Abstract

The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.

Geographic coverage

This survey covers the Russian Federation.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The WVS for the Russian Federation covers national population, aged 18 years and over, for both sexes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample was designed to be representative of the entire adult population, i.e. 18 years and older, of your country. The lower age cut-off for the sample was 18 and there was not an upper age cut-off for the sample. Population: Total non-institutionalized population of the Russian Federation, 18 years and older, without citizens living in the Far North and in inaccessible regions of Siberia.

Five-stage area probability sample: (1) The country is divided into 4 strata. For each stratum the desired number of respondents is defined proportional to population size. (2) Within each stratum 50 primary sampling units (administrative districts) are selected at random proportional to size. (3) Within each primary sampling unit secondary sampling units (towns and rural Soviets as administrative subdistricts) are selected randomly (4) Within each secondary sampling unit third sampling units (voting districts in the towns, villages belonging to a rural Soviet in the rural areas) are randomly selected. The total number of third sampling units was 186. (5) Within each third sampling unit households were selected at random from a household register (fourth sampling unit). (6) Within each household the respondent is randomly selected using the "Kish-selection-grid": all adult family members are listed in a certain order, first males from the oldest to the youngest, than females from the oldest to the youngest; the respondent is selected by a selection key which is randomly composed for each possible type of household composition (fifth sampling unit). Selection is done: 41% Male and 59% Female. 75% Urban and 25% Rural. The sample size is N=2040.

Universe: The universe includes the adult population of Russia residing in 89 regios and republics. The Far North and inaccessible regions of Siberia, military bases and prisons are not included. Primary sampling units: Administrative rayons in regions, krays and republics are used as the primary sampling units (PSUs). Each rayon is a geographically localized territory which in general contains both urban and rural settlements. Either a town or a rural settlement may be a center of rayon. Usually, but not always, it is the largest settlement in a rayon. If a rural settlement is the center of a rayon itself generally consists only of rural settlements and is referred to the category of rural rayhons. Separate towns which are considered by official statistical institutions as rayons are also included in the set of primary sampling units. These towns are not part of rayons though they are situated in the rayon's territory. Sometimes they may also include some suburbs. So separate towns and rural rayons may be considered as two poles of a scale which contains all various rayhons of Russia (primary sampling units, PSUs). On the continuum between these poles there are rayons of mixed type containing urban and rural sttlements of different sizes. Population size of different rayons may vary from 4-5 thousand to several hundred thousand or even several million of people in cities considered as separate rayons. If population size is less than 10.000 the rayon is linked to an adjacent one in a stratum. All PSUs are presented in the form of data base of more than 2.000 records with each record corresponding to one rayon or separate town (later referred to as rayons). The record for each rayon (PSU) contains the following data: - unique identification number and rayon title, - code and title of a region, - central town population size, - rayon population size All data are based on annual statistical reports (Chislennost RSFSR na 1 janvarya 1990) and 1989 census information. Primary sampling units stratification: PSUs stratification is based on two variables: geographical placement and status of the rayon center. All primary sampling units are grouped in strata consisting of homogeneous rayons. Strata are formed so that each stratum has approximately the same population size. They may consist of from one to several dozen PSUs depending on PSUs population size. In this sample the stratum population size is equal approximately 3.000 thousand (tab.1). Two cities in Russia Moscow and St. Petersburg have population size exceeding stratum population size. They form so called self-representing strata. The geographic placement of a rayon is defined by corresponding economic and geographic zone. According to statistical institutions Russia is divided into 11 economic and geopraphic regions. But for sample construction this division seems to be too fractional and can prevent forming strata of equal size in each zone. The main goal for using the geographic factor as a stratification variable is the uniform spreading of PSUs through Russia territory. For these reasons economic and geographic regions in Russia wre grouped in four zones:

• Zone 1 - North and Center of European part of Russia (unites Northern, North Western + Kaliningrad obl., Central and Volgo-´Vjatsky regions of Russia).

• Zone 2 - South of Wuropean part of Russia (unites Tsentralno-Chernozjemny, Povolzhsky and North- Caucasian regions of Russia).

• Zone 3 - Ural and West Siberia (two economic regions)

• Zone 4 - East Siberia and Far East (two economic regions). For economic and geographic division in Russia seven factors are used: nature and resources, population, industry, power engineering, area industry distribution, agriculture, transport and communicftions ( Economicheskaya geographiya SSSR. Moskva, Vishaya shkola, 1983). 11 regions were aggregated in four zones on the basis of two first factors: nature and resources and population. The second variable of PSUs stratification is the status of the rayon center. It is formed on officially accepted statistical classification by type and population size:

• rural settlement,

• urban settlement with populatiton size:

  • below 20.000
  • between 20.000 and 50.000
  • between 50.000 and 200.000
  • between 500.000 and 1000.000
  • more than 1000.000

Remarks about sampling: - Final numbers of clusters or sampling points: 186 - Sample unit from office sampling: Household

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The WVS questionnaire was in Russian. Some special variable labels have been included, such as: V56 Neighbours: Jews and V149 Institution: The European Union. Special categories labels are: V203/ V204: Geographical affinity, 1. Locality or town where you live, 2. Region of country where you live, 3. Own country as a whole, 4. Europe, 5. The world as whole. Country Specific variables included are: V208: Ethnic identification, 2. Ukranian, 3. Tatarian 4. Komi 5 Mordovia, 6 Karbardian 7 Balkarian; V209: Language at home: 2. Ukranian, 3. Tatarian 4. Komi 5 Mordovia, 6 Karbardian 7 Balkarian; The variables political parties V210 a V212; Region: V 234 and V206 Born in this country are also included as country specific variables. The ethnic group of the respondent was not asked in the interview. In the cases of Eastern Europe Countries where the ethnic group is missing the language chosen for interview is the only indicator available to control the ethnic composition of the samples. Nevertheless, native language indicated in the cesus of 1989 and language chosen for interview are not exactly the same, since the first is rather differentiated whereas for the last the alternatives to choose between where only the national language or Russian.

Response rate

The response rate for the Russian Federation is 74.9% and is calculated as follows: (2040/2723) x 100=74.9%

Sampling error estimates

+/- 2,2%

Between Oct. 14, 2014, and May 21, 2015, Pew Research Center, with generous funding from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Neubauer Family Foundation, completed 5,601 face-to-face interviews with non-institutionalized adults ages 18 and older living in Israel.

The survey sampling plan was based on six districts defined in the 2008 Israeli census. In addition, Jewish residents of West Bank (Judea and Samaria) were included.

The sample includes interviews with 3,789 respondents defined as Jews, 871 Muslims, 468 Christians and 439 Druze. An additional 34 respondents belong to other religions or are religiously unaffiliated. Five groups were oversampled as part of the survey design: Jews living in the West Bank, Haredim, Christian Arabs, Arabs living in East Jerusalem and Druze.

Interviews were conducted under the direction of Public Opinion and Marketing Research of Israel (PORI). Surveys were administered through face-to-face, paper and pencil interviews conducted at the respondent's place of residence. Sampling was conducted through a multi-stage stratified area probability sampling design based on national population data available through the Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics' 2008 census.

The questionnaire was designed by Pew Research Center staff in consultation with subject matter experts and advisers to the project. The questionnaire was translated into Hebrew, Russian and Arabic, independently verified by professional linguists conversant in regional dialects and pretested prior to fieldwork.

The questionnaire was divided into four sections. All respondents who took the survey in Russian or Hebrew were branched into the Jewish questionnaire (Questionnaire A). Arabic-speaking respondents were branched into the Muslim (Questionnaire B), Christian (Questionnaire C) or Druze questionnaire (D) based on their response to the religious identification question. For the full question wording and exact order of questions, please see the questionnaire.

Note that not all respondents who took the questionnaire in Hebrew or Russian are classified as Jews in this study. For further details on how respondents were classified as Jews, Muslims, Christians and Druze in the study, please see sidebar in the report titled "http://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/" Target="_blank">"How Religious are Defined".

Following fieldwork, survey performance was assessed by comparing the results for key demographic variables with population statistics available through the census. Data were weighted to account for different probabilities of selection among respondents. Where appropriate, data also were weighted through an iterative procedure to more closely align the samples with official population figures for gender, age and education. The reported margins of sampling error and the statistical tests of significance used in the analysis take into account the design effects due to weighting and sample design.

In addition to sampling error and other practical difficulties, one should bear in mind that question wording also can have an impact on the findings of opinion polls.

Abstract

House Budget Survey is a continuous survey conducted quarterly within 12 months of calendar year in accordance with the established plan and program.

The primary objective of the HBS is to obtain detailed and comparable data on households expenditures. The program is not aimed at receiving detailed information about incomes; income indicators it contains or indicators calculated on the basis of indirect accounting attributes are mostly used to characterize household consumption patterns.

The program of HBS provide a means for collecting and applying data on different related topics. For example, food consumption surveys and - since the fourth quarter of 1998 - consumer expectations surveys are conducted regularly on the basis of HBS.

Coordination with other surveys is considered important in HBS program designing, as well as compatibility with concepts, definitions and classifications used in such surveys. This makes possible to use the received statistical data jointly and efficiently.

Geographic coverage

Survey covers the entire territory of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the Chechen Republic.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

All private households and population in them living on the territory of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the Chechen Republic.

The survey doesn't cover people residing in collective living accommodations. Residents of special institutions with cooperative buying of foods and other basic consumer goods fall into this category. For example, people living in military barracks, camps, hospitals, homes for elderly, residential school, monasteries, children's homes, prisons, etc.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Two-stage probability sampling with stratification and random sampling on each stage was considered the most adequate for household sample totality.

The base for sampling is:

On the first stage: aggregation of folders (enumeration districts) formed on the base of 1994 Microcensus dataset. Aggregation of folders is composed on regional level, for urban and rural population separately. Each folder (enumeration district) has a number assigned, where its belonging to certain administrative region (by region code) and locality (by locality code) is indicated.

On the second stage: totality of microcensus forms for a separate household within the enumeration district selected on the first stage.

Stratification is aimed at creating a representative household sample, reflecting territorial peculiarities of population distribution, its demographic and socio-economic structure.

During actual sampling for each subject of the Russian Federation were created tables, containing numbers of microcensus enumeration districts and microcensus forms included into the sampling. The selection of enumeration districts and forms was conducted on Federal level.

Four variants of selection were created within each enumeration district: the first is aimed at primary sampling per se; the second is aimed at replacing inaccessible households on this stage; third and fourth variants are aimed at replacing households withdrawed in the course of survey. The list of households addresses was created on regional level basing on information from the above mentioned tables.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

HBS program represents a set of the following kinds of questionnaires differing by data collection period:

Household Diary is designated to record household's daily expenditures by certain types of expenditures and consumption within two consequent weeks of a quarter. Households are keeping diaries in accordance with a special rotation scheme. The procedure of households data collection using two-week diary records is organized on a rotation basis within one sample area. For this purpose the household sample totality surveyed by each interviewer is divided into 12 strata. The interviewer compiles rotation groups by lot. Once the households have been divided into rotation groups, the interviewer enters households numbers into the household quarterly rotation scheme developed for these purposes. The rotation scheme is developed in such a way that each group is updated with 2 to 3 households weekly (depending on the sample area: urban or rural territory).

Household Register (Log Book) is designated to record household's expenditures on those days of the quarter when the household does not keep the Diary. Diary and Register is kept by the person administering all or part of total money, who is engaged in housekeeping most of all and is informed about other household's members expenditures, i.e. responsible person.

Questionnaire for Household Budget Survey (quarter) contains questions focused on collecting information for three months of the quarter prior to data collection.

Questionnaire for Household Budget Survey (annual) records information as at the end of forth quarter of the last (reporting) year. This information relates only to households surveyed within the fourth quarter.

Cleaning operations

Diary and Register records should be codified upon collection. Codes for different types of household's expenditures are assigned basing on Classifier of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP), the Classifier of household monetary expenditures (not related to consumption) and capital expenditures, and Classifier of household monetary expenditures related to business activity.

COICOP is a standardized tool for collecting, processing and presenting statistical information in accordance with the System of National Accounts of the Russian Federation methodology and HBS harmonization recommendations by the European Statistical Commission (Eurostat, 1997).

Computer input of HBS raw data from paper forms and its verification is performed on regional level using uniform software and the same scheme for all territorial bodies of State Statistics.

Abstract

The 1995 Kazakstan Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program, which is designed to collect data on fertility, family planning and maternal and child health. The 1995 KDHS was the first national level population and health survey in Kazakstan. The purpose of the survey was to provide the Ministry of Health of Kazakstan with information on fertility, reproductive practices of women, maternal care, child health and mortality, child nutrition practices, breastfeeding, nutritional status and anemia. This information is important for understanding the factors that influence the reproductive health of women and the health and survival of infants and young children. It can be used in planning effective policies and programs regarding the health and nutrition of women and their children. This is especially important now during this the time of economic transition which involves virtually all aspects of life for the people of Kazakstan. The survey provides data important to the assessment of the overall demographic situation in the country. It is expected that the findings of the KDHS will become a useful source of information necessary for the ongoing health care reform in Kazakstan.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 1995 KDHS employed a nationally representative probability sample of women age 15-49. The country was divided into five survey regions. Four survey regions consisted of groups of contiguous oblasts (except the East Kazakstanskaya oblast which is not contiguous). Almaty City constituted a survey region by itself although it is part of the Almatinskaya oblast. The five survey regions were defined as follows:

I) Almaty City 2) South Region: Taldy-Korganskaya, Almatinskaya (except Almaty city), Dzhambylskaya, South Kazakstanskaya, and Kzyl-Ordinskaya 3) West Region: Aktiubinskaya, Mangistauskaya, Atyrauskaya, and West Kazakstanskaya 4) Central Region: Semipalatinskaya, Zhezkazganskaya, and Tourgaiskaya 5) North and East Region: East Kazakstanskaya, Pavlodarskaya, Karagandinskaya, Akmolinskaya, Kokchetauskaya, North Kazakstanskaya, and Koustanaiskaya

It is important to note that the oblast composition of regions outside of Almaty City was determined on the basis of geographic proximity, and in order to achieve similarity with respect to reproductive practices within regions. The South and West Regions are comprised of oblasts which traditionally have a high proportion of Kazak population and high fertility levels. The Central Region contains three oblasts in which the fertility level is similar to the national average. The North and East Region contains seven oblasts situated in northern Kazakstan in which a relatively high proportion of the population is of Russian origin, and the fertility level is lower than the national average.

In Almaty City, the sample for the 1995 KDHS was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 40 census counting blocks were selected with equal probability from the 1989 list of census counting blocks. A complete listing of the households in the selected counting blocks was carried out. The lists of households served as the frame for second-stage sampling; i.e., the selection of the households to be visited by the KDHS interviewing teams. In each selected household, women age 15-49 were eligible to be interviewed.

In the rural areas, the primary sampling units (PSUs) were the raions which were selected with probability proportional to size, the size being the 1993 population published by Goskomstat (1993). At the second stage, one village was selected in each selected raion, from the 1989 Registry of Villages. This resulted in 50 rural clusters being selected. At the third stage, households were selected in each cluster following the household listing operation as in Almaty City.

In the urban areas other than Almaty City, the PSUs were the cities and towns themselves. In the second stage, one health block was selected from each town except in self-representing cities (large cities that were selected with certainty) where more than one health block was selected. The selected health blocks were segmented prior to the household listing operation which provided the household lists for the third stage selection of households. In total, 86 health blocks were selected.

On average, 22 households were selected in each urban cluster, and 33 households were selected in each rural cluster. It was expected that the sample would yield interviews with approximately 4,000 women between the ages of 15 and 49.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used for the 1995 KDHS: the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire. The questionnaires were based on the model survey instruments developed in the DHS program. They were adapted to the data needs of Kazakhstan during consultations with specialists in the areas of reproductive health, child health and nutrition in Kazakhstan.

The Household Questionnaire was used to enumerate all usual members and visitors in tile sample households and to collect information relating to the socioeconomic position of a household. In the: first part of the Household Questionnaire, information was collected on age, sex, educational attainment, marital status, and relationship to the head of household of each person listed as a household member or visitor. A primary objective of the first part of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women who were eligible for the individual interview. In the second part of the Household Questionnaire, questions were included on the dwelling unit, such as the number of rooms, the flooring material, the source of water, the type of toilet facilities, and on the availability of a variety of consumer goods.

The Individual Questionnaire was used to collect information from women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following major topics: - Background characteristics - Pregnancy history - Outcome of pregnancies and antenatal care - Child health and nutrition practices - Child immunization and episodes of diarrhea and respiratory illness - Knowledge and use of contraception - Marriage and fertility preferences - Husband's background and woman's work - Anthropometry of children and mothers - Hemoglobin measurement of women and children

One of the major efforts of the 1995 KDHS was testing women and children for iron-deficiency anemia. Testing was done by measuring hemoglobin levels in the blood using the Hemocue technique. Before collecting the blood sample, each woman was asked to sign a consent form giving permission for the collection of a finger-stick blood droplet from herself and her children. Results of anemia testing were kept confidential (as are all KDHS data); however, strictly with the consent of respondents, local health care facilities were informed of women and children who had severely low levels of hemoglobin (less than 7 g/dl).

Cleaning operations

Questionnaires were returned to the Institute of Nutrition in Almaty for data processing. The office editing staff checked that the questionnaires for all selected households and eligible respondents were returned from the field. The few questions which had not been pre-coded (e.g., occupation, type of chronic disease) were coded at this time. Data were then entered and edited on microcomputers using the ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis) package, with the data entry software translated into Russian. Office editing and data entry activities began in May 1995 (i.e., the same time that fieldwork started) and were completed in September 1995.

Response rate

A total of 4,480 households were selected in the sample, of which 4,241 were occupied at the time of fieldwork. The main reason for the difference was that some dwelling units which were occupied at the time of the household listing operation were either vacant or the household members were away for an extended period at the time of interviewing. Of the 4,241 occupied households, 4,178 were interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the interviewed households, 3,899 women were eligible for the individual interview (i.e., all women 15-49 years of age who were either usual residents or visitors who had spent the previous night in the household). Interviews were successfully completed with 3,771 of these women, yielding a response rate of 97 percent. The principal reason for non-response was the failure to find an eligible woman at home after repeated visits to the household. The overall response rate for the survey--the product of the household and the individual response rates--was 95 percent.

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.1 of the survey report .

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the KDHS to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate

Abstract

The sample survey on households' budgets is the method of state statistical observation on living standards of population. The frame of the study and dissemination of budget survey data is defined by the following goals: to collect data on distribution of population by levels of prosperity; to get weighting indicators to calculate a consumer price index; to get data to compile accounts of household sector for the system of national accounts.

The survey on households budgets is conducted in all regions of the Russian Federation and covers 47,800 households. The returns of the survey are compiled quarterly and for a year as a whole.

Starting from 1997 two-stage random sampling built up by territorial principle has been used to form sample frame of households. A final unit of the selection is a household. Collective households consisting of persons who are for a long period in hospitals, in special retirement houses for the elders, boarding schools and other institutional organizations are not included in the sample survey.

Data is collected through face-to-face interviews and households expenditure diaries.

Geographic coverage

Survey covers the entire territory of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the Chechen Republic.

Analysis unit

• Households,
• Individuals.

Universe

All private households and population in them living on the territory of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the Chechen Republic.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Two-stage probability sampling with stratification and random sampling on each stage was considered the most adequate for household sample totality. The base for sampling is:

On the first stage: aggregation of folders (enumeration districts) formed on the base of 1994 Microcensus dataset. Aggregation of folders is composed on regional level, for urban and rural population separately. Each folder (enumeration district) has a number assigned, where its belonging to certain administrative region (by region code) and locality (by locality code) is indicated.

On the second stage: totality of microcensus forms for a separate household within the enumeration district selected on the first stage.

Stratification is aimed at creating a representative household sample, reflecting territorial peculiarities of population distribution, its demographic and socio-economic structure.

During actual sampling for each subject of the Russian Federation were created tables, containing numbers of microcensus enumeration districts and microcensus forms included into the sampling. The selection of enumeration districts and forms was conducted on Federal level.

Four variants of selection were created within each enumeration district: the first is aimed at primary sampling per se; the second is aimed at replacing inaccessible households on this stage; third and fourth variants are aimed at replacing households withdrawed in the course of survey. The list of households addresses was created on regional level basing on information from the above mentioned tables.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

HBS program represents a set of the following kinds of questionnaires differing by data collection period:

Household Diary is designated to record household's daily expenditures by certain types of expenditures and consumption within two consequent weeks of a quarter. Households are keeping diaries in accordance with a special rotation scheme. The procedure of households data collection using two-week diary records is organized on a rotation basis within one sample area. For this purpose the household sample totality surveyed by each interviewer is divided into 12 strata. The interviewer compiles rotation groups by lot. Once the households have been divided into rotation groups, the interviewer enters households numbers into the household quarterly rotation scheme developed for these purposes. The rotation scheme is developed in such a way that each group is updated with 2 to 3 households weekly (depending on the sample area: urban or rural territory).

Household Register (Log Book) is designated to record household's expenditures on those days of the quarter when the household does not keep the Diary. Diary and Register is kept by the person administering all or part of total money, who is engaged in housekeeping most of all and is informed about other household's members expenditures, i.e. responsible person.

Questionnaire for Household Budget Survey (quarter) contains questions focused on collecting information for three months of the quarter prior to data collection.

Questionnaire for Household Budget Survey (annual) records information as at the end of forth quarter of the last (reporting) year. This information relates only to households surveyed within the fourth quarter.

Abstract

The project uses public opinion polling to gather and then analyze a sample that represents the entire population of each of four different countries of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

Geographic coverage

The project uses public opinion polling to gather and then analyze a sample that represents the entire population of the country.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

For all four Central Asian countries in this survey, the sampling procedure is a three-stage stratified clustered one. Census data on the territorial dispersion of the population is used as the base to start the sampling methodology. The sampling procedure takes the total population of the country, considers geographic units within the country as either urban or rural, and then develops random procedures to select who to survey in three stages: first by randomly selected smaller geographic urban and units in each province (the primary sampling units or PSUs), second randomly chosing households within these units, and third, to randomly select which household member to interview in each household.

The sampling frame used to divide these four countries into smaller geographic units to randomly sample from differs slightly for each Central Asian country, based on differences in data availability on the population of the country and its dispersion. Subsequent sections explain the sampling methodology used and how this sampling frame differs in each country. Then all four countries have PSUs, random selection of households, and random sampling of individuals within households using the same methods.

Tajikistan has 4 provinces, with the city of Dushanbe then considered a separate fifth province. These provinces have 58 districts, with 17 cities and 7 settlements ("posyolok") of provincal submission. Districts incorporate rural settlements or villages, which are incorporated into rural districts ("djamoat dekhot" and "poselkovyi djamoat"). In total there are 23 cities (17 cities of provincal submission and 6 cities of district submission), 47 settlements (7 settlements of provincal submission and 40 settlements of district submission), 356 djamoat and 3,803 villages. The population of Tajikistan was 6,187,561 people, of whom 1,686,095 (27%) were urban, and 4,501,466 (73%) were rural as of January 20, 2000.

Several remote or inaccessible districts were excluded from the sample from since they are practically impossible to get to due to their remote location or absence of transportation. These are three districts in Sogd province, that have a population of 248,290 people, which is 0.1% o f the urban population of the country and 5.5% of the rural population - a total of 4.01% percent of the country.

The sampling frame for Tajikistan is based on the list of small territorial units (primary sampling units - PSUs) of three types:

• Villages - rural settlements subordinate to djamoats, each is a separate PSU.
• Parts of large rural settlements, divided into populations of between 2,504 and 4,835 inhabitants as separate PSUs.
• Parts of large urban settlements, divided into populations of between 2,450 and 4,903 inhabitants as separate PSUs.
• Like Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the sampling is three-stage stratified clustered sampling for Tajikistan. First, proportionate stratification is done by the population of provinces, with proportionate stratification by urban/rural population within provinces (except the city of Dushanbe which is all urban) and then a PPS-sampling of PSUs within these urban and rural strata. Second, sequential random sampling of households (Secondary Sampling Units - SSUs) is done in selected PSUs. Third, Kish grids are used to sample respondents within households.

For Tajikistan, 56 PSUs are randomly selected from the sampling frame, and between 7 people (for urban areas in Gorno-Badakhshan, which is a tiny proportion of the urban population of the country) and 29 respondent interviewed in each.

The sample distribution of the main demographic characteristics can be compared with census data from 1989 (with data from 2000 used instead in the nationality section). These data have changed substantially over fifteen years and the dramatic change in the economy, society, and polity with the civil war and other changes that have accompanied independence. The data are weighted, which somewhat reduces the typical disproportionate probability of selection of men and youth.

In comparison with the 2000 census nationality data, the number of Uzbeks has grown and the number of people of other nationalities (especially Russians) has appreciably diminished. This is due to high levels of unemployment and increased migration of Tajik men to Russia for work and, on the contrary, the settled way of life of many Uzbeks who have remained in agriculture. Second, census data overestimates the proportion of the titular nationality since belonging to this nation provides advantages in employment, careers, and education. In opinion polls, when no supporting documentation is required, respondents preferred to name their ethnicity as that which they actually identify themselves.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

To perform questioning, the following documents have been prepared (attached): - Questionnaire (in Tajik and Russian languages). - Sets of cards (in Tajik and Russian languages). - Forms of the respondent' sampling and of households' visits records with Kish's cards (in Tajik and Russian languages). - Forms of the households' sampling in selected points of questioning (in Russian language). - Sampling instructions (in Tajik and Russian languages). - Instructions on households and respondents' sampling (in Russian and Tajik languages). - Examples how fill out sampling forms - Covering letter to local authorities and ID cards for interviewers (in Russian and Tajik languages).

Response rate

During the fieldwork, 88 cases of nonresponse were observed. The average response rate is about 94% (1,500 of 1,588 cases - due to using the sequential sampling of households the nonresponse had no effect on the final sample size). Generally, nonresponse was registered if a completed interview had not taken place, and an interviewer had made up to 3 callbacks. The response rate was 84.4% in urban areas and 98.9% in rural ones. In Dushanbe the response rate was 73.3%. Two-thirds (67.1%) of urban non-responses came from respondents not being at home; few emphatic refusals to participate were noted in Tajikistan.

According to the interviewers, the main (in the majority of cases) refusal was occupation (work). If in town its inhabitants spend the whole day at work, in village this is caused by cotton gathering season. Most refusals were due to the households or respondent's straightforward refusals to give an interview. Like in Uzbekistan or in other countries, these refusals are partially generated by insufficient capability of interviewers to persuade household or respondent to agree for conversation. The same goes for other household members' refusal to contact a required respondent. Plain and direct refusals are characteristic of urban population. In the next surveys we are envisaging particularly scrupulous training for interviewers, who will work in towns.

In 2023, Washington, D.C. had the highest population density in the United States, with 11,130.69 people per square mile. As a whole, there were about 94.83 residents per square mile in the U.S., and Alaska was the state with the lowest population density, with 1.29 residents per square mile. The problem of population density Simply put, population density is the population of a country divided by the area of the country. While this can be an interesting measure of how many people live in a country and how large the country is, it does not account for the degree of urbanization, or the share of people who live in urban centers. For example, Russia is the largest country in the world and has a comparatively low population, so its population density is very low. However, much of the country is uninhabited, so cities in Russia are much more densely populated than the rest of the country. Urbanization in the United States While the United States is not very densely populated compared to other countries, its population density has increased significantly over the past few decades. The degree of urbanization has also increased, and well over half of the population lives in urban centers.

Kyiv is the largest city of Ukraine, with approximately 2.95 million inhabitants as of January 1, 2022. Kharkiv had the second-largest population of around 1.42 million, followed by Odesa and Dnipro. Economic situation in Ukraine Ukraine has a population of around 42 million inhabitants - close to 70 percent of which live in urban areas, with almost three million living in Ukraine’s largest city and capital, Kyiv. The city is located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River and is one of the largest in Europe. The country’s second-largest city, Kharkiv, is about half of Kyiv's size and located in the northeast. Kharkiv was the first city to be occupied by the Soviet Union in 1917 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since the collapse, Ukraine has been largely divided between east and west. Many inhabitants speak Ukrainian to the west, whereas Russian is dominant in parts of the east and south. Like Kharkiv, many of Ukraine’s other biggest cities which have fewer than one million inhabitants are located to the east of the country – a region which has uprooted and displaced many of its inhabitants because of the military actions that started in 2014. In 2015, Ukrainians across the country were affected by a huge spike in inflation, which reached near 49 percent. In the following years, it marked a decrease, measuring below three percent in 2020. The country’s GDP has also been significantly impacted by the crisis, which has left approximately 1.5 million Ukrainians internally displaced since 2014, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unemployment rate was above nine percent in 2020.

Abstract

The Kyrgyzstan Multipurpose Poverty Survey (KMPS) was designed to be a nationally representative survey capable of measuring the standard of living in the Kyrgyz Republic2 during the second half of 1993.

While the KMPS is based on the LSMS framework, it has some features which distinguish it from the standard LSMS; in particular it collects extensive nutrition data.

The tradition of survey research in countries of the Former Soviet Union is not particularly strong. In the Kyrgyz Republic, the GOSKOMSTAT family budget surveys were not representative of the population in general, and the poor in particular. These surveys tended to focus on persons who work in enterprises and, to a lesser extent, pensioners. The KMPS represents a significant increase in the data available, and is a more suitable tool for monitoring the social and economic changes occurring in the Kyrgyz Republic.

The 1993 KMPS was carried out under the direction of researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Paragon Research International, Inc., and the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The government of the Kyrgyz Republic has established an open access policy in regards to the data collected in the KMPS. The potential uses of this data set are quite broad given the multi-topic nature of the data and the fact that it was carried out at the national level.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Community

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample is designed to be fully representative of all households in the Kyrgyz Republic in the second half of 1993. Stratification was based on information on the population provided in the 1989 Census (since results from the 1994 microcensus were not available at the time of the survey).

According to the 1989 Census, there were about 856,000 families and 4,258,000 individuals living in the Kyrgyz Republic at that time (an average of about five members per family). Though the definition of 'household' used in the KMPS differs from the Census definition of 'family', this figure provided an estimate of the number of households from which the sample was to be drawn. Note that the sampling methodology assumes that any growth in the number of households since 1989 was equally distributed across regions.

A stratified, multi-stage sampling procedure was used, with the number of stages dependent on whether households were being drawn from urban or rural areas. [Note: Formally, the unit of selection was the dwelling, not the household. This is because the survey team only had available a list of dwellings and, in the case of multiple households living within the same dwelling, it was generally not possible to identify the different households prior to drawing the sample. In the cases of multiple households, interviewers were given instructions on how to select one household for interviewing (these instructions are described in sub-section 3.4 below). In a few cases, interviewers had to randomly select one household to interview from the several households residing within the dwelling. However, this was so uncommon that the survey team felt justified in leaving the dwelling out of the stages. Further, when in advance of drawing the sample the survey team was able to identify several households living in a particular dwelling, the households were listed separately before using systematic sampling. Thus, the survey is not unambiguously a sample of dwellings either.]

The formation of strata

The Kyrgyz Republic is divided into 6 oblasts. These oblasts are further divided into 57 raions which fall into two broad categories: 40 county-like territories and 17 relatively large cities or sections of cities which are under the direct jurisdiction of the oblasts rather than the raions in which they are located. A total of 21 strata were formed. These were of two types: self-representing (SR) strata (these consist of raions selected in the sample with certainty), and non-self representing (NSR) strata.

Self-representing strata

A total of 14 SR strata were selected. Twelve of these were cities or sections of cities which are so populous that at least some inhabitants would be expected to fall into any random sample of a given size (these are referred to as the 'urban SR strata').14 The urban SR strata were: · the four raions of the capital, Bishkek (which is also the administrative center of Chuiskaya Oblast); · the five other oblast administrative centers (each consisting of one raion): Dzhelal-Abad; Naryn; Talass; Osh; Balykchi; · three other major cities (each consisting of one raion): Karakol (formerly Przheval'sk); Tokmak, and Kara-Balta. The other two SR strata were the two raions Suzakskii and Kara-Suiskii which were selected with certainty for reasons outlined below (these are referred to as the two 'mixed urban-rural SR strata').

Non self-representing strata

Forty-five raions remained on the list after the selection of the 12 urban SR strata. Forty of these were territories raions and five were cities under the direct jurisdiction of the oblast in which they were located. The five cities (Uzgen, Tash-Kumyr, Kyzyl-Kiya, Kara-Kul', and Mali-Sai) were combined with the territories in which they are geographically situated, thus increasing the heterogeneity of those raions. The second group of NSR strata was therefore selected from forty raions (some of which were combined with the five cities mentioned above). The NSR strata were identified on the basis of three characteristics: geographical conditions (mountains, valleys or a mix of the two); type of production (agriculture, industry or a mix of the two); and ethnic composition (Kyrgyz, mostly Kyrgyz and Uzbek; or mostly Kyrgyz and Russian-speaking). Of the 27 possible strata, six were formed: I. mountains; agriculture and animal husbandry; predominantly Kyrgyz population. II. mountains; agriculture, animal husbandry and nurseries; predominantly Kyrgyz population. III. mountains; agriculture-industry, predominantly Kyrgyz and Uzbek population. IV. valleys; agriculture; predominantly Kyrgyz and Russian-speaking population. V. valleys and mountains; agriculture, predominantly Kyrgyz and with Uzbek population. VI. valleys, agriculture-industry, predominantly Kyrgyz and Russian-speaking population.

Based on the 1989 Census, the household populations of strata II and V were about twice large as the household populations of the other strata. To ensure that all strata were proportionally represented, strata II and V were therefore both split into two, resulting in a total of eight strata (henceforth named using arabic numerals so as to distinguish them from the above). The survey team envisioned that stratum 7 would be a NSR stratum. However, as there were only two raions (Suzakskii and Kara-Suiskii) in this stratum, both of which were therefore chosen with certainty. Therefore stratum 7 technically became two separate SR strata (7a and 7b), with each strata containing a single raion (these are referred to as the mixed urban-rural SR strata). Although these raions technically were SR strata, they were treated in the sampling process as if they were NSR strata (for example, in the method that households were selected from them). More details on this are presented below.

The selection of primary sampling units

The nature of the primary sampling units (PSU) differed according to whether they came from SR or NSR strata. In the urban SR strata the PSU were microcensus 'enumeration districts' (ED).15 Based on the 1989 Census, each microcensus ED was expected to contain about 414 individuals (less than 100 households). It was considered appropriate to choose eight to ten households from a given microcensus ED and therefore enough were selected to yield the desired number of urban households from the particular stratum. The districts were chosen with equal probability and no substitution was permitted.

In the seven NSR strata, the PSU were raions. Two were selected from each stratum with probability proportional to size (PPS), as measured by reported households in the 1989 Census. As mentioned above, strata 7a and 7b were treated in the sampling process as NSR strata. In this sense their PSU were the raions themselves.

The selection of secondary sampling units

The selection of secondary sampling units (SSU) differed depending on whether the PSU was drawn from a SR or NSR stratum.

SSU within selected PSU from urban SR strata

The SSU selected from microcensus ED in the 12 urban SR strata were the households (these were also the last stage sampling units for these strata).

SSU within selected PSU from NSR strata

Within the raions selected as PSU from NSR strata (and also the mixed urban-rural SR strata), 'settlements' (or areas where people are living) were classified as gorodskoi (urban) or rural. The number of urban settlements within a raion generally did not exceed two or three.

SSU selected from urban settlements

It should be emphasized that urban settlements were not the SSU; urban settlements were selected, and then the SSU were selected from these settlements. If there was only one urban settlement in a raion, then it was selected. If there was more than one urban settlement, then one was selected using PPS for each 15 urban households required from the raion. There were seven raions selected as PSU from NSR strata that did not contain urban settlements, even though they represented strata in which there were urban settlements (these raions are indicated in Table 6 by the asterisks against the target number of urban households to be sampled). This problem (involving 78 of the 2,100 target households) arose because the number of urban households to be sampled from a