The longest river in Russia as of 2020 was the Lena River located in the East Siberia, whose length was measured at 4.4 thousand kilometers. The Irtysh River, flowing through Russia, China, and Kazakhstan, was 200 kilometers shorter, ranking second.

Glomma is the longest river in Norway with over 600 kilometers. It runs through the east of the country, ending in the Oslofjord near the city of Fredrikstad. The river system Pasvikelva and Ivalo, of which a significant part runs through Finland, forms the border between Norway and Finland, and Norway and Russia, is the country's second longest. Several of Norway's rivers are important for log floating and hydropower.

The presented dataset contains information on the distribution and species composition of zooplankton (rotifers and crustaceans) registered in the basin of the Middle Volga River, Russia. The studies have been performed in the Kuibyshev Reservoir (Samara Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan), the Saratov Reservoir (Samara Oblast), in several lakes (Raifskoe, Gniloe, Krugloe, and Lenevo) in the Volzhsko-Kamsky State Biosphere Reserve (Republic of Tatarstan), and in Lake Aslikul, one of the largest lakes of the Middle Volga River basin, located in the Asly-Kul Natural Park (Republic of Bashkortostan). The hydrobiological data were obtained and published from 1957 to 2020. In total, the dataset includes 5141 records of 111 zooplankton species (including 17 subspecies), belonging to 45 genera while naturalized species and invasive species (less than 1.5%).

The dataset contains measurements of water discharge by Teledyne RDInstruments RioGrande WorkHorse ADCP unit with a working frequency of 600kHz mounted on a moving boat in 6 areas over large rivers of Russia. The dataset comprises the four largest Arctic Siberian rivers and included continuous ADCP measurements done in 2018-2020 at constant crossection at each river located upper from the impact of recipient seas (tides, surges) near the cities of Salekhard (Ob River), Igarka (Yenisey River), Zhigansk (Lena river) and Chersky (Kolyma River). Another area includes ADCP measurements over 20 transects (named S1…S26, fig. 2) in the lower 200 km of the river Selenga on 27-31July 2018. Additionally, the dataset contains ADCP measurements at 38 points along the Moskva River (named M1, M2…) and 17 tributaries (named T01, T02…) done during 2019-2020.

This is a supporting material to a manuscript submitted to «Big Earth Data» journal

Dataset contains information on fish occurrences in the Kama River basin (Russian Federation). The Kama River is the largest tributary (1805 km) of the Volga River and is geographically often considered the main river due to the larger volume of water at their confluence. Dataset is based on our own field studies conducted during 2008-2021. It includes 6,447 occurrences relating to 48 taxa, 46 of which were identified at species level and two - at the genus level. All occurrences have coordinates and belong to 13 families.

Detailed description of dataset in article: Pozdeev I., Artaev, O., Ogorodov, S., Turbanov, I., Bolotovskiy A. & Levin, B. (2022). Fish occurrence in the Kama River Basin (Russia)). Biodiversity Data Journal, 10. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e89169

These data are associated with a manuscript under consideration for publication, and are therefore provided as a fixed data package. The continually updated ArcticGRO data package can be found at the Arctic Data Center doi:10.18739/A2XW47X7D In summer 2003, the Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (ArcticGRO) began to collect the first methodologically-consistent series of river water chemistry samples at downstream sites on the six largest rivers draining to the Arctic Ocean: the Ob’, Yenisey, Lena, and Kolyma in Russia, and the Yukon and Mackenzie in North America. These measurements have continued largely uninterrupted to this day. This data package is associated with a publication that presents the first comprehensive time series analysis of this nearly 20-year dataset. Details on sample collection and analyses are provided in the “methods” section, below.

As the precursor to the Arctic Great Rivers Observatory projects (Arctic-GRO), the PARTNERS project (NSF-OPP-0229302) was one of 18 proposals funded in 2002 in response to the National Science Foundation - Arctic System Science (NSF-ARCSS) Arctic Freshwater Cycle: Land/Upper-Ocean Linkages solicitation. The PARTNERS project focused on the export and fate of water and water-borne constituents from the pan-Arctic watershed, through the establishment of major field sampling programs at downstream stations on the six largest rivers within the pan-Arctic domain; the Yenisey, Ob', Lena, and Kolyma Rivers in Siberia and the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers in North America. The project established and implemented a set of standard protocols across all rivers, and undertook directed sample collections during the spring freshet, and winter (under-ice) periods, in addition to the more commonly-sampled winter months. As a result, the PARTNERS framework, and data that it generated, enabled a significant step forward in our understanding of large, Arctic rivers. International collaborations were, and continue to be, key to the success of this work. In this collaborative spirit, the initial project was named PARTNERS (Pan-Arctic River Transport of Nutrients, Organic Matter and Suspended Sediments) although many more constituents and isotopes were collected than this name implies. Biogeochemical data generated during the PARTNERS project are provided here. Data generated during the subsequent Arctic GRO projects are provided in sister pages on the Arctic Data Center site. PARTNERS Project Personnel: PI: Bruce J. Peterson, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA USA Co-PI: Robert Max Holmes, Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA Senior Personnel: James W. McClelland, University of Texas at Austin, MSI, Port Aransas, TX USA Rainer Amon, Texas A and M University-Galveston, TX USA Tim Brabets, USGS Anchorage, AK USA Lee Cooper, University of Maryland-CES, Solomons, MD USA John Gibson, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada V. Gordeev, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia Chris Guay, Pacific Marine Sciences and Tech, Oakland, CA USA David Milburn, DIAND-Water Resources, Yellowknife, Canada Pete Raymond, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA Robin Staples, DIAND-Water Resources, Yellowknife, Canada Igor Shiklomanov, State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Rob Striegl, USGS, Boulder, CO USA Alexander Zhulidov, CPPI-S, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Tatiana Gurtovaya, CPPI-S, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are bacterial membrane lipids found in several environments, including soils, rivers and lakes, whose distribution varies with temperature and pH, although this dependence is apparently not the same for the different environments. Mixing of brGDGT sources may thus complicate palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The extent to which brGDGTs in a lake outflow reflect the distribution delivered by upstream rivers was studied for Lake Baikal (Russia), one of the largest freshwater lakes worldwide. Fifteen brGDGTs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the Selenga River and its outflow from the lake were quantified. The river and lake SPM had rather different distributions. The riverine distribution was still apparent in the SPM of the lake surface water 5 km from the river mouth, but shifts in the distribution were already apparent in the SPM of the surface water after 1 km. Based on the brGDGT distributions of the SPM of the Selenga outflow and that of the lake, conservative mixing between the river and the lake brGDGT distributions could not fully explain the observed shifts in distributions. Both preferential degradation and in situ production of brGDGTs in the surface and, especially, bottom water of the river outflow were potentially responsible. This implies that a riverine lipid distribution delivered to a lake can be modified prior to being transported downstream. The lacustrine brGDGT distribution, that possibly could have reflected a mixture of mountainous and Selenga River SPM, was not recognized in downstream Yenisei River SPM. The watershed of Lake Baikal thus does not seem to contribute to the brGDGTs transported to the marine system. As many large rivers have major lakes in their watershed, this has implications for palaeoclimate reconstruction from river fan sediments globally.

The map consists of ESRI Shapefiles of the Usa River basin, Russia, including Lek-Vorkuta and Bolshaya Rogovaya. There are four data layers in the data set: a base map layer, a permafrost layer, and two key (permafrost) areas. Each data layer comprises several sub-layers. The map is based on a UTM 41 projection with the WGS 1984 spheroid. Parameters include permafrost temperature and degree of continuity; permafrost temperature classes, lithology, and stratigraphy; thermokarst, pingos, mass ground ice, and topography, lakes, large rivers (in streams), rivers, and watershed boundary. Data are available via ftp.

The study of the fauna of fish parasites helps to understand the ways of formation of ichthyofauna and obtain a more complete knowledge of the biodiversity of the aquatic ecosystem as a whole. Parasitologically, the Penzhina River, one of the largest and most inaccessible rivers in the Russian Far East, remained poorly studied for a long time. Penzhina is characterized by an unusually extended mouth area, its estuary is distinguished by extremely high tides, up to 13.0 m, which is the highest tide in Russia. Rich ichthyofauna (21 species of fish and cyclostomes) and a variety of hydrological conditions favor the formation of a diverse fauna of fish parasites in the Penzhina River. The published parasitological data was still fragmentary and concerned few host species, so it is significantly broadened by the authors' findings and observations. The paper provides information on 122 species of fish parasites in the lower reaches and estuary of the Penzhina River, and Penzhinskaya Bay.

Abstract: The Lena River is one of the largest Russian rivers draining into the Laptev Sea. The permafrost areas surrounding the Lena are predicted to thaw at increasing rates due to global temperature increases. With this thawing, large amounts of carbon either organic or in the gaseous forms carbon dioxide and methane will reach the waters of the Lena and the adjacent Buor-Khaya Bay (Laptev Sea). Methane concentrations and the isotopic signal of methane in the waters of the Lena Delta and estuary were monitored from 2008 to 2010. Creeks draining from permafrost soils produced hotspots for methane input into the river system (median concentration 1500 nM) compared with concentrations of 30 85 nM observed in the main channels of the Lena. No microbial methane oxidation could be detected; thus diffusion is the main process of methane removal. We estimated that the riverine diffusive methane flux is 3 10 times higher than the flux from surrounding terrestrial environment. To maintain the observed methane concentrations in the river, additional methane sources are necessary. The methane-rich creeks could be responsible for this input.

Riverine carbonate alkalinity (HCO3– and CO32–) sourced from chemical weathering represents a significant sink for atmospheric CO2. Alkalinity flux from Arctic rivers is partly determined by precipitation, permafrost extent, groundwater flow paths, and surface vegetation, all of which are changing under a warming climate. Here we show that over the past three and half decades, the export of alkalinity from the Yenisei and Ob’ Rivers increased from 225 to 642 Geq yr–1 (+185%) and from 201 to 470 Geq yr–1 (+134%); an average rate of 11.90 and 7.28 Geq yr–1, respectively. These increases may have resulted from a suite of changes related to climate change and anthropogenic activity, including higher temperatures, increased precipitation, permafrost thaw, changes to hydrologic flow paths, shifts in vegetation, and decreased acid deposition. Regardless of the direct causes, these trends have broad implications for the rate of carbon sequestration on land and delivery of buffering capacity to freshwater ecosystems and the Arctic Ocean.

Functional Riparian Channels and Floodplains (RiparianClass feature class) This feature class depicts channels and floodplains for the mapping of functional riparian areas throughout Sonoma County for streams with a catchment area of 500 acres or greater. Functional riparian areas were mapped separately for large catchment and small catchment areas. Large catchment areas are defined as systems with an upstream catchment area of greater than 2500 acres; small catchment areas have an upstream catchment area of between 500 and 2500 acres. Fields in this feature class are as follows: Channel – Large catchment riparian area channels. Channel – RRFP – These are the channels of tributaries of the Russian River inside of the Russian River floodplain near their confluence with the Russian River. Floodplain – Large catchment riparian area floodplains. Russian River Channel – Russian River channel. Russian River Floodplain – Russian River floodplain. Laguna de Santa Rosa – Riparian areas of the Laguna de Santa Rosa. Mark West Creek Channel – Mark West creek channels. Mark West Creek Floodplain – Mark West creek floodplains. Unknown Riparian – Small catchment riparian areas (channel, floodplain and in-stream reservoirs combined) between 500 and 2500-acre upstream catchment area where channel and floodplain boundaries were challenging to distinguish using remote sensing techniques.

The Lena River is one of the largest Russian rivers draining into the Laptev Sea. The permafrost areas surrounding the Lena are predicted to thaw at increasing rates due to global temperature increases. With this thawing, large amounts of carbon – either organic or in the gaseous forms carbon dioxide and methane – will reach the waters of the Lena and the adjacent Buor-Khaya Bay (Laptev Sea). Methane concentrations and the isotopic signal of methane in the waters of the Lena Delta and estuary were monitored from 2008 to 2010. Creeks draining from permafrost soils produced hotspots for methane input into the river system (median concentration 1500 nM) compared with concentrations of 30–85 nM observed in the main channels of the Lena. No microbial methane oxidation could be detected; thus diffusion is the main process of methane removal. We estimated that the riverine diffusive methane flux is 3–10 times higher than the flux from surrounding terrestrial environment. To maintain the observed methane concentrations in the river, additional methane sources are necessary. The methane-rich creeks could be responsible for this input.

DescriptionMajor rivers: double line rivers in the World Data Bank 2 database were digitized to create single line drainages. All rivers received manual smoothing and position adjustments to fit shaded relief generated from SRTM Plus elevation data, which is more recent and (presumably) more accurate. Lakes, Rivers and Wetlands: data downloaded from HydroSHEDS. HydroSHEDS provides hydrographic information in a consistent and comprehensive format for regional and global-scale applications. These data layers are available to support watershed analyses, hydrological modeling, and freshwater conservation planning at a quality, resolution, and extent that had previously been unachievable in many parts of the world. The combination of best available sources for lakes and wetlands on a global scale (1:1 to 1:3 million resolution), and the application of GIS functionality enabled the generation of a database which focuses in three coordinated levels on (1) large lakes and reservoirs, (2) smaller water bodies, and (3) wetlands. Basins: data downloaded from HydroSHEDS. HydroSHEDS provides hydrographic information in a consistent and comprehensive format for regional and global-scale applications. These data layers are available to support watershed analyses, hydrological modeling, and freshwater conservation planning at a quality, resolution, and extent that had previously been unachievable in many parts of the world. It offers a suite of datasets, including stream networks, watershed boundaries, drainage directions, and other data layers such as flow accumulations, distances, and river topology information. Recently available data derived from HydroSHEDS include comprehensive layers of major basins and smaller sub-basins (~100-2,500 km2) across the globe. LimitationsMajor rivers: Does not include intermittent rivers (eg: large seasonal rivers in Australia draining to Lake Eyre playas). Rivers in northeastern Russia and parts of the Amazon basin have suspect alignments.Legend

The North Coastal Basin covers approximately 8,540 square miles along the north-central California Coast, including all of Mendocino County as well as major portions of Humboldt and Sonoma counties. Most of the North Coastal Basin consists of rugged forested coastal mountains dissected by six major river systems: the Eel, Russian, Mad, Navarro, Gualala, and Noyo rivers, and numerous smaller river systems. While cyanobacteria can be found throughout the region, three rivers in the North Coastal Basin, the South Fork Eel, Mainstem Eel, and the Russian, experience annual seasonal blooms of toxin producing benthic cyanobacteria. All three of these watersheds are known for their recreational opportunities: State and County Parks, white water kayaking, fishing and summer festivals that draw international and local visitors alike. Under typical conditions, cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, starts to appear in late July or early August, coinciding with increased solar intensity, warmer water conditions, and popular water contact activities. The North Coast water Board is employing different methods of sampling and testing for cyanobacteria and associated toxins to provide a better picture of the public health risks associated with cyanoHABsData Sources:Surface Water - Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms (FHAB)Northern Region Harmful Algal Bloom ProgramTotal Daily Maximum Load (TMDL)Contact Information:Beverley Anderson-AbbsOffice of Information Management and AnalysisState Water Resources Control Boardbev.anderson-abbs@waterboards.ca.gov

Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are ubiquitous bacterial membrane lipids, encountered in soils, river and marine suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments. Their abundance and distribution provides a direct means to identify bacterial inputs and can be used to trace soil-derived bacterial organic matter (OM) and in some cases the presence of bacterial groups and their activities in aquatic systems. We have studied the BHP distribution in the SPM of a major Siberian River (Yenisei River) that crosses a large latitudinal gradient, draining a large part of Mongolia and Siberian Russia. The Yenisei River is the main river to flow into the Kara Sea, a shelf sea of the Arctic Ocean. We show that the BHP distribution and concentration of SPM and surface sediments of the Yenisei Outflow in the Kara Sea allow to trace soil-marker BHPs and evaluate the performance of the R'soil index, a proxy developed to trace bacterial soil-derived OM. Soil-marker BHPs are present in the Yenisei River, and their concentration decreases from the Yenisei River Outflow into the offshore marine sediments. The R'soil correlates well with an independent proxy for bacterial OM, the BIT-index (r2 = 0.82) and has a moderate correlation with the d13Corg values, a bulk OM proxy for terrigenous input (r2 = 0.44). Consequently, the R'soil index performs well in the Kara Sea, strengthening its application for tracing bacterial OM in the Arctic Ocean, both in modern and downcore sediments. Furthermore, a suite of BHPs that are characteristic for methanotrophic bacteria, i.e. 35-aminobacteriohopane-30,31,32,33,34-pentol (aminopentol) and 35-aminobacteriohopane-31,32,33,34-tetrol (aminotetrol), is encountered in the Yenisei Outflow sediments. These components are partly sourced from terrigenous sources, but are likely also produced in-situ in the marine sediments. The distribution of the pentafunctionalized cyclitol ether BHP in the marine systems is noteworthy, and indicates that it can possibly be applied as a marker for cyanobacterial biomass in marine sediments.