Abstract

Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (January 2024). Rural-Urban Continuum Codes.

The 2013 data and the 2023 data were downloaded from the USDA website on October 28, 2025 and are available here: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes

The USDA provides RUCC codes at the county.

Rural Urban Commuting Area Codes (RUCA) Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2020 Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes, July 2025.

The 2010 data were downloaded from the USDA website on August 23, 2023.
The 2020 data were downloaded from the USDA website on October 20, 2025.

All tables can be accessed directly from the website: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes/

The USDA provides RUCA values for zip codes as well as Census Tracts. See website for additional documentation.

Methodology

The following table was taken from the USDA website: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes/documentation

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The table RUCC 2023 County Codes is part of the dataset USDA RUCA RUCC Codes, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/fq6p-db90f3nvv. It contains 3235 rows across 6 variables.

The 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes form a classification scheme that distinguishes metropolitan counties by the population size of their metro area, and nonmetropolitan counties by degree of urbanization and adjacency to a metro area. The official Office of Management and Budget (OMB) metro and nonmetro categories have been subdivided into three metro and six nonmetro categories. Each county in the U.S. is assigned one of the 9 codes. This scheme allows researchers to break county data into finer residential groups, beyond metro and nonmetro, particularly for the analysis of trends in nonmetro areas that are related to population density and metro influence. The Rural-Urban Continuum Codes were originally developed in 1974. They have been updated each decennial since (1983, 1993, 2003, 2013), and slightly revised in 1988. Note that the 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes are not directly comparable with the codes prior to 2000 because of the new methodology used in developing the 2000 metropolitan areas. See the Documentation for details and a map of the codes. An update of the Rural-Urban Continuum Codes is planned for mid-2023.

The table RUCA 2020 ZipCode is part of the dataset USDA RUCA RUCC Codes, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/fq6p-db90f3nvv. It contains 41146 rows across 6 variables.

The table RUCA 2010 Census Tract is part of the dataset USDA RUCA RUCC Codes, available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/fq6p-db90f3nvv. It contains 74002 rows across 9 variables.

All analyses applied appropriate sample weights.Characteristics of NCS-R participants by rurality classification.

Logistic regression model assessing associations between participant Rural-Urban Continuum Code (RUCC) and reported exercise change.

The Rural-Urban Classification is a Government Statistical Service product developed by the Office for National Statistics; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Welsh Assembly Government.Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.Contains OS data © Crown copyright 2025Links below to FAQ, Methodology and User Guide FAQ https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/f359d48424664a1584dca319f3dac97f/about Methodology https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/833a35f2a1ec49d98466b679ae0a0646/about User Guide https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/c8e8e6db38e04cb8937569d74bce277a/about

DeepAnalyze: Agentic Large Language Models for Autonomous Data Science

Authors: Shaolei Zhang, Ju Fan*, Meihao Fan, Guoliang Li, Xiaoyong Du

DeepAnalyze is the first agentic LLM for autonomous data science. It can autonomously complete a wide range of data-centric tasks without human intervention, supporting: 🛠 Entire data science pipeline: Automatically perform any data science tasks such as data preparation, analysis, modeling, visualization, and report generation. 🔍… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/RUC-DataLab/DataScience-Instruct-500K.

All analyses applied appropriate sample weights.†Odds ratios are adjusted for all other factors listed.Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for trauma exposure by rurality, NCS-R participants†.

The Rural-Urban Classification is a Government Statistical Service product developed by the Office for National Statistics; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Welsh Assembly Government.Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.Contains OS data © Crown copyright 2025Links below to FAQ, Methodology and User Guide FAQ https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ebfac455db0642afaa5052738ce5c32e/about Methodology https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/833a35f2a1ec49d98466b679ae0a0646/about User Guide https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/c8e8e6db38e04cb8937569d74bce277a/about

The Rural-Urban Classification is a Government Statistical Service product developed by the Office for National Statistics; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Welsh Assembly Government.Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.Contains OS data © Crown copyright 2025Links below to FAQ, Methodology and User GuideFAQ https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ebfac455db0642afaa5052738ce5c32e/about Methodology https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/833a35f2a1ec49d98466b679ae0a0646/about User Guide https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/c8e8e6db38e04cb8937569d74bce277a/about

This file contains the digital vector boundaries for Local Authority Districts in England and Wales as at May 2024.It is joined to the Rural Urban Classification data 2021.The Rural-Urban Classification is a Government Statistical Service product developed by the Office for National Statistics; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Welsh Assembly Government.Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.Contains OS data © Crown copyright 2025 Links below to FAQ, Methodology and User GuideFAQ https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ebfac455db0642afaa5052738ce5c32e/about Methodology https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/833a35f2a1ec49d98466b679ae0a0646/about User Guide https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/c8e8e6db38e04cb8937569d74bce277a/about The boundaries available are:(BUC) Ultra generalised (500m) - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark).Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

Rural Urban ClassificationThe 2021 RUC is a statistical classification to provide a consistent and standardised method for classifying geographies as rural or urban. This is based on address density, physical settlement form, population size, and Relative Access to Major towns and cities (populations of over 75,000 people). The classification is produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) with advice from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Welsh Government and colleagues from the Government Geography Profession (GGP).This is the 2021 rural-urban classification (RUC) of the 2021 Local Authority Districts in England and Wales. This means that the 2021 RUC methodology has been applied to the 2021 LAD boundaries. LAD classifications are divided into four categories based on their populations:<!--1. Majority Rural: had at least 50% of their population residing in Rural OAs.<!--2. Intermediate Rural: 35-50% rural population<!--3. Intermediate Urban: 20-35% rural population<!--4. Urban: 20% or less of the population live in rural OAs.Each 2021 LAD category is split into one of two Relative Access categories, using the same data as the 2021 Output Area RUC. If more than 50% of a LAD population lives in ‘nearer to a major town or city’ OAs, it is deemed ‘nearer a major town or city’; otherwise, it is classified as ‘further from a major town or city.

Where data is unavailable for Super Output Area geographies, it may be appropriate for users to undertake analysis at the LAD level. At this level, the categorisation works slightly differently in that most areas will include a mix of both rural and urban areas - so the LAD RUC categorisation is a reflection of this. A statistical geography may contain substantial portions of open countryside but still be given an ‘Urban’ classification if the majority of the population within the area live in settlements that are urban in nature. Users should take this into consideration to ensure correct interpretations of any analysis of RUC LAD categories

This file contains the digital vector boundaries for Middle layer Super Output Areas in England and Wales, as at 21 March 2021.It is joined to the Rural Urban Classification data 2021.The Rural-Urban Classification is a Government Statistical Service product developed by the Office for National Statistics; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Welsh Assembly Government.Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.Contains OS data © Crown copyright 2025Links below to FAQ, Methodology and User GuideFAQ https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ebfac455db0642afaa5052738ce5c32e/about Methodology https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/833a35f2a1ec49d98466b679ae0a0646/about User Guide https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/c8e8e6db38e04cb8937569d74bce277a/about The boundaries available are: (BSC) Super generalised (200m) - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark).Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.File size: 7 MBVersion amendments (V2) 14th July 2023: Additional Long/Lat/BNG_E/BNG_N coordinates added. Overlapping intersection repair maintenance. (V3) 8th July 2024: NMW column added to attribute table.

The Rural-Urban Classification is a Government Statistical Service product developed by the Office for National Statistics; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Welsh Assembly Government.Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.Contains OS data © Crown copyright 2025Links below to FAQ, Methodology and User Guide FAQ https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ebfac455db0642afaa5052738ce5c32e/about Methodology https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/833a35f2a1ec49d98466b679ae0a0646/about User Guide https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/c8e8e6db38e04cb8937569d74bce277a/about

All analyses applied appropriate sample weights.†Odds ratios are adjusted for all other factors listed.Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for lifetime psychiatric disorder by rurality, NCS-R participants†.

Output Areas (December 2021) Boundaries EW BFE (V9) and Rural Urban classification data 2021. This file contains the digital vector boundaries for Output Areas in England and Wales 2021.

It is joined to the Rural Urban Classification data 2021.

The Rural-Urban Classification is a Government Statistical Service product developed by the Office for National Statistics; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Welsh Assembly Government.

Source: Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.

Contains OS data © Crown copyright 2025

Links below to FAQ, Methodology and User Guide for Rural Urban classification

FAQ https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/f359d48424664a1584dca319f3dac97f/about

Methodology https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/833a35f2a1ec49d98466b679ae0a0646/about

User Guide https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/c8e8e6db38e04cb8937569d74bce277a/about

The boundaries available are: (BFE) Full resolution - extent of the realm (usually this is the Mean Low Water mark but in some cases boundaries extend beyond this to include off shore islands)Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

File size: 1207 MB

Version amendment 14th July 2023: Additional Long/Lat/BNG_E/BNG_N coordinates and LSOA NM/CDs added. Overlapping intersection repair maintenance.

REST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/OA_2021_EW_BFE_V9_RUC/FeatureServer

REST URL of WFS Server – https://dservices1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/services/Output_Areas_December_2021_Boundaries_EW_BFE_V9_and_RUC/WFSServer?service=wfs&request=getcapabilities

REST URL of MapServer – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/Output_Areas_(December_2021)_Boundaries_EW_BFE_(V9)_and_RUC/MapServer

We used individual-level death data to estimate county-level life expectancy at 25 (e25) for Whites, Black, AIAN and Asian in the contiguous US for 2000-2005. Race-sex-stratified models were used to examine the associations among e25, rurality and specific race proportion, adjusted for socioeconomic variables. Individual death data from the National Center for Health Statistics were aggregated as death counts into five-year age groups by county and race-sex groups for the contiguous US for years 2000-2005 (National Center for Health Statistics 2000-2005). We used bridged-race population estimates to calculate five-year mortality rates. The bridged population data mapped 31 race categories, as specified in the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards for the collection of data on race and ethnicity, to the four race categories specified under the 1977 standards (the same as race categories in mortality registration) (Ingram et al. 2003). The urban-rural gradient was represented by the 2003 Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC), which distinguished metropolitan counties by population size, and nonmetropolitan counties by degree of urbanization and adjacency to a metro area (United States Department of Agriculture 2016). We obtained county-level sociodemographic data for 2000-2005 from the US Census Bureau. These included median household income, percent of population attaining greater than high school education (high school%), and percent of county occupied rental units (rent%). We obtained county violent crime from Uniform Crime Reports and used it to calculate mean number of violent crimes per capita (Federal Bureau of Investigation 2010). This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Request to author. Format: Data are stored as csv files.

This dataset is associated with the following publication: Jian, Y., L. Neas, L. Messer, C. Gray, J. Jagai, K. Rappazzo, and D. Lobdell. Divergent trends in life expectancy across the rural-urban gradient among races in the contiguous United States. International Journal of Public Health. Springer Basel AG, Basel, SWITZERLAND, 64(9): 1367-1374, (2019).

RUC-AIBOX/0.5k-data-SimpleDeepSearcher dataset hosted on Hugging Face and contributed by the HF Datasets community