** percent in October 2022, CPIH inflation declined throughout 2023 and into 2024, falling to *** percent by September of that year, before increasing again recently. Cost of living problems persist into 2025 Although it is likely that the worst of the recent inflation surge may have passed, the issues caused by it look set to linger into 2025 and beyond. While the share of households experiencing living cost rises has fallen from ** percent in August 2022, to ** percent in July 2024, this share rose towards the end of the year, with more than half of households reporting rising costs in December. Even with lower inflation, overall consumer prices have already increased by around ** percent in the last three years, rising to almost ** percent for food prices, which lower income households typically spend more of their income on. The significant increase in people relying on food banks across the UK, is evidence of the magnitude of this problem, with approximately **** million people using food banks in 2023/24. Other measures of inflation While the CPIH inflation rate displayed here is the preferred index of the UK's Office of National Statistics, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is often more prominently featured in the media in general. An older index, the Retail Price Index (RPI) is also still used by the government to calculate certain taxes and rail fares. Other metrics include the core inflation rate, which measures price increases without the volatility of food and energy costs, while price increases in goods and services can also be tracked separately. The inflation rate of individual sectors can also be measured, and as of December 2024, prices were rising fastest in the communications sector, at *** percent, with costs falling in the transport and furniture sectors.

Inflation Rate in Spain increased to 2.70 percent in July from 2.30 percent in June of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Spain Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in France remained unchanged at 1 percent in July. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - France Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：服装：清洁和租赁在10-01-2018达100.232上年=100，相较于09-01-2018的100.232上年=100保持不变。商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：服装：清洁和租赁数据按月更新，01-01-2009至10-01-2018期间平均值为100.353上年=100，共118份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2009，达118.800上年=100，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-2010，为98.400上年=100。CEIC提供的商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：服装：清洁和租赁数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Zavod za Statistiku Crne Gore，数据归类于Global Database的黑山共和国 – 表 ME.I012：商品零售价格指数：上一年=100。

商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：电力、汽油及其他燃料在09-01-2018达102.577上年=100，相较于08-01-2018的100.099上年=100有所增长。商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：电力、汽油及其他燃料数据按月更新，01-01-2009至09-01-2018期间平均值为100.842上年=100，共117份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于06-01-2009，达116.200上年=100，而历史最低值则出现于10-01-2010，为90.100上年=100。CEIC提供的商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：电力、汽油及其他燃料数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Zavod za Statistiku Crne Gore，数据归类于Global Database的黑山共和国 – 表 ME.I012：商品零售价格指数：上一年=100。

商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：实际租赁在10-01-2018达99.916上年=100，相较于09-01-2018的99.916上年=100保持不变。商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：实际租赁数据按月更新，01-01-2013至10-01-2018期间平均值为100.250上年=100，共70份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2014，达106.653上年=100，而历史最低值则出现于02-01-2014，为97.124上年=100。CEIC提供的商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：实际租赁数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Zavod za Statistiku Crne Gore，数据归类于Global Database的黑山共和国 – 表 ME.I012：商品零售价格指数：上一年=100。

商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：烟草在10-01-2018达116.676上年=100，相较于09-01-2018的116.676上年=100保持不变。商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：烟草数据按月更新，05-01-2004至10-01-2018期间平均值为103.609上年=100，共174份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2011，达139.100上年=100，而历史最低值则出现于03-01-2013，为99.900上年=100。CEIC提供的商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：烟草数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Zavod za Statistiku Crne Gore，数据归类于Global Database的黑山共和国 – 表 ME.I012：商品零售价格指数：上一年=100。

商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：消费品及服务在10-01-2018达105.474上年=100，相较于09-01-2018的104.993上年=100有所增长。商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：消费品及服务数据按月更新，01-01-2009至10-01-2018期间平均值为99.500上年=100，共118份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于10-01-2018，达105.474上年=100，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-2009，为92.700上年=100。CEIC提供的商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：消费品及服务数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Zavod za Statistiku Crne Gore，数据归类于Global Database的黑山共和国 – 表 ME.I012：商品零售价格指数：上一年=100。

As of April 2025, the inflation rate in the European Union was 2.4 percent, with prices rising fastest in Romania, which had an inflation rate of 4.9 percent. By contrast, both France and Cyprus saw low inflation rates during the same period, with France having the lowest inflation rate in the EU during this month. The rate of inflation in the EU in the October 2022 was higher than at any other time, with the peak prior to 2021 recorded in July 2008 when prices were growing by 4.4 percent year-on-year. Before the recent rises in inflation, price rises in the EU had been kept at relatively low levels, with the inflation rate remaining below three percent between January 2012 and August 2021. Rapid recovery and energy costs driving inflation The reopening of the European economy in 2021 following the sudden shock of COVID-19 in 2020 is behind many of the factors that have caused prices to rise so quickly in 2022. Global supply chains have not yet recovered from production issues, travel restrictions, and workforce problems brought about by the pandemic. Rising energy costs have only served to exacerbate supply problems, particularly with regard to the transport sector, which had the highest inflation rate of any sector in the EU in December 2021. High inflation rates mirrored in the U.S. The high inflation rates seen in Europe have been reflected in other parts of the world. In the United States, for example, the consumer price index reached a 40-year-high of seven percent in December 2021, influenced by many of the same factors driving European inflation. Nevertheless, it is hoped that once these supply chain issues ease, inflation levels will start to fall throughout the course of 2022.

商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：鱼类在05-01-2018达103.566上年=100，相较于04-01-2018的102.510上年=100有所增长。商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：鱼类数据按月更新，01-01-2009至05-01-2018期间平均值为101.825上年=100，共113份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2009，达113.200上年=100，而历史最低值则出现于10-01-2011，为90.700上年=100。CEIC提供的商品零售价格指数（RPI）：上一年=100：鱼类数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Zavod za Statistiku Crne Gore，数据归类于Global Database的黑山共和国 – 表 ME.I012：商品零售价格指数：上一年=100。

Inflation Rate in Netherlands decreased to 2.90 percent in July from 3.10 percent in June of 2025. This dataset provides - Netherlands Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.