Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, Russians were consistently the largest ethnic group in the USSR. Of a total population of 262 million people in 1979, the share who were Russian was over 137 million, which is equal to roughly 52 percent. In 1989, the total population of the Soviet Union was almost 286 million, with the ethnic Russian population at 145 million, or 51 percent. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Tatars were the only of the ten largest ethnic groups not to be given their own independent country, with Tatarstan instead becoming one of Russia's federal republics.

The stereotype content model (SCM), originating in the United States and generalized across nearly 50 countries, has yet to address ethnic relations in one of the world’s most influential nations. Russia and the United States are somewhat alike (large, powerful, immigrant-receiving), but differ in other ways relevant to intergroup images (culture, religions, ideology, and history). Russian ethnic stereotypes are understudied, but significant for theoretical breadth and practical politics. This research tested the SCM on ethnic stereotypes in a Russian sample (N = 1115). Study 1 (N = 438) produced an SCM map of the sixty most numerous domestic ethnic groups (both ethnic minorities and immigrants). Four clusters occupied the SCM warmth-by-competence space. Study 2 (N = 677) compared approaches to ethnic stereotypes in terms of status and competition, cultural distance, perceived region, and four intergroup threats. Using the same Study 1 groups, the Russian SCM map showed correlated warmth and competence, with few ambivalent stereotypes. As the SCM predicts, status predicted competence, and competition negatively predicted warmth. Beyond the SCM, status and property threat both were robust antecedents for both competence and warmth for all groups. Besides competition, cultural distance also negatively predicted warmth for all groups. The role of the other antecedents, as expected, varied from group to group. To examine relative impact, a network analysis demonstrated that status, competition, and property threat centrally influence many other variables in the networks. The SCM, along with antecedents from other models, describes Russian ethnic-group images. This research contributes: (1) a comparison of established approaches to ethnic stereotypes (from acculturation and intergroup relations) showing the stability of the main SCM predictions; (2) network structures of the multivariate dependencies of the considered variables; (3) systematically cataloged images of ethnic groups in Russia for further comparisons, illuminating the Russian historical, societal, and interethnic context.

ethnic groups in Russia. name, image, country of origin, continent of origin, Language, Religion, religion, population

In August 2019, 40 and 39 percent of survey respondents in Russia stated that residence restrictions should be applied to Roma and Chinese ethnic groups, respectively. One quarter of the surveyed was against such limitations towards any ethnicity.

Two dominant explanations for ethnic bias in distributional outcomes are electoral incentives and outgroup prejudice. The paper proposes a novel, complementary explanation for this phenomenon: variation in legibility across ethnic groups. I argue that states will allocate fewer resources to groups from which they cannot gather accurate information and collect taxes. I support this argument using original data on state aid during the 1891-92 famine in the Russian Empire. Qualitative and quantitative analyses show that districts with a larger Muslim population experienced higher famine mortality, but received less generous public assistance. Historically ruled via religious intermediaries, the Muslims were less legible and generated lower fiscal revenues. State officials could not guarantee the repayment of food loans or collect tax arrears from Muslim communes, so they were more likely to withhold aid. State relief did not vary with the presence of other minorities, which were more legible and generated more revenue.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common monogenic disease caused by pathogenic variants in the CFTR gene. The distribution and frequency of CFTR variants vary in different countries and ethnic groups. The spectrum of pathogenic variants of the CFTR gene was previously studied in more than 1,500 CF patients from different regions of the European and North Caucasian region of Russia and the spectrum of the most frequent pathogenic variants of the CFTR gene and ethnic features of their distribution were determined. To assess the population frequency of CFTR gene mutations some of the common variants were analyzed in the samples of healthy unrelated individuals from the populations of the European part of the Russian Federation: 1,324 Russians from four European regions (Pskov, Tver, Rostov, and Kirov regions), representatives of five indigenous ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region [Mari (n = 505), Udmurts (n = 613), Chuvash (n = 780), Tatars (n = 704), Bashkirs (n = 517)], and six ethnic groups of the North Caucasus [Karachay (n = 324), Nogais (n = 118), Circassians (n = 102), Abazins (n = 128), Ossetians (n = 310), and Chechens (n = 100)]. The frequency of common CFTR mutations was established in studied ethnic groups. The frequency of F508del mutation in Russians was found to be 0.0056 on average, varying between four regions, from 0.0027 in the Pskov region to 0.0069 in the Rostov region. Three variants W1282X, 1677delTA, and F508del were identified in the samples from the North Caucasian populations: in Karachay, the frequency of W1282X mutation was 0.0092, 1677delTA mutation – 0.0032; W1282X mutation in the Nogais sample – 0.0127, the frequency of F508del mutations was 0.0098 and 1677delTA – 0.0098 in Circassians; in Abazins F508del (0.0039), W1282X (0.0039) and 1677delTA (0.0117) mutations were found. In the indigenous peoples of the Volga-Ural region, the maximum frequency of the F508del mutation was detected in the Tatar population (0.099), while this mutation was never detected in the Mari and Bashkir populations. The E92K variant was found in Chuvash and Tatar populations. Thus, interethnic differences in the spectra of CFTR gene variants were shown both in CF patients and in healthy population of the European and North Caucasian part of Russia.

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Only four percent of Russians were open to seeing people of Central Asian ethnicities among their family members as of December 2021. Even though countries like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan used to be part of the Soviet Union, 26 percent of respondents were against letting people from ethnic groups originating in Central Asia to reside in Russia.

We examine inter-ethnic trust in Bosnia and the North Caucasus region of Russia, two ethnically diverse, post-communist societies, which at times have been racked by inter-ethnic and/or separatist conflicts. We survey attitudes and preferences towards the contemporary situation, revealing that there is substantial inter-ethnic trust in the North Caucasus, while the Bosnian respondents are in general less trusting. Consistent with research in social psychology, we find that respondents who do not express strong ethnic pride and with friends from a variety of ethnic backgrounds are more likely to trust members of other national groups. Furthermore, respondents who doubt that the current situation is improving are less likely to say they trust members of other ethnic groups. While we expected personal experiences with ethnic violence to have a negative impact on inter-ethnic trust, we find the opposite: Survey respondents with personal experiences of ethnic violence are more likely to express trust in members of other ethnic groups. To further examine these results, we investigate differences across ethnic groups in the two survey regions. In order to improve the validity and comparability of survey responses from people of different (cultural, economic, and social) backgrounds, we use an anchoring vignette, a technique that measures and corrects for response category incomparability, allowing for a better comparison of resp onses among and across these two societies.

The level of ethnophobia in Russia increased over recent years. As of August 2019, 71 percent of respondents believed that one or more ethnic groups should have restricted access to residence in Russia. In 2013, the share of respondents who agreed with such statements amounted to 81 percent, which was the highest value over the observed period.

"Opinions and Views of the Population of Ukraine" is a regular omnibus survey, conducted by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) among Ukraine's adult population and covering a wide range of topics. The data presented here is a subset of the survey conducted in September-October 2024 and include KIIS's own research questions. Topics covered by the survey include: readiness for concessions for peace, and acceptability of hypothetical territorial concessions to Russia; views on Western support for Ukraine in the context of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war; perception of Russia's resilience and how long Ukrainians are ready to bear the burden of war; attitudes toward Russia and Russian citizens; trust in President Volodymyr Zelenskyy; perceptions of recent anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine; evaluation of national identity based on ethnic origin, language, and geographic location; social acceptance of various groups in different societal roles (refugees, internally displaced persons, residents of occupied territories, Russian-speaking Ukrainians, and citizens of Ukraine who identify as ethnically Russian). Data collection took place from September 20 to October 03, 2024. Some of the survey questions were asked to all respondents (n=2,004), while others were directed to a sub-sample of 989 respondents. The data is available in an SAV format (Ukrainian, English) and a converted CSV format (with a codebook). The Data Documentation (pdf file) also includes a short overview and discussion of survey results as well as the relevant parts of the original questionnaire.

Judgement on current situation in life and political and economic development of the country in times of economic and social upheaval.

Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries: most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and country of choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on the work of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future; assessment of current standard of living and comparison with the situation five years ago and expected future development; judgement on the situation of the country in comparison over time; preference for freedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocratic parties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discrimination against women; attitude to division of labor in raising children; judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude to democracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness; internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to the national economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desire for foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor of equal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity of the willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics at municipal level; diminishing interest in political events; self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace through military strength; readiness for national defense; necessity of participation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territory in neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration; attitude to use of military for restoration of world order.

Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God in one´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibition of books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitude to freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the general trustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation of traditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude to abortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification of class differences; assessment of personal things in common with uneducated and with persons of another race or ethnic affiliation; satisfaction with one´s own financial situation.

Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status; city size; religiousness.

1. Additional questions in this survey: judgement on political and economic changes of the last few years; particularly positive and negative changes; attitude to introduction of a multi-party system and introduction of the free market economy; judgement on the speed of transition to the free market economy; assessment of the influence of the media and organizations as well as institutions on the country; assumed influence of foreign nations on one´s own country; attitude to selected ethnic groups (Russians, Georgians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Jews, Armenians, Azerbaijanis) and people from the asiatic republics; perceived threat to the nation from within and without; judgement on the effects of the social changes on the standard of living, moral concepts, public morals, dealing of the people with one another and on the relation of ethnic groups with each other; judgement on the influence of the church; most reliable alliance partner for one´s country; countries from which the greatest threat originates; attitude to Gorbachev, Bush, the Pope, the UN and selected personalities of public life; attitude to privatization of selected areas of the economy and civil service; attitude to free establishing of prices; acceptance of unemployment or preference for government guarantee of full-employment; attitude to a government-specified profit limitation; attitude to borrowing to finance durable economic goods; occupation within one´s own home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer; attitude to founding business with credit financing; judgement on the speed with which democracy is developing in the country; identification with one´s country or the Soviet Union; assessment of the ability of government, army, parties, church and KGB; attitude to a Republic independent of the USSR; most important reasons for desired independence; privileged or disadvantaged republics within the USSR; preferred development of society in the direction of socialism or capitalism; greatest fears of the future; attitude to private property and sale of land by farmers; preference for a democratic government or a strong leadership; attitude to a careful discussion of political controversies; career of the newly successful due to performance or through connections; attribution of failures to society or persons; egoism or social conditions as reasons for inadequate material provision; characterization of one´s own people by means of a list of characteristics; nationality.

When members of one ethnic group feel threatened by population trends favoring ethnic "others," would perceived economic gains associated with such population change (as in many cases of migration) reduce perceived threats to security and interethnic hostility? An ideal quasi-experimental setting for addressing this question is Chinese cross-border migration into the Russian Far East, for which the author designed and directed an opinion survey in September 2000 with 1,010 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. Findings based on multiple regression analysis suggest that individuals who perceive interactions with members of a culturally distant ethnic group as economically beneficial feel less threatened and favor less hostile responses toward ethnic "others" -- even if these individuals adhere to negative stereotypes against the latter. Strong effects of perceived economic gains (or losses) with respect to the local economy endure when controlled for party identification, perceptions of relative deprivation, perceptions of the neighboring state's intent to undertake aggressive actions, and perceptions of military balance, as well as for local economic and demographic trends. For both threat and hostility, perceptions of total economic effects attributed to ethnic "others" -- but not perceptions of relative gains among groups -- are found to be a significant predictor.

Judgement on current situation in life and political and economic development of the country in times of economic and social upheaval.

Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries: most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and country of choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on the work of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future; assessment of current standard of living and comparison with the situation five years ago and expected future development; judgement on the situation of the country in comparison over time; preference for freedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocratic parties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discrimination against women; attitude to a division of labor in raising children; judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude to democracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness; internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to the national economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desire for foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor of equal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity of the willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics at municipal level; diminishing interest in political events; self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace through military strength; readiness for national defense; necessity of the participation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territory in neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration; attitude to use of military for restoration of world order.

Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God in one´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibition of books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitude to freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the general trustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation of traditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude to abortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification of class differences; assessment of personal things in common with uneducated and with persons of another race or ethnic affiliation; satisfaction with one´s own financial situation.

Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status; city size; religiousness.

1. Additional questions in this survey (identical to the questions in Russia): judgement on political and economic changes of the last few years; particularly positive and negative changes; attitude to introduction of a multi-party system and introduction of the free market economy; judgement on the speed of transition to the free market economy; assessment of the influence of the media and organizations as well as institutions on the country; assumed influence of foreign nations on one´s country; attitude to selected ethnic groups (Russians, Georgians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Jews, Armenians Azerbaijanis) and people from the asiatic republics; perceived threat to the nation from within and without; judgement on the effects of social changes on the standard of living, moral concepts, public morals, dealing of people with one another and on the relation of ethnic groups with each other; judgement on the influence of the church; most reliable alliance partner for one´s own country; countries from which the greatest threat originates; attitude to Gorbachev, Bush, the Pope, the UN and selected personalities of public life; attitude to privatization of selected areas of the economy and civil service; attitude to free establishing of prices; acceptance of unemployment or preference for government guarantee of full-employment; attitude to a government-specified profit limitation; attitude to borrowing to finance durable economic goods; occupation within one´s own home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer; attitude to founding business with credit financing; judgement on the speed with which democracy is developing in the country; identification with one´s country or the Soviet Union; assessment of the ability of government, army, parties, church and KGB; attitude to a republic independent of the USSR; most important reasons for desired independence; privileged or disadvantaged republics within the USSR; preferred development of society in the direction of socialism or capitalism; greatest fears of the future; attitude to private property and sale of land by farmers; preference for a democratic government or a strong leadership; attitude to a careful discussion of political controversies; career of the newly successful due to performance or through connections; attribution of failures to society or persons; egoism or social conditions as reasons for inadequate material provision; characterization of one´s own people by means of a list of characteristics; nationality.

The study examined Ingrian-Finnish remigrants and their social adjustment in Finland. Main themes included, among others, the respondents' motives for moving from Russia to Finland, integration into Finnish society, social well-being, and perceptions of Finnish and Russian culture and values. The data consist of four surveys conducted between 2008 and 2013. The study follows the same remigrants throughout the surveys, and the first survey was conducted in Russia before the respondents moved to Finland. Some questions were repeated, although not always identically, in the four surveys. The surveys were conducted in Russian, but the data are in Finnish and English. Because the data do not contain all questions included in the questionnaire, only the questions included in the data are described here. The first three surveys were conducted as part of the INPRES (Intervening at the pre-migration stage: Providing tools for promoting integration and adaptation) research project and the fourth survey was conducted as part of the LADA (The Long-Term Adaptation of Diaspora Migrants) research project. The aim of the projects was to study pre- and post-migration factors involved in the long-term adaptation of ethnic re-migrants from Russia to Finland. Both research projects were funded by the Academy of Finland. In the first survey, which was the most extensive out of the four surveys, the motives for the respondents' prospective move to Finland (e.g. aspiration to secure children's future, will to live in the country of their ancestors, concerns regarding financial circumstances, will to live with relatives residing in Finland) as well as with whom they were planning to move were charted. The respondents' sources of information regarding Finland and Finnish society, for example, relatives/friends, Finnish language teachers, authorities or the media, as well as whether they had received support from the same sources were surveyed. Finally, the first survey charted whether the respondents had learned Finnish and for how long. In the four surveys, question sets charting the respondents' values, attitudes and prejudices against Finns and Russians were repeated. Several character trait descriptions were presented to the respondents, and they were asked to evaluate how well the descriptions fit a typical Finn, a typical Russian or them personally. The character trait descriptions included various themes, such as the importance of wealth, willingness to draw attention or take risks, devotion to friends, and importance of tradition. The respondents' social activity and participation in Finland were also charted from the second survey onwards with recurring questions on, for example, whether they spoke Russian/Finnish at home or with friends, read books in Russian/Finnish, and participated in different events. In the fourth survey, political activity was surveyed with questions on whether the respondents followed political discussion, voted and participated in collective activity. Additionally, other recurring questions in the surveys examined, for example, the respondents' satisfaction in their decision to move, their social networks and language skills, the stressfulness of the move as well as general information on the respondents' health and well-being. The respondents' sociodemographic background information was charted thoroughly in this study. Among other things, they were asked about their family, housing arrangements, employment situation, religious affiliation, religiosity and education. Background variables included, among others, the respondent's age (categorised), gender, marital status, financial circumstances, and economic activity and occupational status.

Behavior at the polls, questions on the political system, the nationality conflict as well as on media. Topics: Region; nationality; religiousness; direction of development of society; interest in politics; financial situation of personal household in comparison to others; financial situation of personal household in comparison to others; financial situation a year ago and in a year; trust in institutions; stand on leading politicians at home and abroad; politician with the greatest trust; stand on the countries Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Croatia, Italy, China, Hungary, Macedonia, Germany, Romania, Russia, USA, Slovenia, Turkey, Great Britain and to ethnic groups in the current and former Yugoslavia; preferred ethnic composition of Yugoslavia; national pride; Yugoslavia as federation of Serbia and Montenegro; Vance-Owen-Plan; arranging territory claims; necessity of international intervention in the conflict about Bosnia and Herzegovina; deliveries of aid for Bosnia ("Operation Parachute"); support of the struggle of the Serbs outside Yugoslavia; preferred solution of the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina and extent of efforts of the EU, UN, USA and Russia; expected support of the Serbs on the entire territory of the earlier Yugoslavia by the government; fulfillment and length of the UN conditions; voluntariness of migration/emigration; objectivity of foreign media reporting; recognition of the borders; danger of war and potential attackers; danger of a civil war; major sources of information; daily newspaper and magazine most frequently read and most reliable; radio station most frequently listened to; receiving foreign radio broadcasts; trust in television stations; television station most frequently watched; election participation and decision at the last election and in the next election; reasons for voting decision; parties rejected on principle; assessment of the elections as honest; most reliable sources of information regarding the elections; influence of media on voting decision; support of President Milosevic; decision between the policies of Cosic, Milosevic, Bulatovic and Seselj; ideas about territory claims, self-control, anarchy and a strong leader; the rights of the Albanians from Kosovo and Metohija in Yugoslavia; characteristics of Russians, Americans, Rumanians, Germans, Serbs and Montenegrinos; ties with the place of residence, occupation, nationality, religion and country.

Genetic data plays an increasingly important role in modern medicine. Decrease in the cost of sequencing with subsequent increase in imputation accuracy, and the accumulation of large amounts of high-quality genetic data enable the creation of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) to perform genotype–phenotype associations. The accuracy of phenotype prediction primarily depends on the overall trait heritability, Genome-wide association studies cohort size, and the similarity of genetic background between the base and the target cohort. Here we utilized 8,664 high coverage genomic samples collected across Russia by “Evogen”, a Russian biomedical company, to evaluate the predictive power of PRSs based on summary statistics established on cohorts of European ancestry for basic phenotypic traits, namely height and BMI. We have demonstrated that the PRSs calculated for selected traits in three distinct Russian populations, recapitulate the predictive power from the original studies. This is evidence that GWAS summary statistics calculated on cohorts of European ancestry are transferable onto at least some ethnic groups in Russia.

Attitudes to the political, social and economic Transformation . Topics: Economic situation; economic transformations; development of private business, privatization of land and of large enterprises; buying and selling land; willingness to work for a private company; direction of foreign policy; freedom of expression of political views; return to socialism vs. develop capitalism; role of social groups; trust in family and relatives, oneself, neighbors, fellow citizens, god, colleagues, church, astrologers, mass media; police, communist party, political parties, "Rukh", nationalists, Verkhovna Rada (parliament), armed forces, government, president, private entrepreneurs, mangers of large state enterprises, trade unions (traditional and new); membership in organizations; leisure activities; newspapers read last week; interests in politics; capable political leaders; strong leader vs. democracy; multiparty system; political parties and movements, that deserve power; important political movements; participation and voting in the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) Elections (March 1998); trust in deputy elected in one´s district; opinion about the President Kuchma; preferred role of the president; preferred priority in the policies of the president; general political situation in Ukraine and Russia; joining the union of Russia and Belarus; Russian language as a official language; satisfaction with one´s own present position in society, one´s own contribution to society and with that what one gets from society; predominant influence on one´s own life; satisfied with outlook on life; mood last days; social position in society; ability to live under changing social conditions as regards to health, working, clothing, housing, economic knowledge, confidence in one´s own abilities, medical assistance, fashionable clothing, basic furniture, contemporary political knowledge, resolve in pursuing one´s goals, legal protection for defending one´s rights and interests, ability to have an adequate vacation, having a second, unofficial job, buying the most necessary products, initiative and independence in solving daily problems, adequate leisure time, opportunity to work to full potential, opportunity to eat according to one´s own tastes; general health condition; suffering from any chronic illnesses; frequency of catching a cold/flu last year; frequency of being sick; stressful situations during last year; consequences of the Chornobyl catastrophe for one´s own health; satisfaction with quality of life in one´s resident; close relatives living outside Ukraine; leaving current residence (influential factors); preferred place to live; satisfaction with living conditions; current living conditions; number of rooms; size of family; number of people living together in one room; equipment in the household; possession of goods; second resident; domestic animals/pets; material level of the family´s life (scale); second income; income group; salary last month and anything left for next months; responsibility for delayed payments of wages; average income of the last month; monthly income (per person) providing average life of one´s own family; monthly average income (per person) counted as poor/rich; changes of material conditions for medical services, vacation, leisure time, reliable information about events in Ukraine and in the world, raising children, freedom to express views, participation in cultural events, environmental situation, personal security, protection from the whims of bureaucrats and bodies of power, security of employment; frequency of hooliganism and robberies in one´s own district; decision which encroached on people´s interests and actions against it; probability of mass protest actions and participation in them; political protests; death penalty; attitudes towards ethnic groups; violation of ethnic groups; maintain of peace and order; frequency of changing place of employment; work in public or private sector; job satisfied; religious confession; nationality; native language; spoken languages; language of the interview.

Genetic data plays an increasingly important role in modern medicine. Decrease in the cost of sequencing with subsequent increase in imputation accuracy, and the accumulation of large amounts of high-quality genetic data enable the creation of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) to perform genotype–phenotype associations. The accuracy of phenotype prediction primarily depends on the overall trait heritability, Genome-wide association studies cohort size, and the similarity of genetic background between the base and the target cohort. Here we utilized 8,664 high coverage genomic samples collected across Russia by “Evogen”, a Russian biomedical company, to evaluate the predictive power of PRSs based on summary statistics established on cohorts of European ancestry for basic phenotypic traits, namely height and BMI. We have demonstrated that the PRSs calculated for selected traits in three distinct Russian populations, recapitulate the predictive power from the original studies. This is evidence that GWAS summary statistics calculated on cohorts of European ancestry are transferable onto at least some ethnic groups in Russia.

Attitudes to the political, social and economic Transformation . Topics: Economic situation; economic transformations; development of private business, privatization of land and of large enterprises; buying and selling land; willingness to work for a private company; direction of foreign policy; freedom of expression of political views; return to socialism vs. develop capitalism; role of social groups; trust in family and relatives, oneself, neighbors, fellow citizens, god, colleagues, church, astrologers, mass media; police, communist party, political parties, "Rukh", nationalists, Verkhovna Rada (parliament), armed forces, government, president, private entrepreneurs, mangers of large state enterprises, trade unions (traditional and new); membership in organizations; leisure activities; newspapers read last week; interests in politics; capable political leaders; strong leader vs. democracy; multiparty system; political parties and movements, that deserve power; important political movements; participation and voting in the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) Elections (March 1998); trust in deputy elected in one´s district; opinion about the President Kuchma; preferred role of the president; preferred priority in the policies of the president; general political situation in Ukraine and Russia; joining the union of Russia and Belarus; Russian language as a official language; satisfaction with one´s own present position in society, one´s own contribution to society and with that what one gets from society; predominant influence on one´s own life; satisfied with outlook on life; mood last days; social position in society; ability to live under changing social conditions as regards to health, working, clothing, housing, economic knowledge, confidence in one´s own abilities, medical assistance, fashionable clothing, basic furniture, contemporary political knowledge, resolve in pursuing one´s goals, legal protection for defending one´s rights and interests, ability to have an adequate vacation, having a second, unofficial job, buying the most necessary products, initiative and independence in solving daily problems, adequate leisure time, opportunity to work to full potential, opportunity to eat according to one´s own tastes; general health condition; suffering from any chronic illnesses; frequency of catching a cold/flu last year; frequency of being sick; stressful situations during last year; consequences of the Chornobyl catastrophe for one´s own health; satisfaction with quality of life in one´s resident; close relatives living outside Ukraine; leaving current residence (influential factors); preferred place to live; satisfaction with living conditions; current living conditions; number of rooms; size of family; number of people living together in one room; equipment in the household; possession of goods; second resident; domestic animals/pets; material level of the family´s life (scale); second income; income group; salary last month and anything left for next months; responsibility for delayed payments of wages; average income of the last month; monthly income (per person) providing average life of one´s own family; monthly average income (per person) counted as poor/rich; changes of material conditions for medical services, vacation, leisure time, reliable information about events in Ukraine and in the world, raising children, freedom to express views, participation in cultural events, environmental situation, personal security, protection from the whims of bureaucrats and bodies of power, security of employment; frequency of hooliganism and robberies in one´s own district; decision which encroached on people´s interests and actions against it; probability of mass protest actions and participation in them; political protests; death penalty; attitudes towards ethnic groups; violation of ethnic groups; maintain of peace and order; frequency of changing place of employment; work in public or private sector; job satisfied; religious confession; nationality; native language; spoken languages; language of the interview.