The study set out to test the question of whether more efficacious outcomes would be gained the closer that a second response by police officers occurs to an actual domestic violence event. Researchers conducted a randomized experiment in which households that reported a domestic incident to the police were assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (a) second responders were dispatched to the crime scene within 24 hours, (b) second responders visited victims' homes one week after the call for service, or (c) no second response occurred. Beginning January 1, 2005, and continuing through December 3, 2005, incidents reported to the Redlands Police Department were reviewed each morning by a research assistant to determine whether the incidents involved intimate partners. Cases were determined to be eligible if the incident was coded as a misdemeanor or felony battery of a spouse or intimate partner. Eighty-two percent of the victims were females. For designated incidents, a team of officers, including a trained female domestic violence detective, visited households within either twenty-four hours or seven days of a domestic complaint. A written protocol guided the officer or officers making home visits. Officers also asked the victim a series of questions about her relationship with the abuser, history of abuse, and the presence of children and weapons in the home. In Part 1 (Home Visit Data), six months after the reporting date of the last incident in the study, Redlands Police crime analysis officers wrote a software program to search their database to determine if any new incidents had been reported. For Part 2 (New Incident Data), the search returned any cases associated with the same victim in the trigger incident. For any new incidents identified, information was collected on the date, charge, and identity of the perpetrator. Six months following the trigger incident, research staff attempted to interview victims about any new incidents of abuse that might have occurred. These interview attempts were made by telephone. In cases where the victim could not be reached by phone, an incentive letter was sent to the victim's home, offering a $50 stipend to call the research offices. Part 1 (Home Visit Data) contains 345 cases while Part 2 (New Incident Data) contains 344 cases. The discrepancy in the final number across the two parts is due to cases randomized into the sample that turned out to be ineligible or had been assigned previously from another incident. Part 1 (Home Visit Data) contains 63 variables including basic administrative variables such as date(s) of contact and group assignment. There are also variables related to the victim and the perpetrator such as their relationship, whether the perpetrator was arrested during the incident, and whether the perpetrator was present during the interview. Victims were also asked a series of questions as to whether the perpetrator did such things as hit, push, or threatened the victim. Part 2 (New Incident Data) contains 68 variables including dates and charges of previous incidents as well as basic administrative and demographic variables.

Abstract

Domestic Violence Survey 2005 was designed to provide data and indicators about the types and acts of violence against women, children, unmarried females, and the elderly.

Geographic coverage

The sample is cluster, random, and systematic of two stages: First stage: Selecting cluster, random, and systematic sample of 234 enumeration areas. Second stage: Selecting random sample of households from the selected enumeration areas of the first stage; 18 households were selected from each enumeration area selected during the first stage.

Analysis unit

Household, individual

Universe

·Ever-married women aged (15-64) Years ·Children aged (5-17) Years ·Unmarried women aged (18 years and over) ·Elderly 65 years and Over

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The number of households in the sample was 4,212 households: 2,772 in the West Bank and 1,440 in the Gaza Strip.

The sampling frame consists of a comprehensive sample selected from the Population, Housing, and Establishment Census 1997. The comprehensive sample consists of geographic areas of close size (with an average of 150 households); these are the enumeration areas used in the Census. These areas where used as PSUs at the first stage of sample selection.

The sample is cluster, random, and systematic of two stages: First stage: Selecting cluster, random, and systematic sample of 234 enumeration areas. Second stage: Selecting random sample of households from the selected enumeration areas of the first stage; 18 households were selected from each enumeration area selected during the first stage.

The selection of individuals from the household was so that one married female using the tables of Kish if more than one exist, the selection of one child aged 5-17 years using the tables of Kish, the selection of one unmarried female aged 18 to 64 years using the tables of Kish and the selection of all the elderly 65 years and over.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire of the Domestic Violence Survey consists of five main sections; they are:

Section one: Contains introductory data, quality control items, and a list of the household members including data about demographic, social, and economic characteristics such as age, sex, education, employment status, marital status, and refugee status.

Section two: Deals with ever-married women aged 15-64. This section measures types and forms of physical, psychological, and sexual violence a husband subjects his wife to and the types and forms of physical, psychological, and sexual violence a wife subjects her husband to. The section also deals with the political violence of the Israeli forces and settlers.

Section three: Deals with children aged 5-17 and measures the psychological and physical abuse a child is exposed to according to mother's perspective.

Section four: This section deals with unmarried women aged 18 and over and measures the physical and psychological violence females are exposed to by household member.

Section five: This section deals with elderly people aged 65 and over and measures the psychological and physical abuse they are exposed to by household member whom they reside or do not reside with, and the diseases and disabilities they suffer from.

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages through the processing including: 1. office editing and coding 2. during data entry 3. structure checking and completeness 4. structural checking of SPSS data files

Response rate

" The overall response rate for the survey was %98.5

Sampling error estimates

Detailed information on the sampling Error is available in the Survey Report.

Data appraisal

The advisor of the Domestic Violence Survey reviewed the data for the purpose of evaluating its quality and logic. Some specialist on violence also reviewed the data; they affirmed the data quality. Also, the data evaluation was done through reviewing some regional and international studies and comparison with their results. In general, the entire stages of checks proved the accuracy and high quality of the data.

Abstract

The main objective of this survey is centered to provide comprehensive and representative statistics on violence in the Palestinian society, especially among the following groups: married or ever married women aged (15-64) years, married or who have been married men aged (18-64) years, male and female individuals aged (18-64) years who have never been married, children aged (12-17) years, and elderly persons aged 65 years and above.

Geographic coverage

Dissemination Domains

1.National level: State of Palestine. 2.Region level: (West Bank and Gaza Strip). 3.Locality type (urban, rural, camp).

Analysis unit

Member Households

Universe

The target population (groups) for Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2019 are: 1.Currently married or ever married women aged (15-64 years). 2.Children (male and female) aged (1-11 years). 3.Currently married or ever married men aged (18-64 years). 4.Individuals (male and female) aged (18-64 years) who have never been married. 5.Children (male and female) aged (12-17 years). 6.Elderly persons aged (65 years and above).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The target population (groups) for Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2019 are: 1.Currently married or ever married women aged (15-64 years). 2.Children (male and female) aged (1-11 years). 3.Currently married or ever married men aged (18-64 years). 4.Individuals (male and female) aged (18-64 years) who have never been married. 5.Children (male and female) aged (12-17 years). 6.Elderly persons aged (65 years and above).

Sampling and Frame Three-stage stratified cluster systematic random sample of households residing in Palestine.

Sampling Framework The sampling frame consists of the list of enumeration areas of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017. They are geographical areas of similar size for the most part (with an average of about 150 households), and these enumeration areas are used as primary sampling units (PSUs) in the first sampling selection stage.

Sample Size 12,942 households were reached at the national level; of which 11,545 households responded, 7,913 households in the West Bank and 3,632 households in Gaza Strip.

Sample Design Three-stage stratified cluster systematic random sample: Stage I: Selection of a stratified cluster systematic random sample proportional to the size of each household enumeration area (PPS), consisting of (310) enumeration areas.

Stage II: Selection (40) households from each enumeration area in the first stage in a stratified cluster systematic random. (Lists of the heads of households) Stage III: Selection of one individual of the selected household in the second stage if it has more than one individual from each of the targeted groups in the survey, using Kish (multivariate) table to ensure randomness in the selection process.

In Jerusalem (J1) area, a survey sample of 40 households is selected from each enumeration area in the first stage.

Sample Strata The population was divided into the following strata: 1.Governorate (16 Governorates in the West Bank including those parts of Jerusalem, which were annexed by Israeli occupation in 1967 (J1) as a separated stratum, and Gaza Strip). 2.Locality type (urban, rural, camp).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

International recommendations and standards in the area of violence statistics were viewed during the first stages of developing the questionnaire. The experiences of other countries in conducting such surveys were also reviewed while taking into consideration special Palestinian specificities while applying this survey. The questionnaire was designed with reliance on PCBS second experience in conducting a violence survey during 2011.

The questionnaire for the Violence Survey, 2019 was developed in cooperation with our partners in the National Advisory Committee for the Violence Survey and with the help of several experts. Many observations provided by experienced persons were applied reflecting a purely Palestinian experience. The importance of the survey was also stemmed from the urgent need of the local community for the indicators it provides.

The questionnaire consists of eight main sections as follows: · Identification data and Quality Control: It was asked to any member of a household aged 18 years or more. This section covered all household members in the sample without exception. · Housing Conditions: It was asked to any member of the household aged 18 years or more to identify the conditions of the household's, financial conditions, income, financial needs, and spending capabilities. · Currently married or ever married women aged (14-64 years): This section was asked to any woman who is currently married (at the time of the interview) or has been married in the past by selecting one woman from the household (should there be several women) by using the Kish Selection Method. If there was more than one disabled woman in the households, women with disability have completed separate questionnaires and were registered separately. · Currently married or ever married men aged (18-64 years): This section was asked to any man who is currently married (at the time of the interview) or has been married in the past by selecting one man from the households (should there be several men) by using the Kish Selection Method. If there was more than one man with a disability in the households belonging to this group, men with disability have completed separate questionnaires and were registered separately. · Individuals aged (18-64 years) who have never been married: This section targets any individual who had never been married, male or female, by selecting him or her from the households. If there was more than one individual belonging to this group, the Kish Selection Method was used to select the sample as in the above-mentioned method. If there was more than one individual (male or female) with a disability, each has completed a separate questionnaire, and they were all registered. · Children aged (0-11 years): A male or female child was selected from households. Questions concerning this age group were answered by women who are currently married or have been married in the past and who are the mothers or caregivers of those children. This section included children with disability. · Children aged (12-17 years): This section targets children directly whether they were males or females. If there was more than one child of this age group in the households, the Kish Selection Method was used to select a child by using the same above-mentioned methodology to select the sample. If there was more than one child with a disability (whether male or female), each was provided with a separate questionnaire and they were all registered. · Elderly persons aged (65 years and above): This section was assigned especially to the elderly, whether males or females. If there was more than one elderly person in the households aged (65 years and above), all of them were interviewed.

Cleaning operations

Data Cleaning 1. Concurrently with the data collection process, a weekly check of the data entered was carried out centrally and returned to the field for modification during the data collection phase and follow-up. The work was carried out at a thoroughly examination of the questions and variables to ensure that all required items are included, and the check of shifts, stops, and the range was done, too. 2. Data processing was conducted after the fieldwork stage, where it was limited to conducting the final inspection and cleaning of the survey databases. Data cleaning and editing stage focused on: · Editing skips and values allowed. · Checking the consistency between different the questions of questionnaire based on logical relationships. · Checking on the basis of relations between certain questions so that a list of non-identical cases was extracted, and reviewed toward identifying the source of the error case by case, where such errors were immediately modified and corrected based on the source of the error after confirming and returning to the field in cases where it is needed. 3. The SPSS program was used to extract and modify errors and discrepancies, and to prepare clean and accurate data ready for scheduling and publishing.

Response rate

12,942 representative households were reached. The number of responded households (11,545) including (7,913) in the West Bank and (3,632) in Gaza Strip. Weights were adjusted with the design strata to compensate for the rate of refusal and non-response.

Responses and Non-Responses Cases Number of Cases Completed households 11,530
Partially completed 15
Households traveling 118 Refused 354 No information was available 72
Uninhabited residence unit 392 The Residence unit does not exist 23
No one at the residence 424 Other 14
Total (total size of sample) 12,942

Total cases of Non-responses x%100 = 7.8%

Non-Response Rate - %100 = 92.2%

Sampling error estimates

Sampling Errors Data of this survey were affected by sampling errors, which resulted from a partial (sample) study of the society as opposed to all units of the society. Whereas the Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2019 was conducted on a sample, sampling errors were inevitable. To reduce sampling errors, a probability sample suitably designed to calculate errors had to be used continuously. This implied that each unit in society had an opportunity to be selected in the sample. Variance and the effect of the

Abstract

Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2011 was designed to provide data and indicators about the types and acts of violence against women, children, unmarried females, and the elderly.

Geographic coverage

west bank & gaza strip

Analysis unit

Household, individual

Universe

1. Currently or previously married women.
2. Unmarried young people (males and females) of age group of 18-64 years and over.
3. Children of age group of 12-17 years.
4. The elderly of 65 years old and over.
5. Husbands s

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample size 5,811 households located in 300 enumeration areas in the Palestinian Territory, distributed by 3,891 households in West Bank and 1,920 in Gaza Strip. The design considered dissemination on governorate level and the localities affected by the annexation wall. The sample is a statistical clustered strata sample (PPS) of two stages: The first stage: A cluster random probability sample that is proportional to the size of each enumeration area of households (PPS) composed of (190) enumeration areas were selected. The second stage: 30 households were selected, from each enumeration area that was selected in the first stage, in systematic random way. Kish tables were used to select one eligible women (ever married women) and one eligible youth aged 18-64 years and one eligible child aged 12-17 years, when there are more than one eligible individuals in these targeted group in same household.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire included the classification questions that are in all questionnaires such as education, age, labour force status and marital status which usually have been inserted in most surveys and household survey. Furthermore; a questionnaire related to household was designed to measure life quality and the availability of durable goods and recognizing economic status of the household.

Five sections were designed for the questionnaire: the first one was designed for women who were ever married within the age group of (18-64), the second was designed for spouses, the third one was designed for never married individuals aged (18-64) years, the fourth was designed for children (12-17 years) and the last section was designed for the elderly (65) years of age and over.

Cleaning operations

Data entry was done by using ACCESS software program with an amendment on entry screens, and then many logical checks were established to ensure that data entry quality, as well as putting queries to testing and cleaning entered data and also these queries did examine the variables at the level of questionnaire so far. Data entry began on 16/07/2011, and during it, a training on using the "ACCESS software program" for data entry and verification was conducted, and data entry was centrally done in 4 governorates.

Response rate

" Response rate in the Palestinian Territory 93.5% while in the West Bank was 92.1% and in Gaza Strip it was 94.9%.

Sampling error estimates

Detailed information on the sampling Error is available in the Survey Report.

Data appraisal

The advisor of the Violence Survey in the Palestinian Society, 2011 reviewed the data for the purpose of evaluating its quality and logic. Some specialist on violence also reviewed the data; they affirmed the data quality. Also, the data evaluation was done through reviewing some regional and international studies and comparison with their results. In general, the entire stages of checks proved the accuracy and high quality of the data.

Abstract This article aims to describe the practices of health professionals in situations of violence in the provision of home care. It involved an integrative review of the literature conducted between December 2016 and December 2017 in the LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE databases. The sample was composed of 15 articles, organized and characterized by author, publication journal, country, year, title, method, main idea, category and level of evidence. The violent situations found most often were abuse of elderly and children and domestic violence towards women and children. Different practices were adopted during violent situations against patients, like interventions, notifications, orientation, and professional qualification. Practices of health professionals in home care focuses on actions of patient care,seek to minimize the effects of violence.

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence against women worldwide. IPV during pregnancy is an important risk factor for adverse health outcomes for women and their offspring. However, the prevalence of IPV during pregnancy is not well understood in China. The objective of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of IPV during pregnancy in China using a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsSystematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, Weipu and CBM databases to identify relevant articles published from the inception of each database to January 31, 2016 that reported data on the prevalence of IPV during pregnancy in China. The Risk of Bias Tool for prevalence studies was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. Owing to significant between-study heterogeneity, a random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence interval, and then univariate meta-regression analyses were performed to investigate the sources of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the risk factors associated with IPV during pregnancy.ResultsThirteen studies with a total of 30,665 individuals were included in this study. The overall pooled prevalence of IPV during pregnancy was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.6–10.1%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97.8%, p < 0.001). The results of the univariate meta-regression analyses showed that only the variable “sample source” explained part of the heterogeneity in this study (p < 0.05). The characteristics “number of children” and “unplanned pregnancy” were determined as risk factors for experiencing violence during pregnancy.ConclusionsThe prevalence of IPV during pregnancy in China is considerable and one of the highest reported in Asia, which suggests that issues of violence against women during pregnancy should be included in efforts to improve the health of pregnant women and their offspring. In addition, a nationwide epidemiological study is needed to confirm the prevalence estimates and identify more risk factors for IPV during pregnancy.

Abstract

The purpose of the 2012 TjDHS was to collect national and regional data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health, childhood mortality, domestic violence against women, and knowledge and behavior regarding tuberculosis, HIV infection, and other sexually-transmitted infections. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women of reproductive age. Data are presented by region (oblast) when sample size permits.

The 2012 TjDHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving health and health services for women and children in Tajikistan. The 2012 TjDHS also contributes to the growing international database on demographic and health-related indicators.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under age 5
• Woman age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2012 TjDHS sample was designed to permit detailed analysis, including the estimation of rates of fertility, infant/child mortality, and abortion at the national level and for total urban and rural areas separately. Many indicators can also be estimated at the regional (oblast) level. In addition, in the Khatlon region, the sample is sufficient to provide separate estimates of the nutritional status of children for the 12 districts included in the Feed the Future Initiative (FTF) pilot areas.

A representative probability sample of 6,674 households was selected for the 2012 TjDHS sample. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 356 clusters were selected from a list of enumeration areas that were part of a master sample designed from the 2010 Population Census. In the second stage, a complete listing of households was made for each selected cluster. Households were then systematically selected for participation in the survey.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2012 TjDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Interviews were completed with 9,656 women.

Appendix A (in the final report - Tajikistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012) provides additional information on the sample design of the 2012 TjDHS.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used in the TjDHS: a Household Questionnaire and a Woman’s Questionnaire. The Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire were based on model survey instruments developed in the MEASURE DHS program. The DHS model questionnaires were adapted for use in Tajikistan by experts from the Statistical Agency (SA) and the Ministry of Health (MOH). Suggestions were also sought from USAID; a number of the UN agencies, including the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), UNFPA, and UNICEF; and other international and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The questionnaires were developed in English and translated into Russian and Tajik. The Household Questionnaire and the Woman’s Questionnaire were pretested in March 2012.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all usual members of and visitors to the selected households and to collect information on the socioeconomic status of the households. The first part of the Household Questionnaire collected, for each household member or visitor, information on their age, sex, educational attainment, and relationship to the head of household. This information provided basic demographic data for Tajikistan households. It also was used to identify the women who were eligible for the individual interview (i.e., women age 15-49). The first section of the Household Questionnaire also obtained information on other characteristics of household members, including information on each child’s birth registration. Other questions addressed housing characteristics (e.g., the flooring material, the source of water, and the type of toilet facilities), ownership of consumer goods, and other aspects of the socioeconomic status of the household. Results of testing of household salt for the presence of iodine and results of taking height and weight measurements of children under age 5 and of women age 15-49 also were recorded in the Household Questionnaire.

The Woman’s Questionnaire obtained information from women age 15-49 on the following topics: • Background characteristics • Pregnancy history • Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care • Knowledge, attitudes, and use of contraception • Reproductive health • Childhood mortality • Health care utilization • Vaccinations of children under age 5 • Episodes of diarrhea and respiratory illness of children under age 5 • Breastfeeding and weaning practices • Marriage and recent sexual activity • Fertility preferences • Knowledge of and attitudes toward AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases • Knowledge of and attitudes toward tuberculosis • Woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics • Other women’s health issues • Domestic violence

Cleaning operations

The processing of the TjDHS results began shortly after fieldwork commenced. Completed questionnaires were returned regularly from the field to SA headquarters in Dushanbe, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel specially trained for this task. The data processing personnel included a supervisor, a questionnaire administrator (who ensured that the expected number of questionnaires from all clusters was received), several office editors, 11 data entry operators, and a secondary editor. The concurrent processing of the data was an advantage because the senior DHS technical staff were able to advise field teams of problems detected during the data entry. In particular, tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and the results were used to provide specific feedback to the teams to improve performance. The data entry and editing phase of the survey was completed in November 2012.

Response rate

Atotal of 6,674 households were selected in the sample, of which 6,512 were occupied at the time of the fieldwork. The main reason for the difference is that some of the dwelling units that were occupied during the household listing operation were either vacant or the household was away for an extended period at the time of interviewing. The number of occupied households successfully interviewed was 6,432, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent. The household response rate in urban areas (98 percent) was slightly lower than in rural areas (99 percent).

In these households, a total of 9,794 eligible women were identified; interviews were completed with 9,656 of these women, yielding a response rate of 99 percent. Response rates are slightly higher in urban areas (99 percent) than in rural areas (98 percent).

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results from mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2012 Tajikistan Demographic and Health Survey (TjDHS 2012) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the TjDHS 2012 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the TjDHS 2012 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the TjDHS 2012 was a SAS program. This program uses the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.

Refer to Appendix B in the final

Abstract

The Belarus Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) of children and women was carried out in 2012 by the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus in cooperation with the main statistical departments of all oblasts and the city of Minsk.

Financial, methodological and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

MICS is an international household survey programme developed by UNICEF.

The survey is conducted in the Republic of Belarus as part of the fourth global round of MICS surveys (MICS4) and provides up-to-date information on the situation of children and women and measures key indicators that allow countries to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments.

The goal of MICS4 in the Republic of Belarus is to obtain objective information on the mother and child health and child development and education. This type of survey was conducted in the republic for the second time, as Belarus was part of MICS3 in 2005-2007, and made it possible to obtain information on important aspects of the life of children, namely: their state of nutrition and health, the prevalence of child labour, the main methods of raising a child in a family and on the various activities that promote learning in early childhood. Also, due to MICS4 survey a number of indicators were studied for the first time: reproductive behaviour of women, attitude of women and men to domestic violence, sexual behaviour of young people, life satisfaction and other topical for the Republic of Belarus issues.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• individuals
• households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all children under 5 living in the household, and all men aged 15-59 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the sample design for the Belarus Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey was to obtain statistically reliable estimates for most indicators, at the national level, for areas classified as urban and rural, as well as seven regions of the country: Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev regions and the city of Minsk.

A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

The target sample size for the Belarus MICS was calculated as 8,520 households, including 3,408 households with children under 5 years old.

The sampling procedures are fully described in "Belarus Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012 - Final Report" pp.223-228.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS4 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includesHousehold Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Prevention of Iodine Deficiency (IDD).

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, children under age five and men age 15-49 and men age 15-59. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Access To Mass Media And Use of Information/Communication Technology, Live Birth, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Post-Natal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Unmet Need, Marriage/Union, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, Life Satisfaction.

The children's questionnaire includes Child's age, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness.

The men's questionnaire includes Man's Background, Access To Mass Media And Use of Information/Communication Technology, Marriage/Union, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, Life Satisfaction.

Cleaning operations

Data were entered using the CSPro software. The data were entered on 15 computers and carried out by 15 data entry operators on a shift system basis and two data entry supervisors. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the Belarus questionnaire were used throughout. Data entry was launched simultaneously with data collection in April 2012 and was completed in July 2012. During August-December 2012, works was carried out on editing the database and forming the main output tables of the survey.

Response rate

Household questionnaires: Number completed 8,284, Response rate 98.0 Questionnaires for individual women (age 15-49): Number completed 5,745, Response rate 97.2 Questionnaires for individual men (age 15-59): Number completed 2,769*, Response rate 94.7 Questionnaires for children under five: Number completed 3,443, Response rate 99.4

• Men were interviewed in each third household of the clusters visited.

Sampling error estimates

The sample of respondents selected in the Belarus Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators: - Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions, etc.). Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors. - Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error. - Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design. - Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r - 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 18 Complex Samples module has been used. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for the districts, and for urban, rural coastal, rural interior, and total rural areas. One of the selected indicators is based on households, 5 are based on household members, 16 are based on women, 7 are based on children under 5, and 9 are based on men. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions.

Data appraisal

A series of data quality tables are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

• Age and sex distribution of the household population
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
• Age distribution of under-5s in household and under 5 questionnaires
• Women's completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
• Men's completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
• Completion rates for under-5 questionnaires by socio-economic characteristics of households
• Completeness of reporting
• Presence of mother in the household and the person interviewed for the under-5 questionnaire
• Selection of children age 2-14 years for the child discipline module
• School attendence by five-year age group

The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in appendix D in document "Belarus Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012 - Final Report" pp.254-262.

Abstract

The Ukraine Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme carried out in 2012 by the State Statistics Service in collaboration with the Ukrainian Institute for Social Reforms and StatInformConsulting. Financial and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Swiss Cooperation Office in Ukraine (SDC) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The survey provides valuable information on the situation of children and women in Ukraine including the data required to meet the needs to monitor Ukraine’s progress towards goals and targets emanating from international commitments under the Millennium Declaration adopted by all the United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of A World Fit for Children, adopted by Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. A key feature of MICS 2012 in Ukraine was the introduction of separate questions and modules from the Demographic and Household Survey (DHS) program into standard MICS questionnaires for, women and men.

The sample size of 12,459 households and overall response rates of over 90% for households, women, men and children under five years of age (mothers/caretakers were interviewed) ensured representative data for the national level, and the strata of urban (including subdivision in large cities/small towns) and rural areas, as well as five regions (North, West, Centre, East and South). A probabilistic, stratified, two-stage cluster sample design was developed for the survey.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• individuals
• households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all children under 5 living in the household, and all men aged 15-49 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the Ukraine Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2012) was designed to provide reliable estimates of core survey indicators for the study domains: Ukraine as a whole, urban and rural areas at the national level, and five geographical regions: North, Centre, East, South and West.

A probabilistic, stratified, two-stage cluster sample design was developed for the survey. The stratification was based on geographical regions, and within regions - on three types of settlements: large cities, towns and rural areas. Firstly, selection of primary sampling units (hereinafter referred to as the PSUs) was performed within each stratum. A full listing of households was conducted in all selected PSUs, and then the households were selected for the survey at the second sampling stage.

The MICS 2012 sample represents all non-institutional households of Ukraine and their inhabitants, excluding households and individuals living in the Chernobyl-affected areas of the first and second radioactive contamination levels.

The MICS 2012 total sample size (number of household s to be selected) was 12,480 households. The actual total sample size for MICS 2012 is 12,459 households instead of the 12,480 envisaged households. The key indicator "Percentage of children under two who were breastfed within one hour of birth" was used for calculating the sample size. The expected level of this indicator is 35.9% (estimated on the basis of the MICS3 results). The percentage of children under two in Ukraine is about 2% of the population (estimated by the demographic statistics data and the results of the national household surveys).

The stratification of the sampling frame was calculated by dividing every geographical region into large cities (with a population of 100,000 and more), towns (with a population of less than 100,000) and rural areas. This led to the formation of 15 strata.

At the first stage 480 PSUs were selected with probability proportional to the PSU size (PPS). On the basis of the information from the listing forms, a set of households in each PSU was stratified at the second sampling stage by those with children under 5 years as of October 01, 2012, and those without such children. Altogether, 960 secondary strata were formed (that is, two secondary strata within each sample PSU).

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012 - Final Report" pp.250-254.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS4 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, children under age five and men age 15-49. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Child Mortality, Pregnancy History, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Post-Natal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Marriage / Union, Unmet Need for Contraception, Attitudes toward Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, Life Satisfaction.

The children's questionnaire includes Child's Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, Immunization.

The men's questionnaire includes Man's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Child Mortality, Contraception, Attitudes toward Domestic Violence, Marriage / Union, Fertility Preferences, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Life Satisfaction.

The questionnaires were developed in English from the MICS4 Model Questionnaires, and were translated into Ukrainian and Russian languages. Similarly, instructions for interviewers and guidelines for completing and editing questionnaires were translated into Ukrainian.

Upon recommendations of the United States Agency for International Development and taking into account the need to collect additional information on household living conditions and on the situation of children, women and men in Ukraine, standard questionnaires were supplemented with modules and individual questions from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) mostly related to reproductive health and sexual behaviour. A 13-day pre-test training for supervisors on August 1–13, 2012 was combined with the pre-test exercise. The questionnaires were pretested in August 2012 in the city of Kyiv and in several rural communities of Kyiv oblast. Based on the results of pretest, modifications were made to the wording of some questions, and to questionnaire format.

In addition to administration of questionnaires, field teams tested the salt used for cooking in the households for iodine content; and visited child health facilities to obtain information about immunization of children under five, if the immunization card was not available in the household.

Cleaning operations

The data was entered using CSPro software. The data was entered on 14 computers by 24 data entry operators and 3 supervisors working in two shifts. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double-entered, and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS4 programme adapted to the Ukraine questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began almost simultaneously with data collection at the beginning of October 2012. Data entry was completed on January 14, 2013, while editing of the primary database was completed in February 2013. In parallel with the data entry process, MICS team proceeded with adaptation and finalisation of MICS syntax for DHS modules, included in survey questionnaires. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and the model syntax and tabulation plans, adapted to Ukraine questionnaires were used for this purpose.

MICS tabulations were finalised in March 2013. In April 2013, preliminary findings of the survey analysis were submitted to the experts of academic, non-governmental and international organisations for their critical review.

Response rate

Of the 12,459 sampled households, 11,871 households were occupied. Of these, 11,321 were successfully interviewed yielding a household response rate of 95.4 percent.

In the interviewed households, 8,239 women (aged 15–49 years) were identified as eligible. Of these, 8,006 were successfully interviewed yielding a response rate of 97.2% within interviewed households.

3,829 men (aged 15–49 years) were identified in the households selected for the men’s questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 3,620 of eligible men, which corresponds to a response rate of 94.5% within interviewed households.

There were 4,402 children under the age of 5 identified in the interviewed households. Questionnaires were completed for 4,379 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 99.5% within interviewed households.

Overall response rates of 92.7% and 90.2% are calculated for the interviews of women and men aged 15–49,

About MCH Data Connect The MCH Data Connect provides public health professionals, researchers, practitioners, policy makers and students with a comprehensive catalog of maternal and child health data resources. Users can access a variety of databases, data sets, interactive tools, and maps related to their area of interest. Maternal and Child Health The MCH Data Connect uses a broad definition of Maternal and Child Health, including the influence of access to health care, health, health behaviors, education, violence, environmental conditions, demographics, and policy on the health of women, men, children, youth, families and communities. Topics Topics included in the MCH Data Connect: health care policy, experience of health care, family planning, sexual and reproductive health, economics, politics, social services, violence, and health behaviors, among others. Data Resources Data resources described in this catalog include data sets, statistics, interactive tables, interactive maps, and databases. Many of the data sources are available for public consumption, though specific databases may require th e user to purchase or apply for the dataset. Basic Search Locate the "Search Studies" highlighted box above the list of resource on the MCH Data Connect homepage. Leave "Cataloging Information" as the default basic search command. To search, enter the keyword, topic or area of interest in field box (next to "Cataloging Information") to obtain a list of resources that apply to your search. Access Resource Once the search is completed, a list of resources will appea r. The first line provides a brief summary. To get more information (including producer, background, user functionality and data sources) about the specific resource, click on the underlined/ blue hyperlinked title. Once the resource description is opened, click on the link that says “Click here to access data from site” to go directly to the resource's web page. Advanced Search Click on the "Advanced Search" link located in the "Search Studies" highlighted box above the list of resources on the MCH Data Connect homepage. From the Search Scope drop down lists, enter either Keyword or Abstract (these are the most detailed fields used by the MCH Data Connect). Enter multiple search terms to use the “and” searching criterion. For example, to search for resources related to diabetes and exercise, the user would select "Keyword" from the drop d own list, "contains" and then enter "diabetes" in the field box. The user would repeat the first two steps to enter "exercise" in the next field box. Collections The Topic Folders section provides a list of broad categories that include many resources found in the MCH Data Connect. The files of the Topic Folders are on the left side of the homepage. Clicking on a file folder will result in a list of the resources that are related to the topic. The Topic Folders offer a starting place for your search. You can narrow your search further by performing either of the previous two searching techniques within a collection. Qu estions or Comments? For questions, comments, or if you think we missed a useful information tool, please contact us via email at mchdataconnect@gmail.com. Glossary Some terms you will see on this website are unique to the cataloging service, Dataverse; The MCH Data Connect uses them differently. Please see below for a glossary of terms you will find at MCH Data Connect. Please note that interactive tools, datasets, and reports are referred to as “resources.” Te rms Dataverse, the program used to develop the MCH Data Connect Study, resource containing relevant public health data and/or information Collection, broad categories into which resources have been classified How to Cite, used as the resource title by MCH Data Connect Study Global ID, unique code given to each resource Producer, the agency or entity that produces and maintains the resource< /p> Deposit Date, date when resource was added to the MCH Data Connect Provenance, will always be MCH Data Connect Abstract and Scope, contains resource summary and geographic unit information Abstract, summary of the resource Background, information about the purpose and development of the resource User Functionality, what users can do with the data (i.e. download, customize charts) Dat a Notes, information about data sources, years and samples (if applicable) Abstract Date, month and year that resource was added to MCH Data Connect Keyword, specific variables, topics, or words that the resource addresses/encompasses Geographic Unit, level at which data is available Title, name of specific resource Keyword Vocabulary, “link:” clicking on “link” will take user to an external website relate d to the keyword term. The following terms are not used by the MCH Data Connect Dataverse: Topic Classification; Topic Classification Vocabulary; Other ID; Author; Distributor; Funding Agency; Production Date; Distribution Date; Time Period Covered Start; Time...

The 2015-16 Armenia Demographic and Health Survey (2015-16 ADHS) is the fourth in a series of nationally representative sample surveys designed to provide information on population and health issues. It is conducted in Armenia under the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys program. Specifically, the objective of the 2015-16 ADHS is to provide current and reliable information on fertility and abortion levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, domestic violence against women, child discipline, awareness and behavior regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and other health-related issues such as smoking, tuberculosis, and anemia. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women of reproductive age and, for certain topics, from men as well.The 2015-16 ADHS results are intended to provide information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies to improve the health of and health services for the people of Armenia. Data are presented by region (marz) wherever sample size permits. The information collected in the 2015-16 ADHS will provide updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the 2000, 2005, and 2010 surveys.The long-term objective of the survey includes strengthening the technical capacity of major government institutions, including the NSS. The 2015-16 ADHS also provides comparable data for longterm trend analysis because the 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015-16 surveys were implemented by the same organization and used similar data collection procedures. It also adds to the international database of demographic and health–related information for research purposes.

The 2012 Kyrgyz Demographic and Health Survey (KgDHS) is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on population and health issues in the Kyrgyz Republic. The 2012 KgDHS, the country’s second DHS survey, was conducted by the National Statistical Committee (NSC) and the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic from August through December 2012. The purpose of the 2012 KgDHS was to collect national and regional data on fertility and contraceptive use, maternal and child health and nutrition, childhood mortality, domestic violence against women, and knowledge and behavior regarding tuberculosis, HIV infection, and other sexually transmitted infections. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from women and men of reproductive age. Data are presented by region (oblast) when sample sizes permit such calculations. The 2012 KgDHS results are intended to provide the information needed to evaluate existing social programs and to design new strategies for improving the health status of the country’s women and children and enhancing their access to health services. The survey also contributes to the growing international database on demographic and health-related indicators.

Abstract

This document reports on the prevalence of conflict and violence, and how these affect Nigerian households, between 2010 and 2017. The report takes into account conflict- and violence-related events of all types, independent of the cause or perpetrator of the event. This approach seeks to provide a better understanding of the extent to which households are affected by violence and conflict, as well as their perceived risk of exposure to conflict. It assumes that the economic and social impacts of violence are meaningful no matter what the cause. The report also provides context on the perceived causes and perpetrators of the conflict and violence. This data can be useful in informing response to and prevention of these events.This report seeks to explain the prevalence of conflict and violence, and how these affect Nigerian households, between 2010 and 2017. The report takes into account conflict- and violence-related events of all types, independent of the cause or perpetrator of the event. This approach seeks to provide a better understanding of the extent to which households are affected by violence and conflict. Conflict in Nigeria · Conflict was higher in 2016 than in 2010 in each of the three zones · Households in North East Nigeria are the most exposed to all types of conflict events · Each of the three geopolitical zones surveyed has a distinct principal cause of conflict · A small minority of conflict-affected households in any of Nigeria's geopolitical zones receive any form of assistance

Key Lessons · Overall levels of conflict have risen between 2010 and 2016 · Sustained conflict is known to be both caused by and contribute to poverty; however, according to our findings wealth does not protect households from exposure to conflict and violence in Nigeria · Many conflict events are never reported to authorities; engaging community and religious leaders in surveillance may improve rates of reporting events and improve overall understanding of the changing context of conflict and violence across Nigeria · Only a small minority of conflict-affected households receive any type of assistance in support of their recovery - increased reporting and a stronger response system may aid in post-conflict rehabilitation · Phone-based data collection can improve understanding of conflict and violence, especially in areas where insecurity prevents face-to-face access to community members

Geographic coverage

Zones States Local Government Areas (LGAs) Households

Analysis unit

Individuals, Households and Communities

Universe

The Survey covered all household members. The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey was a telephone based survey conducted between March 22 and May 10th, 2017. The interview was the first round of a telephone survey using a sub-set of the sample of GHS (General Household Survey) households. The first round was focused on conflict exposure, while the second round not discussed in this report focused on food insecurity in conflict affected regions. This first round of the telephone interview had 717 completed interviews with the following geographical distribution: 175 interviews in the North East, 276 in North Central and 266 in South South. In the three conflict affected geographical zones comprising of 16 states of Nigeria, households from LGS's that had high conflict exposure were oversampled chosen for a pilot sample, conducted before the telephone surveys. These LGS's were chosen based on the following criteria: The oversampled LGS's needed to have over 10 conflict events during 2012-14 recorded in the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) database. The first round of the telephone survey (which took place after the pilot), first attempted to reach 742 households from the GHS panel, of which 529 could be reached and interviewed. The rest did not have phone numbers or functioning phone numbers (only 2.7 per cent refused to answer). In order to increase the sample size to a level that was considered adequate for the survey, an additional 288 replacement households were included in the sample also from the GHS panel. Out of these replacement households 188 could be interviewed. Therefore altogether 1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews. Conflict affected areas were oversampled in order to have a large enough sample of individuals that in fact experienced conflict events in order to shed light on the type of events that have happened. A random sample of the zones might have given too small sample of conflict affected households and therefore restricted the analysis of the various types of conflict events. Due to the oversampling however, the sample drawn was not representative at the level of the geographical zone, as is the case in the GHS. Therefore in the analysis we use probability weights that adjust for the propensity of being in a conflict affected LGA in order to ensure that the sample is representative at the level of the geographical zone.
During the second round of the survey 582 of the 717 households were re-interviewed on food security related issues (only the 717 were attempted to be reached). The data on the second telephone interview on food security as well as issues related to attrition in reaching the households are discussed in a separate report.

Sampling deviation

No deviation

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The questionnaire is divided into sections with a household roster. Information on Conflict and Violence from the year 2010 to 2017, Causes and perpetrators.

Cleaning operations

Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in Stata 15. All data analysis was tracked using comprehensive do files to ensure reproducibility. All statistics presented in this report have been adjusted with probability weights, when possible, to be representative at the level of the geopolitical zone. Demographics for each geopolitical zone were analyzed based on the complete GHS 2016 dataset.

Response rate

The first round of the telephone survey (which took place after the pilot), first attempted to reach 742 households from the GHS panel, of which 529 could be reached and interviewed. The rest did not have phone numbers or functioning phone numbers (only 2.7 per cent refused to answer). In order to increase the sample size to a level that was considered adequate for the survey, an additional 288 replacement households were included in the sample also from the GHS panel. Out of these replacement households 188 could be interviewed. Therefore altogether 1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews. The response rate is 96%

Sampling error estimates

No Sampling Error

Data appraisal

Limitations Recall Bias In the pilot data collection, respondents were asked to report on conflict events that had taken place in their family and their community over the last six years. This extremely long recall period must be considered when drawing inferences from the data. People are likely to under-report less severe (and therefore less memorable) events, particularly those that happened to community members in larger communities. Respondents are also more likely to recall events that happened to family members than those that happened to community members. Other biases may also be at play - for example, those who have been most highly affected by conflict over the last six years may have moved to another community. These factors demonstrate the importance of implementing a regular data collection schedule, which would allow far more accurate data to be collected. Sampling Bias The GHS is a panel survey taking place over multiple rounds through a period of time. Therefore, households that are more mobile or households that are nomadic are less likely to be represented in this sample. This may be particularly relevant in circumstances where nomadic groups are named as perpetrators of conflict events. Power Dynamics There are some disadvantages to the phone system, and for this reason it should be supplemented by additional types of data collection wherever possible. In a mobile phone survey, the respondent is the person who owns a mobile phone. In many areas, particularly those highly affected by poverty and those located in rural areas, only one family member owns a mobile phone. This is generally the household head, who is most likely male. Furthermore, in many of these communities, women are not allowed to have access to mobile phones and are forbidden from speaking to outsiders, which can prohibit mobile phone-based data collection. Gender Dynamics The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head. This means that crimes that carry stigma, especially sexual violence, are less likely to be reported. In this dataset, no sexual assault was reported despite data collected elsewhere that indicate that rape was used as a weapon by Boko Haram and elsewhere. This also means that violence that affects members of the household with less power (such as women, children, and employees), is less likely to be reported. This may be particularly important when considering violence not related to ongoing external conflict, such as domestic violence.

Abstract

The 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is a national survey covering all ten regions of the country. The survey was designed to collect, analyse, and disseminate information on housing and household characteristics, education, maternal health and child health, nutrition, family planning, gender, and knowledge and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS. It included, for the first time, a module on domestic violence as one of the topics of investigation.

The 2008 GDHS is designed to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in Ghana. This is the fifth round in a series of national level population and health surveys conducted in Ghana under the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys programme. Specifically, the 2008 GDHS has the primary objective of providing current and reliable information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, domestic violence, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The information collected in the 2008 GDHS will provide updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier rounds of 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003 surveys.

The long-term objective of the survey includes strengthening the technical capacity of major government institutions, including the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). The 2008 GDHS also provides comparable data for long-term trend analysis in Ghana, since the surveys were implemented by the same organisation, using similar data collection procedures. It also adds to the international database on demographic and health–related information for research purposes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2008 GDHS was a household-based survey, implemented in a representative probability sample of more than 12,000 households selected nationwide. This sample was selected in such a manner as to allow for separate estimates of key indicators for each of the 10 regions in Ghana, as well as for urban and rural areas separately.

The 2008 GDHS utilised a two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selecting sample points or clusters from an updated master sampling frame constructed from the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census. A total of 412 clusters were selected from the master sampling frame. The clusters were selected using systematic sampling with probability proportional to size. A complete household listing operation was conducted from June to July 2008 in all the selected clusters to provide a sampling frame for the second stage selection of households.

The second stage of selection involved the systematic sampling of 30 of the households listed in each cluster. The primary objectives of the second stage of selection were to ensure adequate numbers of completed individual interviews to provide estimates for key indicators with acceptable precision and to provide a sample large enough to identify adequate numbers of under-five deaths to provide data on causes of death.

Data were not collected in one of the selected clusters due to security reasons, resulting in a final sample of 12,323 selected households. Weights were calculated taking into consideration cluster, household, and individual non-responses, so the representations were not distorted.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2008 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme and the 2003 GDHS Questionnaires.

A questionnaire design workshop organised by GSS was held in Accra to obtain input from the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders on the design of the 2008 GDHS Questionnaires. Based on the questionnaires used for the 2003 GDHS, the workshop and several other informal meetings with various local and international organisations, the DHS model questionnaires were modified to reflect relevant issues in population, family planning, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, malaria and other health issues in Ghana. These questionnaires were translated from English into three major local languages, namely Akan, Ga, and Ewe. The questionnaires were pre-tested in July 2008. The lessons learnt from the pre-test were used to finalise the survey instruments and logistical arrangements.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor and roof of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height and weight measurements, consent for, and the results of, haemoglobin measurements for women age 15-49 and children under five years. The haemoglobin testing procedure is described in detail in the next section.

The Household Questionnaire was also used to record all deaths of household members that occurred since January 2003. Based on this information, in each household that reported the death of a child under age five years since January 2005,3 field editors administered a Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire. Data on child mortality based on the verbal autopsy will be presented in a separate publication.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 in half of selected households. These women were asked questions about themselves and their children born in the five years since 2003 on the following topics: education, residential history, media exposure, reproductive history, knowledge and use of family planning methods, fertility preferences, antenatal and delivery care, breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding practices, vaccinations and childhood illnesses, marriage and sexual activity, woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics, childhood mortality, awareness and behaviour about AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), awareness of TB and other health issues, and domestic violence.

The Women’s Questionnaire included a series of questions to obtain information on women’s exposure to malaria during their most recent pregnancy in the five years preceding the survey and the treatment for malaria. In addition, women were asked if any of their children born in the five years preceding the survey had fever, whether these children were treated for malaria and the type of treatment they received.

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 living in half of the selected households in the GDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain a reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the GDHS results began shortly after the fieldwork commenced. Completed questionnaires were returned periodically from the field to the GSS office in Accra, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel who were specially trained for this task. Data were entered using CSPro, a programme specially developed for use in DHS surveys. All data were entered twice (100 percent verification). The concurrent processing of the data was a distinct advantage for data quality, because GSS had the opportunity to advise field teams of problems detected during data entry. The data entry and editing phase of the survey was completed in February 2009.

Response rate

A total of 12,323 households were selected in the sample, of which 11,913 were occupied at the time of the fieldwork. This difference between selected and occupied households occurred mainly because some of the selected structures were found to be vacant or destroyed. The number of occupied households successfully interviewed was 11,778, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the households selected for individual interview in the survey (50 percent of the total 2008 GDHS sample), a total of 5,096 eligible women were identified; interviews were completed with 4,916 of these women, yielding a response rate of 97 percent. In the same households, a total of 4,769 eligible men were identified and interviews were completed with 4,568 of these men, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. The response rates are slightly lower among men than women.

The principal reason for non-response among both eligible women and men was the failure to find individuals at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from the household

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error

Abstract

The survey is designed to provide statistically sound and internationally comparable data essential for developing evidence-based policies and programmes and for monitoring progress towards national goals and global commitments. Among these global commitments are those emanating from the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action, the goals of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, the Education for All Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Zimbabwe MICS 2014 results are critical for final MDG reporting in 2015 and are expected to form part of the baseline data for the post-2015 era. The survey results are expected to contribute to the evidence base of several other important initiatives, including Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed 2012.

The Zimbabwe MICS 2014 primary objectives were: - To collect information critical to the monitoring and reporting on selected indicators for all the 8 MDGs, - To assist in monitoring of Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) ZimASSET national priorities focusing on basic social services, - To assist monitoring the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework (ZUNDAF) 2012 to 2015 and individual GoZ/United Nations programme social outcome indicators including transition funds, namely, the Health Transition Fund (HTF), Education Transition Fund (ETF), Child Protection Fund (CPF), and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programme - To provide decision makers with evidence on the situation of children’s and women’s welfare and rights and other vulnerable groups in Zimbabwe.

Geographic coverage

The survey was designed to provide estimates at national, provincial and urban/rural levels.

Analysis unit

Household Women Men Children under 5

Universe

the survey cover: - All households type - women (15-49 years) - Men (15-49 years) - children under five years - Children (5-17 years)

Kind of data

Données échantillonées [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey was designed to provide estimates for a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national, provincial and urban/rural levels. The ten provinces of the country are Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare and Bulawayo. With the exception of Bulawayo, the other nine provinces were stratified into urban and rural areas. The sample was selected in two stages with the selection of census enumeration areas/clusters in the first stage and selection of households in the second stage. Within each stratum, a specified number of clusters were selected systematically with probability proportional to size. At the second sampling stage, 25 households were selected from each cluster using systematic random sampling.

After a household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a representative sample of 17 075 households was drawn from 683 clusters. One cluster in Masvingo Province (Tokwe- Mukosi) was not enumerated due to flooding as affected households were re-located. The sample was stratified by province, urban and rural areas and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in Appendix C, Sample Design. in the report.

Mode of data collection

Interview face à face [f2f]

Research instrument

A set of four questionnaires was used in the survey. These questionnaires were adapted and customized from standard MICS5 questionnaires. All questionnaires were translated from English to two main vernacular languages in Zimbabwe, i.e. Shona and Ndebele.

The questionnaires are described below:

• A household questionnaire was used to collect basic demographic information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling. This questionnaire was responded to by the head of household or a chief respondent covered the household information panel, listing of household members, education, child discipline for children 1-14 years of age, household characteristics, water and sanitation, handwashing, indoor residual spraying, use of Insect Treated Nets (ITNs), and salt iodisation.

• A Woman’s questionnaire was administered to all women in the 15 to 49 year age group from each selected household, encompassed the woman’s information panel, her background characteristics, fertility, birth history, desire for last birth, maternal and newborn health, maternal mortality, postnatal care, marriage/union, illness symptoms, attitudes towards domestic violence, access to mass media and use of information communication technology, tobacco and alcohol use, contraception, unmet need, sexual behaviour, and knowledge on HIV and AIDS.

• A Man’s questionnaire for the 15 to 54 year age group was administered in every third household selected. The man’s information panel, his background characteristics, fertility, marriage/union, attitudes towards domestic violence, access to mass media and use of information communication technology, tobacco and alcohol use, sexual behaviour, circumcision and knowledge on HIV and AIDS.

• The under-five questionnaire was administered to mothers (or primary caregivers) of children under 5 years of age7 living in the households. Normally, the questionnaire was administered to mothers of under-5 children; in cases when the mother was not listed in the household listing panel, a primary caregiver for the child was identified and interviewed. The questionnaire covered children’s characteristics, birth registration, early childhood development, breastfeeding and dietary intake, care of illness, immunisation and anthropometry.

Cleaning operations

Data were entered into the computers using the Census and Surveys Processing System (CSPro) software package, Version 5.0. The data were entered on 32 desktop computers by 42 data entry operators and nine data entry supervisors. For quality assurance purposes, all questionnaires were double-entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programmes developed under the global MICS programme and adapted to the Zimbabwe questionnaire were used throughout. Data entry started two weeks into data collection in March 2014 and was completed in May 2014. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 21. Model syntax and tabulation plans developed by the Global MICS team were customized and used for this purpose.

Response rate

Households questionnaire: The sample size was estimated at 17047 households of which 15686 households are interviewed ( 92.1% as response rate) Women (age 15-49) : out of 15376 women who are eligible 14408 are interviewed ( 93.7% as response rate) Men (age 15-49) : out of 9008 men who are eligible 7914 are interviewed ( 87.9% as response rate) Children under five: out of 10223 children who are eligible 9884 are interviewed ( 96.7% as response rate)

Sampling error estimates

for more information view :Appendix E. Estimates of Sampling Errors

The sample of respondents selected in the Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators: Standard error (se): Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. For survey indicators that are means, proportions or ratios, the Taylor series linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors. For more complex statistics, such as fertility and mortality rates, the Jackknife repeated replication method is used for standard error estimation.

Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value (r) of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error.

Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling based on the same sample size. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design of the survey is as efficient as a simple random sample for a particular indicator, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates an increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.

Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

The Talyor series variance estimation method was used in the calculation of sampling errors. The variance estimator takes into account the different aspects of the sample design, such as the stratification and

The 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey is the fourth nationally representative comprehensive survey conducted as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) project in the country. The survey was implemented by New ERA under the aegis of the Population Division, Ministry of Health and Population. Technical support for this survey was provided by ICF International with financial support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its mission in Nepal. The primary objective of the 2011 NDHS is to provide up-to-date and reliable data on different issues related to population and health, which provides guidance in planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating health programs in Nepal. The long term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the local institutions to plan, conduct, process and analyze data from complex national population and health surveys. The survey includes topics on fertility levels and determinants, family planning, fertility preferences, childhood mortality, children and women’s nutritional status, the utilization of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STIs, women’s empowerment and for the first time, information on women facing different types of domestic violence. The survey also reports on the anemia status of women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months. In addition to providing national estimates, the survey report also provides disaggregated data at the level of various domains such as ecological region, development regions and for urban and rural areas. This being the fourth survey of its kind, there is considerable trend information on reproductive and health care over the past 15 years. Moreover, the 2011 NDHS is comparable to similar surveys conducted in other countries and therefore, affords an international comparison. The 2011 NDHS also adds to the vast and growing international database on demographic and health-related variables. The 2011 NDHS collected demographic and health information from a nationally representative sample of 10,826 households, which yielded completed interviews with 12,674 women age 15-49 in all selected households and with 4, 121 men age 15-49 in every second household. This survey is the concerted effort of various individuals and institutions.

Abstract

The Malawi MDG Endline Survey (MES) was carried out in 2013-14 by National Statistical Office as part of the global MICS programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF and John Hopkins University-World Health Organization (JHUWHO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UN Women, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), SAVE the Children Malawi and the Government of Malawi provided financial support.

The global MICS programme which the MES is part of was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international household survey programme to collect internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in policies and programmes, and to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The basic objective of the MES 2014 is to provide information on indicators for monitoring progress of attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and Malawi Growth and Development Strategy and other development programmes. Through collection and calculation of status of indicators of the Millennium Development Goals and other key social statistics indicators, the MES data will also be used to update the socio-economic database for policy and research.

The MES 2013-14 is a nationally representative sample survey encompassing a total of 28,479 households and involving women age 15-49 years, men age 15-49 years and children 0-5 years in 1,140 clusters. One third of the households in the sample were selected for male survey. The survey used a two-stage sample based on the 2008 Census of Population and Housing and has been designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the rural and urban areas in Malawi, the three Regions, and the 27 districts (except Likoma). The objective of the survey is to provide information on indicators for monitoring progress of attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and Malawi Growth and Development Strategy and other development programmes. Fieldwork was carried out by 32 mobile interviewing teams. The results pertain to the period between December 2013 and April 2014, when the field work was conducted.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• individuals
• households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all men aged between 15-49 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the sample design for the MDG Endline was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the twenty seven districts of the country: Chitipa, Karonga, Nkhatabay, Rumphi, Mzimba, Kasungu, Nkhotakota, Ntchisi, Dowa Salima, Lilongwe, Mchinji, Dedza, Ntcheu, Mangochi, Machinga, Zomba, Chiradzulu, Blantyre, Mwanza, Thyolo, Mulanje, Phalombe, Chikhwawa, Nsanje, Balaka and Neno district. Urban and rural areas in each of the twenty seven districts were defined as the sampling strata.

A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

The target sample size for the Malawi MDG Endline Survey was calculated as 1,050 households per district. For the calculation of the sample size, the key indicator used was 'Children under-five who received antimalaria treatment".

The number of households selected per cluster for the MES was determined as 25 households, based on a number of considerations, including the design effect, the budget available, and the time that would be needed per team to complete one cluster. Dividing the total number of households by the number of sample households per cluster, it was calculated that 42 sample clusters would need to be selected in each district.

Equal allocation of the total sample size to the twenty seven districts was used. Therefore, 42 clusters were allocated to each district except Blantyre and Lilongwe where 45 clusters were allocated to each to allow for a larger sample size because these two districts contain the major urban centers in the country, with the final sample size calculated as 28,500 households. In each district, the clusters (primary sampling units) were distributed to the urban and rural domains proportionally to the size of urban and rural populations in that district. The table below shows the allocation of clusters to the sampling strata.

The 2008 census frame was used for the selection of clusters. Census enumeration areas were defined as primary sampling units (PSUs), and were selected from each of the sampling strata by using systematic PPS (probability proportional to size) sampling procedures, based on the number of households in each enumeration area from the 2008 Population and Housing Census frame. The first stage of sampling was thus completed by selecting the required number of enumeration areas from each of the twenty-seven districts, separately for the urban and rural strata.

Since the sampling frame (the 2008 census) was not up-to-date, a new listing of households was conducted in all the sample enumeration areas prior to the selection of households. For this purpose, listing teams were formed who visited all of the selected enumeration areas and listed all households in the enumeration areas. Household listing was undertaken by 15 teams. In each team there were four listers, one supervisor and a driver. Listing started in July 2013 and was completed in October 2013.

Large EAs with 300 or more households were subdivided into 2 or 3 segments of which only one segment was selected randomly and listed. The procedure for segmentation was that upon arrival in a large EA that needed segmentation, the listing team first toured the EA and did a quick count to get the estimated number of households in the EA. It was important to adopt segment boundaries that were easily identifiable and selection of a sample segment was carried out as follows:

The team drew a location map of the entire EA. Using clear boundaries such as roads or rivers, the EA was divided into 2 or 3 segments of roughly equal size; on the location map of the EA the team showed the boundaries of the newly created segments and numbered the segments sequentially. For each segment, a quick count of the number of dwellings was done.

Using the Segmentation form the household lister recorded the identification information of the EA, the segment numbers, and the size of each segment in the appropriate areas provided such as the number of dwellings, percentage and cumulative percentage. Then the cumulative percentage was compared with the random number that was generated for each EA. The team selected the first segment for which the cumulative percentage was greater than or equal to the random number given.

Lists of households were prepared by the listing teams in the field for each enumeration area. The households were then sequentially numbered from 1 to n (the total number of households in each enumeration area) at the National Statistical Office, where the selection of 25 households in each enumeration area was carried out using random systematic selection procedures. The survey also included a questionnaire for individual men that was to be administered in one third of the sample of households, which were randomly selected for interviews with all eligible men.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Malawi MDG Endline Survey 2013-2014 - Final Report" pp.442-446.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS5 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes List of Household Members, Education, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Household Characteristics, Insecticide Treated Nets, Indoor Residual Spraying, Water and Sanitation, Handwashing, and Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, men age 15-49 and children under age five. The questionnaire was administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Fertility/Birth History, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Post-natal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Unmet Need, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Maternal Mortality, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, and Life Satisfaction.

The men's questionnaire includes Man's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Fertility, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Circumcision, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, and Life Satisfaction.

The children's questionnaire includes Child's Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding and Dietary Intake, Immunization, Care of Illness, and Anthropometry.

The questionnaires are based on the MICS5 model questionnaire. From the MICS5 model English version, the questionnaires were customised and translated into Chichewa and Tumbuka and were pre-tested in

Abstract

The Gambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 is a nationally representative survey of households, children and women. The main objectives of the survey was to provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in The Gambia. Another objective was to furnish data needed for monitoring progress towards the goals established at the World Summit for Children and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a basis for future action. The findings of this survey would also be utilized by government and development partners in planning and monitoring program implementation.

The module development for the survey captured data on households characteristics, education, water and sanitation, insecticides treated nets, indoor residual spraying, salt iodization, handwashing, birth registration, early childhood development, Breastfeeding, care of illness, malaria, immunization, anthropometry, child mortality, desire for last birth, illness symptoms, maternal and newborn health, rehydration solutions, contraception, unmet need, female genital mutilation, attitudes toward domestic violence, marriage/ union, sexual behavior, and HIV/AIDS. The survey was conducted through inter-agency collaboration with The Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBoS), acting as the lead agency.

The Gambia's Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 has the following primary objectives: 1. To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in The Gambia. 2. To furnish data needed for monitoring progress towards the goals established in the Millennium Declaration, the goals of A World Fit for Children (WFFC) and other internationally agreed upon goals as a basis for future action. 3. To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in The Gambia and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation and analysis of such systems. 4. To generate data on the situation of children and women, including the identification of vulnerable groups and of disparities, to inform policies and interventions.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)
• Women aged 15-49
• Children aged 0-4

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years living in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for The Gambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS4) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the eight Local Government Areas (LGAs): Banjul, Kanifing, Brikama, Mansakonko, Kerewan, Kuntaur, Janjanbureh and Basse. Other than Banjul and Kanifing which are entirely urban settlements, urban and rural areas within each LGA were identified as the main sampling domains and the sample was selected in two stages. Within each LGA, at least 44 and at most 60 census enumeration areas, (EA's) or clusters were selected systematically with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS).

Sampling deviation

No major deviations from the original sample design were made. All sample enumeration areas were accessed and successfully interviewed with good response rates.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires are based on the MICS4 Model Questionnaire III. Given that the MICS4 model questionnaires were in an English version, the questionnaires were not translated into the local languages for the training part. The training program for staff conducting or supervising the interviews included detailed discussions of the contents of the questionnaires, how to complete the questionnaires, and interviewing techniques. In addition to taking the trainees through the questionnaires in English, the questions were also verbally translated into the three main local languages of The Gambia (Wollof, Mandinka and Fula). A participatory approach was adopted during these translation sessions to ensure that all participants had common understanding of the translation of all the questions. The questionnaires were pre-tested in few selected EAs in the Greater Banjul in April, 2010. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

Data were entered into 20 microcomputers using the Census and Surveys Processing System (CSPro) software package. Data entry was carried out by forty entry operators and four supervisors. For quality assurance purposes, all questionnaires were double-entered and internal consistency checks performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS program and adapted to The Gambia questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began simultaneously with data collection in April 2010 and was completed in August 2010. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, Version 18. Model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were customized and used for this purpose.

Response rate

Of the 7,800 households selected for the sample survey, 7,799 households were found to be occupied. Of these 7,791 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 99.9 percent. In the interviewed households, the survey identified 15,138 women (age 15-49 years). Of these 14,685 were successfully interviewed, resulting to a response rate of 97.0 percent within interviewed households. In addition 11,807 children under age five were listed. Questionnaires were completed for 11,637 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 98.6 percent within interviewed households.

Sampling error estimates

The sample of respondents selected in the Gambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators: 1. Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions, etc.). Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors. 2. Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error. 3. Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design. 4. Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r - 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 18 Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator. Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. Three of the selected indicators are based on households, 8 are based on household members, 13 are based on women, and 15 are based on children under 5. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions. Table SE.1 shows the list of indicators for which sampling errors are calculated, including the base population (denominator) for EAC indicator. Tables SE.2 to SE.12 show the calculated sampling errors for selected domains.

Abstract

The second South Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS 2) was conducted in 2010 by the Ministry of Health and National Bureau of Statistics.

The primary objectives of the second South Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS 2) were: - To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in South Sudan; - To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; - To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in South Sudan and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems. - To generate data on the situation of children and women, including the identification of vulnerable groups and of disparities, to inform policies and interventions. - To provide up-to-date information on the health status of children and women of South Sudan in order to understand differences related to determinants of health, such as poverty, education, gender, residence type (rural/urban), and the State of residence; - To generate data that assist in monitoring progress towards achieving the MDGs and WFFC’s goals; and - To contribute to essentially desired improvements of data collection, quality, and analysis in South Sudan.

Sudan Household Health Survey is modelled on MICS, an international household survey programme developed by UNICEF. SHHS 2 was conducted as part of the fourth global round of MICS surveys (MICS4). MICS provides up-to-date information on the situation of children and women and measures key indicators that allow countries to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. Additional information on the global MICS project may be obtained from www.childinfo.org.

Geographic coverage

The ten states of South Sudan: Upper Nile, Jonglei, Unity, Warap Northern Bahr El Ghazal, Western Bahr El Ghazal, Lakes, Western Equatoria, Central Equatoria, and Eastern Equatoria.

Sampling procedure

The sample for the second South Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS 2) was designed to provide estimates for a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the 10 states across the country: The said States are Upper Nile, Jonglei, Unity, Warap Northern Bahr El Ghazal, Western Bahr El Ghazal, Lakes, Western Equatoria, Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria.

The sampling frame used for the SHHS 2 is the 2008 Sudan Population and Housing Census. States were identified as the sampling domains or domains of analysis. The sample uses 20 urban and rural strata, two per State.

The sample size for the survey was determined by the degree of precision required for survey estimates for each state: 1,000 households in each state. Since a similar level of precision was required for the survey results from each state, it was decided to draw 40 clusters from each state and 25 households from each cluster. However, in each of Unity and Jonglei states only 39 clusters were selected and that yields 975 households by state. The total sample was finally 9,950 households or 398 clusters (enumeration areas).

The sample was selected in two stages: within each State, enumeration areas were randomly selected with probability proportional to size as primary sampling units. After a household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a sample of 25 households was drawn in each sampled enumeration area.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four sets of questionnaires were used in the survey: 1) a household questionnaire which was used to collect information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling; 2) a women’s questionnaire administered in each household to all women aged 15-49 years; 3) a men’s questionnaire administered in each household to all men aged 15-49 years; and 4) an under-5 questionnaire, administered to mothers or caretakers for all children under 5 living in the household.

The questionnaires included the following modules:

The household questionnaire included the following modules: - Household information panel - Household Listing Form and Education - Water and Sanitation (country specific tables were produced for use of improved water sources, Household water treatment, Time to source of drinking water; and Drinking water and sanitation ladders) - Household Characteristics - Insecticide Treated Nets (Results are only available for household possession of at least one mosquito net and one long-lasting treated net)Salt Iodization

The questionnaire for individual women was administered to all women aged 15-49 years living in the households, and included the following modules: - Woman’s Information Panel - Women’s Background - Child Mortality - Live Birth History - Desire for Last Birth (Results not available) - Maternal and Newborn Health - Contraception - Unmet Need - Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence - Marriage/Union - Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (Results not available) - Sexual Behaviour - HIV/AIDS - Sexually Transmitted Infections (Results not available)

The questionnaire for individual men was administered to all men aged 15-49 years living in the households, and included the following modules: - Men’s information panel - Men’s Background - Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence - Marriage/Union - Sexual Behaviour - HIV/AIDS - Sexually Transmitted Infections

The questionnaire for children under five was administered to mothers or caretakers of children under 5 years of age1 living in the households. Normally, the questionnaire was administered to mothers of under-5 children; in cases when the mother was not listed in the household roster, a primary caretaker for the child was identified and interviewed. The questionnaire included the following modules: - Under five Child Information Panel - Age - Birth Registration - Breastfeeding - Early Child Development (Results not available) - Care of Illness - Malaria - Immunization - Anthropometry

The questionnaires are based on the MICS4 model questionnaire2. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

Data were entered using the CSPro software. The data were entered on 20 microcomputers and carried out by 40 data entry operators and 4 data entry supervisors. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the South Sudan questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began after the end of data collection and was completed in July 2010. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, Version 18, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were used for this purpose.

Response rate

Of the 9,950 households selected for the sample, 9,760 were found to be occupied. Of these, 9,369 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 96 percent. In the interviewed households, 11,568 women (age 15-49 years) were identified. Of these, 9,069 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 78 percent within interviewed households. In addition, 8,656 men (age 15-49 years) were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 4,345 of eligible men, which corresponds to a response rate of 50 percent within interviewed households. There were 10,040 children under age five listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 8,338 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 83 percent within interviewed households. Overall response rates of 75, 48, and 80 are calculated for the women’s, men’s and under-5’s interviews respectively. See Table HH.1 of the survey report.

Across the 10 States, women’s response rates, except Northern Bahr el Ghazal, are below 85 percent. The results for these States should thus be interpreted with some caution, as their response rates are low. The response rates for the children under five years of age in 5 of the 10 States were equally low. These are Western Equatoria, Central Equatoria, Unity, Upper Nile and Lakes States. These results are low, and therefore interpretation in these States should also be handled with caution. Response rates for urban and rural areas for the three categories (women, men and children under-five) are also below 85 percent; this as well requires some caution in the interpretation of the results. Crucially, response for the men’s module was exceedingly low, as their overall response rate is 48. Accordingly, all analysis on men was dropped from the survey report.

Abstract

The 2017 Conflict and Violence in Nigeria study reports on the prevalence of conflict and violence, and how these affect Nigerian households, between 2010 and 2017. The report takes into account conflict- and violence-related events of all types, independent of the cause or perpetrator of the event. This approach seeks to provide a better understanding of the extent to which households are affected by violence and conflict, as well as their perceived risk of exposure to conflict. It assumes that the economic and social impacts of violence are meaningful no matter what the cause. The report also provides context on the perceived causes and perpetrators of the conflict and violence. This data can be useful in informing response to and prevention of these events. This report seeks to explain the prevalence of conflict and violence, and how these affect Nigerian households, between 2010 and 2017. The report takes into account conflict- and violence-related events of all types, independent of the cause or perpetrator of the event. This approach seeks to provide a better understanding of the extent to which households are affected by violence and conflict.

Conflict in Nigeria: - Conflict was higher in 2016 than in 2010 in each of the three zones - Households in North East Nigeria are the most exposed to all types of conflict events - Each of the three geopolitical zones surveyed has a distinct principal cause of conflict - A small minority of conflict-affected households in any of Nigeria's geopolitical zones receive any form of assistance

Key Lessons: - Overall levels of conflict have risen between 2010 and 2016 - Sustained conflict is known to be both caused by and contribute to poverty; however, according to our findings wealth does not protect households from exposure to conflict and violence in Nigeria - Many conflict events are never reported to authorities; engaging community and religious leaders in surveillance may improve rates of reporting events and improve overall understanding of the changing context of conflict and violence across Nigeria - Only a small minority of conflict-affected households receive any type of assistance in support of their recovery - increased reporting and a stronger response system may aid in post-conflict rehabilitation - Phone-based data collection can improve understanding of conflict and violence, especially in areas where insecurity prevents face-to-face access to community members

Geographic coverage

Zones States Local Government Areas (LGAs) Households

Analysis unit

Individuals Households Communities

Universe

The survey covered all household members. The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey was a telephone based survey conducted between March 22 and May 10th, 2017. The interview was the first round of a telephone survey using a sub-set of the sample of GHS (General Household Survey) households. The first round was focused on conflict exposure, while the second round not discussed in this report focused on food insecurity in conflict affected regions. This first round of the telephone interview had 717 completed interviews with the following geographical distribution: 175 interviews in the North East, 276 in North Central and 266 in South South.

In the three conflict affected geographical zones comprising of 16 states of Nigeria, households from LGS's that had high conflict exposure were oversampled chosen for a pilot sample, conducted before the telephone surveys. These LGS's were chosen based on the following criteria: The oversampled LGS's needed to have over 10 conflict events during 2012-14 recorded in the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) database.

The first round of the telephone survey (which took place after the pilot), first attempted to reach 742 households from the GHS panel, of which 529 could be reached and interviewed. The rest did not have phone numbers or functioning phone numbers (only 2.7 per cent refused to answer). In order to increase the sample size to a level that was considered adequate for the survey, an additional 288 replacement households were included in the sample also from the GHS panel. Out of these replacement households 188 could be interviewed. Therefore altogether 1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews.

Conflict affected areas were oversampled in order to have a large enough sample of individuals that in fact experienced conflict events in order to shed light on the type of events that have happened. A random sample of the zones might have given too small sample of conflict affected households and therefore restricted the analysis of the various types of conflict events. Due to the oversampling however, the sample drawn was not representative at the level of the geographical zone, as is the case in the GHS. Therefore in the analysis we use probability weights that adjust for the propensity of being in a conflict affected LGA in order to ensure that the sample is representative at the level of the geographical zone.

During the second round of the survey 582 of the 717 households were re-interviewed on food security related issues (only the 717 were attempted to be reached). The data on the second telephone interview on food security as well as issues related to attrition in reaching the households are discussed in a separate report.

Sampling deviation

No deviation

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The questionnaire is divided into sections with a household roster.

Cleaning operations

Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in Stata 15. All data analysis was tracked using comprehensive do files to ensure reproducibility. All statistics presented in this report have been adjusted with probability weights, when possible, to be representative at the level of the geopolitical zone. Demographics for each geopolitical zone were analyzed based on the complete GHS 2016 dataset.

Response rate

1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews. The response rate is 96%

Sampling error estimates

No sampling error

Data appraisal

• Recall Bias - In the pilot data collection, respondents were asked to report on conflict events that had taken place in their family and their community over the last six years. This extremely long recall period must be considered when drawing inferences from the data. People are likely to under-report less severe (and therefore less memorable) events, particularly those that happened to community members in larger communities. Respondents are also more likely to recall events that happened to family members than those that happened to community members. Other biases may also be at play - for example, those who have been most highly affected by conflict over the last six years may have moved to another community. These factors demonstrate the importance of implementing a regular data collection schedule, which would allow far more accurate data to be collected.

• Sampling Bias - The GHS is a panel survey taking place over multiple rounds through a period of time. Therefore, households that are more mobile or households that are nomadic are less likely to be represented in this sample. This may be particularly relevant in circumstances where nomadic groups are named as perpetrators of conflict events.

• Power Dynamics - There are some disadvantages to the phone system, and for this reason it should be supplemented by additional types of data collection wherever possible. In a mobile phone survey, the respondent is the person who owns a mobile phone. In many areas, particularly those highly affected by poverty and those located in rural areas, only one family member owns a mobile phone. This is generally the household head, who is most likely male. Furthermore, in many of these communities, women are not allowed to have access to mobile phones and are forbidden from speaking to outsiders, which can prohibit mobile phone-based data collection.

• Gender Dynamics - The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head. This means that crimes that carry stigma, especially sexual violence, are less likely to be reported. In this dataset, no sexual assault was reported despite data collected elsewhere that indicate that rape was used as a weapon by Boko Haram and elsewhere. This also means that violence that affects members of the household with less power (such as women, children, and employees), is less likely to be reported. This may be particularly important when considering violence not related to ongoing external conflict, such as domestic violence.