Abstract

The World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) is a firm-level survey of a representative sample of an economy's private sector. The surveys cover a broad range of topics related to the business environment including access to finance, corruption, infrastructure, competition, and performance.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The universe of inference includes all formal (i.e., registered) private sector businesses (with at least 1% private ownership) and with at least five employees. In terms of sectoral criteria, all manufacturing businesses (ISIC Rev 4. codes 10-33) are eligible; for services businesses, those corresponding to the ISIC Rev 4 codes 41-43, 45-47, 49-53, 55-56, 58, 61-62, 69-75, 79, and 95 are included in the Enterprise Surveys. Cooperatives and collectives are excluded from the Enterprise Surveys. All eligible establishments must be registered with the registration agency. In the case of Samoa, registration was with the Ministry of Customs and Revenue.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The WBES use stratified random sampling, where the population of establishments is first separated into non-overlapping groups, called strata, and then respondents are selected through simple random sampling from each stratum. The detailed methodology is provided in the Sampling Note (https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/content/dam/enterprisesurveys/documents/methodology/Sampling_Note-Consolidated-2-16-22.pdf). Stratified random sampling has several advantages over simple random sampling. In particular, it:

• produces unbiased estimates of the whole population or universe of inference, as well as at the levels of stratification
• ensures representativeness by including observations in all of those categories
• produces more precise estimates for a given sample size or budget allocation, and
• may reduce implementation costs by splitting the population into convenient subdivisions.

The WBES typically use three levels of stratification: industry classification, establishment size, and subnational region (used in combination). Starting in 2022, the WBES bases the industry classification on ISIC Rev. 4 (with earlier surveys using ISIC Rev. 3.1). For regional coverage within a country, the WBES has national coverage.

Note: Refer to Sampling Structure section in "The Samoa 2023 World Bank Enterprise Survey Implementation Report" for detailed methodology on sampling.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The standard WBES questionnaire covers several topics regarding the business environment and business performance. These topics include general firm characteristics, infrastructure, sales and supplies, management practices, competition, innovation, capacity, land and permits, finance, business-government relations, exposure to bribery, labor, and performance. Information about the general structure of the questionnaire is available in the Enterprise Surveys Manual and Guide (https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/content/dam/enterprisesurveys/documents/methodology/Enterprise-Surveys-Manual-and-Guide.pdf).

The questionnaire implemented in the Samoa 2023 WBES included additional questions tailored for the Business Ready Report covering infrastructure, trade, government regulations, finance, labor, and other topics.

Response rate

Overall survey response rate was 34.7%.

Samoa WS: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Within Region data was reported at 32.103 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 30.466 % for 2015. Samoa WS: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Within Region data is updated yearly, averaging 9.218 % from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2016, with 53 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.103 % in 2016 and a record low of 2.959 % in 1990. Samoa WS: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Within Region data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies within region are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from other low- and middle-income economies in the same World Bank region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data. No figures are shown for high-income economies, because they are a separate category in the World Bank classification of economies.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Samoa WS: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Within Region data was reported at 26.921 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.311 % for 2015. Samoa WS: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Within Region data is updated yearly, averaging 8.415 % from Dec 1966 (Median) to 2016, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.921 % in 2016 and a record low of 0.608 % in 2000. Samoa WS: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Within Region data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies within region are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to other low- and middle-income economies in the same World Bank region as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data. No figures are shown for high-income economies, because they are a separate category in the World Bank classification of economies.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Samoa WS: External Debt: NFL: Net Financial Flows: Others data was reported at 0.069 USD mn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.823 USD mn for 2016. Samoa WS: External Debt: NFL: Net Financial Flows: Others data is updated yearly, averaging -0.036 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.866 USD mn in 1980 and a record low of -1.053 USD mn in 2004. Samoa WS: External Debt: NFL: Net Financial Flows: Others data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Net Flows and Net Transfers. Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. Others is a residual category in the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System. It includes such institutions as the Caribbean Development Fund, Council of Europe, European Development Fund, Islamic Development Bank, Nordic Development Fund, and the like. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

Samoa WS: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows: % of GDP data was reported at 1.954 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.461 % for 2015. Samoa WS: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.047 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2016, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.954 % in 2016 and a record low of -1.489 % in 2003. Samoa WS: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Outflows: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Balance of Payments: Capital and Financial Account. Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in an economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. This series shows net outflows of investment from the reporting economy to the rest of the world, and is divided by GDP.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, supplemented by data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and official national sources.; Weighted Average; Note: Data starting from 2005 are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6).

Samoa WS: BOP: Net Errors and Omissions data was reported at -39.061 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.303 USD mn for 2015. Samoa WS: BOP: Net Errors and Omissions data is updated yearly, averaging 0.968 USD mn from Dec 1977 (Median) to 2016, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23.403 USD mn in 1992 and a record low of -39.061 USD mn in 2016. Samoa WS: BOP: Net Errors and Omissions data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Balance of Payments: Capital and Financial Account. Net errors and omissions constitute a residual category needed to ensure that accounts in the balance of payments statement sum to zero. Net errors and omissions are derived as the balance on the financial account minus the balances on the current and capital accounts. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.; ; Note: Data are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6) and are only available from 2005 onwards.

Samoa WS: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Inflows data was reported at 2.524 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 26.865 USD mn for 2015. Samoa WS: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Inflows data is updated yearly, averaging 1.415 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 45.899 USD mn in 2008 and a record low of -1.325 USD mn in 2010. Samoa WS: BOP: Financial Account: Foreign Direct Investment: Net Inflows data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Balance of Payments: Capital and Financial Account. Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, supplemented by data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and official national sources.; Sum; Note: Data starting from 2005 are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6).

Samoa WS: External Debt: DOD: Use of IMF Credit: SDR Allocations data was reported at 35.713 USD mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 35.424 USD mn for 2022. Samoa WS: External Debt: DOD: Use of IMF Credit: SDR Allocations data is updated yearly, averaging 15.369 USD mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2023, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 37.254 USD mn in 2021 and a record low of 1.435 USD mn in 2001. Samoa WS: External Debt: DOD: Use of IMF Credit: SDR Allocations data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank.IDS: External Debt: Debt Outstanding, Debt Ratio and Debt Service: Annual. SDR allocations are also included in this category. According to the BPM6, SDR allocations are recorded as the incurrence of a debt liability of the member receiving them (because of a requirement to repay the allocation in certain circumstances, and also because interest accrues). This debt item is introduced for the first time this year with historical data starting in 1999.

Samoa WS: Revenue and Grants: Revenue: Other Taxes data was reported at 3.346 WST mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.869 WST mn for 2016. Samoa WS: Revenue and Grants: Revenue: Other Taxes data is updated yearly, averaging 2.452 WST mn from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2017, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.346 WST mn in 2017 and a record low of 1.351 WST mn in 2010. Samoa WS: Revenue and Grants: Revenue: Other Taxes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Government Revenue, Expenditure and Finance. Other taxes include employer payroll or labor taxes, taxes on property, and taxes not allocable to other categories, such as penalties for late payment or nonpayment of taxes.; ; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files.; ;

Samoa WS: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area data was reported at 7.774 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 7.774 % for 2014. Samoa WS: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 15.901 % from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2015, with 55 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21.201 % in 1986 and a record low of 7.774 % in 2015. Samoa WS: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Permanent cropland is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Weighted average;

Samoa WS: Share of Female Employment in Senior and Middle Management data was reported at 41.630 % in 2012. Samoa WS: Share of Female Employment in Senior and Middle Management data is updated yearly, averaging 41.630 % from Dec 2012 (Median) to 2012, with 1 observations. Samoa WS: Share of Female Employment in Senior and Middle Management data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Employment and Unemployment. The proportion of females in total employment in senior and middle management. It corresponds to major group 1 in both ISCO-08 and ISCO-88 minus category 14 in ISCO-08 (hospitality, retail and other services managers) and minus category 13 in ISCO-88 (general managers), since these comprise mainly managers of small enterprises.; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in November 2017.; ;

Samoa WS: External Debt: DOD: Use of IMF Credit data was reported at 27.385 USD mn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 29.836 USD mn for 2015. Samoa WS: External Debt: DOD: Use of IMF Credit data is updated yearly, averaging 1.759 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 34.944 USD mn in 2013 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 1998. Samoa WS: External Debt: DOD: Use of IMF Credit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: External Debt: Debt Outstanding, Debt Ratio and Debt Service. Use of IMF Credit: Data related to the operations of the IMF are provided by the IMF Treasurer’s Department. They are converted from special drawing rights into dollars using end-of-period exchange rates for stocks and average-over-the-period exchange rates for flows. IMF trust fund operations under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, Extended Fund Facility, Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, and Structural Adjustment Facility (Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility in 1999) are presented together with all of the IMF’s special facilities (buffer stock, supplemental reserve, compensatory and contingency facilities, oil facilities, and other facilities). SDR allocations are also included in this category. According to the BPM6, SDR allocations are recorded as the incurrence of a debt liability of the member receiving them (because of a requirement to repay the allocation in certain circumstances, and also because interest accrues). This debt item is introduced for the first time this year with historical data starting in 1999.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

Samoa WS: Employment In Agriculture: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data was reported at 6.968 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.142 % for 2016. Samoa WS: Employment In Agriculture: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 8.837 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.315 % in 1994 and a record low of 6.142 % in 2016. Samoa WS: Employment In Agriculture: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank.WDI: Employment and Unemployment. Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2018.; Weighted average; Data up to 2016 are estimates while data from 2017 are projections.

Samoa WS: Revenue and Grants: Revenue: Other Taxes: % of Revenue data was reported at 0.542 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.482 % for 2016. Samoa WS: Revenue and Grants: Revenue: Other Taxes: % of Revenue data is updated yearly, averaging 0.466 % from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2017, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.542 % in 2014 and a record low of 0.321 % in 2011. Samoa WS: Revenue and Grants: Revenue: Other Taxes: % of Revenue data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Government Revenue, Expenditure and Finance. Other taxes include employer payroll or labor taxes, taxes on property, and taxes not allocable to other categories, such as penalties for late payment or nonpayment of taxes.; ; International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files.; Median;

Samoa WS: Employment In Industry: Modeled ILO Estimate: % of Total Employment data was reported at 14.868 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 14.410 % for 2016. Samoa WS: Employment In Industry: Modeled ILO Estimate: % of Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 14.681 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.468 % in 2007 and a record low of 13.497 % in 1997. Samoa WS: Employment In Industry: Modeled ILO Estimate: % of Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank.WDI: Employment and Unemployment. Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4).; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2018.; Weighted average; Data up to 2016 are estimates while data from 2017 are projections.

Samoa WS: Employment In Services: Modeled ILO Estimate: % of Total Employment data was reported at 79.291 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 80.481 % for 2016. Samoa WS: Employment In Services: Modeled ILO Estimate: % of Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 77.718 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 80.481 % in 2016 and a record low of 71.331 % in 1994. Samoa WS: Employment In Services: Modeled ILO Estimate: % of Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Employment and Unemployment. Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in November 2017.; Weighted average; Data up to 2016 are estimates while data from 2017 are projections.

Samoa WS: Employment In Agriculture: Modeled ILO Estimate: Female: % of Female Employment data was reported at 3.829 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.262 % for 2016. Samoa WS: Employment In Agriculture: Modeled ILO Estimate: Female: % of Female Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 5.118 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.438 % in 1994 and a record low of 3.262 % in 2016. Samoa WS: Employment In Agriculture: Modeled ILO Estimate: Female: % of Female Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank.WDI: Employment and Unemployment. Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2018.; Weighted average; Data up to 2016 are estimates while data from 2017 are projections.

Samoa WS: Employment In Services: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data was reported at 74.118 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 75.290 % for 2016. Samoa WS: Employment In Services: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 72.787 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 75.290 % in 2016 and a record low of 66.896 % in 1994. Samoa WS: Employment In Services: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Employment and Unemployment. Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4).; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in September 2018.; Weighted average; Data up to 2016 are estimates while data from 2017 are projections.

Samoa WS: Self-Employed: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data was reported at 35.497 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 35.352 % for 2016. Samoa WS: Self-Employed: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 57.870 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.010 % in 1995 and a record low of 35.188 % in 2011. Samoa WS: Self-Employed: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Employment and Unemployment. Self-employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a 'self-employment jobs.' i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced. Self-employed workers include four sub-categories of employers, own-account workers, members of producers' cooperatives, and contributing family workers.; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in November 2017.; Weighted average; Data up to 2016 are estimates while data from 2017 are projections.

Samoa WS: Agricultural Land: % of Land Area data was reported at 12.367 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 12.367 % for 2014. Samoa WS: Agricultural Land: % of Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 19.788 % from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2015, with 55 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.703 % in 1986 and a record low of 12.332 % in 2009. Samoa WS: Agricultural Land: % of Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Weighted average;