SALT: Sales Autocompletion Linked Business Tables Dataset

Dataset for our paper SALT: Sales Autocompletion Linked Business Tables Dataset presented at NeurIPS'24 Table Representation Workshop.

  News

07/10/2025: 🎉🎉🎉 Dataset is now integrated into RelBench 🎉🎉🎉 01/11/2025: Updated paper (some results changed due to minor dataset changes, screenshots added to appendix) 12/19/2024: Train/test splits released 12/15/2024: Preliminatry dataset now also available on… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/SAP/SALT.

Dataset

This dataset was created by Sriram Rokkam

Released under Apache 2.0

Contents

Dataset

This dataset was created by Sunitha

Released under Other (specified in description)

Contents

SAP's cloud revenue was over ** billion Euros in 2024 and is expected to experience a steady growth for the year 2025. It has been reported that SAP switched from license revenue to cloud revenue since 2022.

The BOREAS TE-07 team collected data sets in support of its efforts to characterize and interpret information on the sap flow of boreal vegetation. The heat pulse method was used to monitor sap flow and to estimate rates of transpiration from aspen, black spruce, and mixed wood forests at the SSA-OA, MIX, SSA-OBS, and Batoche sites in Saskatchewan, Canada. Measurements were made at the various sites from May to Oct 1994, May to Oct 1995, and Apr to Oct 1996. A scaling procedure was used to estimate canopy transpiration rates from the sap flow measurements.

In 2024, SAP's expenditure on research and development (R&D) amounted to approximately *** billion euros. This is a little under *** billion euros increase compared to the previous year, and according to the source, the increase is mainly due to growing personnel costs and continued strategic investments.

SAP reported EUR242.81B in Market Capitalization this December of 2025, considering the latest stock price and the number of outstanding shares.Data for SAP - Market Capitalization including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last December in 2025.

Global SAP Digital Services Ecosystem Market was valued at $97.49 Billion in 2022, and is projected to $154.44 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 6.79%.

A complete list of live websites using the SAP technology, compiled through global website indexing conducted by WebTechSurvey.

In 2024, within the enterprise software market worldwide, the customer relationship management software segment generated the highest revenue, amounting to approximately 89.03 billion U.S. dollars. The enterprise resource planning software segment followed, with a revenue of about 52.99 billion U.S. dollars.

Intelligent SAP Financial Integrity Monitor

Project Status: Proof-of-Concept (POC) - Capstone Project

Overview

This project demonstrates a proof-of-concept system for detecting financial document anomalies within core SAP FI/CO data, specifically leveraging the New General Ledger table (FAGLFLEXA) and document headers (BKPF). It addresses the challenge that standard SAP reporting and rule-based checks often struggle to identify subtle, complex, or novel irregularities in high-volume financial postings.

The solution employs a Hybrid Anomaly Detection strategy, combining unsupervised Machine Learning models with expert-defined SAP business rules. Findings are prioritized using a multi-faceted scoring system and presented via an interactive dashboard built with Streamlit for efficient investigation.

This project was developed as a capstone, showcasing the application of AI/ML techniques to enhance financial controls within an SAP context, bridging deep SAP domain knowledge with modern data science practices.

Author: Anitha R (https://www.linkedin.com/in/anithaswamy)

Dataset Origin: Kaggle SAP Dataset by Sunitha Siva License:Other (specified in description)-No description available.

Motivation

Financial integrity is critical. Undetected anomalies in SAP FI/CO postings can lead to: * Inaccurate financial reporting * Significant reconciliation efforts * Potential audit failures or compliance issues * Masking of operational errors or fraud

Standard SAP tools may not catch all types of anomalies, especially complex or novel patterns. This project explores how AI/ML can augment traditional methods to provide more robust and efficient financial monitoring.

Key Features

• Data Cleansing & Preparation: Rigorous process to handle common SAP data extract issues (duplicates, financial imbalance), prioritizing FAGLFLEXA for reliability.
• Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Uncovered baseline patterns in posting times, user activity, amounts, and process context.
• Feature Engineering: Created 16 context-aware features (FE_...) to quantify potential deviations from normalcy based on EDA and SAP knowledge.
• Hybrid Anomaly Detection:
  • Ensemble ML: Utilized unsupervised models: Isolation Forest (IF), Local Outlier Factor (LOF) (via Scikit-learn), and an Autoencoder (AE) (via TensorFlow/Keras).
  • Expert Rules (HRFs): Implemented highly customizable High-Risk Flags based on percentile thresholds and SAP logic (e.g., weekend posting, missing cost center).
• Multi-Faceted Prioritization: Combined ML model consensus (Model_Anomaly_Count) and HRF counts (HRF_Count) into a Priority_Tier for focusing investigation efforts.
• Contextual Anomaly Reason: Generated a Review_Focus text description summarizing why an item was flagged.
• Interactive Dashboard (Streamlit):
  • File upload for anomaly/feature data.
  • Overview KPIs (including multi-currency "Value at Risk by CoCode").
  • Comprehensive filtering capabilities.
  • Dynamic visualizations (User/Doc Type/HRF frequency, Time Trends).
  • Interactive AgGrid table for anomaly list investigation.
  • Detailed drill-down view for selected anomalies.

Methodology Overview

The project followed a structured approach:

1. Phase 1: Data Quality Assessment & Preparation: Cleaned and validated raw BKPF and FAGLFLEXA data extracts. Discarded BSEG due to imbalances. Removed duplicates.
2. Phase 2: Exploratory Data Analysis & Feature Engineering: Analyzed cleaned data patterns and engineered 16 features quantifying anomaly indicators. Resulted in sap_engineered_features.csv.
3. Phase 3: Baseline Anomaly Detection & Evaluation: Scaled features, applied IF and LOF models, evaluated initial results.
4. Phase 4: Advanced Modeling & Prioritization: Trained Autoencoder model, combined all model outputs and HRFs, implemented prioritization logic, generated context, and created the final anomaly list.
5. Phase 5: UI Development: Built the Streamlit dashboard for interactive analysis and investigation.

(For detailed methodology, please refer to the Comprehensive_Project_Report.pdf in the /docs folder - if you include it).

Technology Stack

• Core Language: Python 3.x
• Data Manipulation & Analysis: Pandas, NumPy
• Machine Learning: Scikit-learn (IsolationForest, LocalOutlierFactor, StandardScaler), TensorFlow/Keras (Autoencoder)
• Visualization: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly Express
• Dashboard: Streamlit, streamlit-aggrid
• Utilities: Joblib (for saving scaler)

Libraries:

Model/Scaler Saving

joblib==1.4.2

Data I/O Efficiency (Optional but good practice if used)

pyarrow==19.0.1

Machine L...

Certainly! Here's a description for the Kaggle dataset related to the cloud-training-demos.SAP_REPLICATED_DATA BigQuery public dataset:

Dataset Description: SAP Replicated Data

Dataset ID: cloud-training-demos.SAP_REPLICATED_DATA

Overview: The SAP_REPLICATED_DATA dataset in BigQuery provides a comprehensive replication of SAP (Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing) business data. This dataset is designed to support data analytics and machine learning tasks by offering a rich set of structured data that mimics real-world enterprise scenarios. It includes data from various SAP modules and processes, enabling users to perform in-depth analysis, build predictive models, and explore business insights.

Content: - Tables and Schemas: The dataset consists of multiple tables representing different aspects of SAP business operations, including but not limited to sales, inventory, finance, and procurement data. - Data Types: It contains structured data with fields such as transaction IDs, timestamps, customer details, product information, sales figures, and financial metrics. - Data Volume: The dataset is designed to simulate large-scale enterprise data, making it suitable for performance testing, data processing, and analysis.

Usage: - Business Analytics: Users can analyze business trends, sales performance, and financial metrics. - Machine Learning: Ideal for developing and testing machine learning models related to business forecasting, anomaly detection, and customer segmentation. - Data Processing: Suitable for practicing SQL queries, data transformation, and integration tasks.

Example Use Cases: - Sales Analysis: Track and analyze sales performance across different regions and time periods. - Inventory Management: Monitor inventory levels and identify trends in stock movements. - Financial Reporting: Generate financial reports and analyze expense patterns.

For more information and to access the dataset, visit the BigQuery public datasets page or refer to the dataset documentation in the BigQuery console.

Tables:

Here's a Markdown table with the information you provided:

Dataset

This dataset was created by Alecks Zhukovsky

Released under Data files © Original Authors

Contents

As of the second quarter of 2022, German software company SAP SE reported a total of ****** subscribers for its S/4HANA enterprise resource planning (ERP) package. The total subscriber figure has grown significantly in recent years, from around *** in 2015 to *** thousand plus just four years later. SAP S/4HANA Released in 2015, the SAP S/4HANA software package is an ERP platform marketed towards large enterprises. Compared to other software subscriptions, ****** subscribers may sound like a relatively small number, but considering that each subscriber consists of a large enterprise wide S/4HANA license, the effective user base often consists of many employees from each of these ****** companies. SAP’s two biggest revenue earning segments are software support and cloud subscription and support, both of which include business related to the company’s S/4HANA platform along with its other ranges of ERP and software products. ERP Enterprise resource planning, or ERP, is a form of software that is intended to consolidate the many processes involved in running a business into one overarching business management platform. As business enterprises around the world seek to digitalize more and more of their processes, ERP platforms such as S/4HANA are becoming an increasingly popular characteristic of management. The ERP market consistently brings in tens of billions of dollars in annual revenues, with players including Deltek, Microsoft, and Workday as major providers.

The German-based enterprise software company SAP SE is one of the leading companies in the corporate technology world. In 2024, SAP's global revenue amounted to ** billion euros. For many years, the company has generated multibillion dollar revenues on a quarterly basis. According to the company's financial reports, the largest share of corporate revenue stems from cloud and software sales, which accounted for over ** billion euros of their revenue in 2023. SAP is among the top ten most valuable German brands, competing with brands like Mercedes-Benz and BMW. SAP: A Global Leader in Technology As of 2023, SAP employed well over 100 thousand people worldwide, most working in research and development. That year, R&D expenditure came to * billion euros. The next largest department in terms of employees was the sales and marketing division, the strength of which is apparent from the company's continued recognition as one of the most valuable technology brands worldwide. Since 2014, SAP has partnerships with IBM and Microsoft. IBM provides the infrastructure service to support SAP's cloud software, and Microsoft cooperates with SAP to provide tools for data visualization and mobile applications.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global SAP Success Factors service market size was USD 18646.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 7458.48 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 5593.86 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 4288.63 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 932.31 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 372.92 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The cloud held the highest SAP Success Factors service market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of SAP Success Factors Service Market

Key Drivers for SAP Success Factors Service Market

Increasing adoption of digital HR solutions to increase the demand globally

The increasing adoption of digital HR solutions is driving global demand, as organizations recognize the need to modernize their human resources processes. Digital HR platforms, like SAP Success Factors, offer streamlined workflows, data-driven decision-making, and enhanced employee experiences. Businesses are turning to these solutions to manage remote workforces, ensure compliance, and improve talent management. The shift towards digital HR is fueled by the growing emphasis on employee engagement, operational efficiency, and scalability. As companies seek to stay competitive in a rapidly evolving market, the demand for advanced HR technologies continues to rise, driving significant growth in this sector globally.

Growing preference for cloud-based solutions to propel market growth

The growing preference for cloud-based solutions is significantly propelling market growth, as businesses increasingly seek flexible, scalable, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional on-premise systems. Cloud-based platforms, such as SAP Success Factors, enable organizations to manage their HR processes with greater efficiency, providing real-time access to data, enhanced collaboration, and seamless updates. This shift is driven by the need for remote work support, quick deployment, and reduced IT infrastructure costs. Additionally, cloud solutions offer improved security and compliance features, further encouraging adoption. As more companies transition to cloud-based HR management, the market is experiencing robust expansion and innovation.

Restraint Factor for SAP Success Factors Service Market

High implementation costs to limit the sales

High implementation costs are a significant barrier limiting the sales of SAP Success Factors and similar digital HR solutions. These costs include initial software licensing, customization, integration with existing systems, and the need for skilled professionals to manage the deployment. For many organizations, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the substantial upfront investment can be prohibitive, leading to hesitation or delays in adopting these advanced solutions. Additionally, ongoing maintenance and support expenses further add to the financial burden. As a result, despite the benefits of digital HR systems, high implementation costs can restrict market growth, particularly among cost-sensitive businesses.

Lack of Competencies for Certified SAP Consultants

Project delivery schedules and service expenses are impacted by the scarcity of certified SAP SuccessFactors specialists. Customer satisfaction, post-deployment support quality, and implementation pace are all impacted by this talent mismatch.

Problems Integrating with Current Systems

When integrating SAP SuccessFactors, organizations with intricate or antiquated HR systems frequently encounter problems. Errors in data migration and compatibility can cause operational delays and necessitate significant customisation, which raises the complexity of ...

In 2024, the profit attributable to the SAP parent company came to approximately 3 billion euros, which was almost half less in comparison to previous year. That same year, SAP generated over 34 billion euros in revenue worldwide.

Sap flow, the transport of fluid in the water-conducting xylem tissues of plants, is commonly measured in studies of plant-water relationships by the heat pulse velocity method. Publications have been rare of long-term sap flow measurements for individual trees in a suburban environment. Plant-water relations in urban settings are essential for promoting urban greening where there is a perceived danger to infrastructure and buildings from planting trees in streets on clay sites.

Net-Receivables Time Series for SAP SE. SAP SE, together with its subsidiaries, provides enterprise application and business solutions worldwide. It offers SAP S/4HANA that provides software capabilities for finance, risk and project management, procurement, manufacturing, supply chain and asset management, and research and development; SAP SuccessFactors solutions for human resources, including HR, time, payroll, talent and employee experience management, and analytics and planning; and spend management solutions that covers direct and indirect spend, travel and expense, and external workforce management. The company also provides SAP customer experience solutions; SAP Business Technology platform that enables customers and partners to build, integrate, and automate applications; and SAP Business Network, a business-to-business collaboration platform that helps digitalize key business processes across the supply chain and enables communication between trading partners. In addition, it offers SAP Signavio to help customers to discover, analyze, and understand their business process operations; industry solutions that provides customers and partners with industry-specific solutions; and SAP LeanIX to visualize their as-is enterprise architecture, assess interdependencies and the potential impact of IT modernization, and manage the transition toward the target landscape with established practices and a detailed roadmap. Further, the company provides WalkMe to execute workflows across various number of applications; SAP Enable Now, which offers e-learning content embedded in SAP workflows; Taulia solutions for working capital management to help businesses create and deliver the right cash flow strategy, and the flexibility to adjust it to meet liquidity challenges; and sustainability solutions and services. Additionally, it provides services and support solutions. SAP SE was founded in 1972 and is headquartered in Walldorf, Germany.

Investments Time Series for SAP SE. SAP SE, together with its subsidiaries, provides enterprise application and business solutions worldwide. It offers SAP S/4HANA that provides software capabilities for finance, risk and project management, procurement, manufacturing, supply chain and asset management, and research and development; SAP SuccessFactors solutions for human resources, including HR, time, payroll, talent and employee experience management, and analytics and planning; and spend management solutions that covers direct and indirect spend, travel and expense, and external workforce management. The company also provides SAP customer experience solutions; SAP Business Technology platform that enables customers and partners to build, integrate, and automate applications; and SAP Business Network, a business-to-business collaboration platform that helps digitalize key business processes across the supply chain and enables communication between trading partners. In addition, it offers SAP Signavio to help customers to discover, analyze, and understand their business process operations; industry solutions that provides customers and partners with industry-specific solutions; and SAP LeanIX to visualize their as-is enterprise architecture, assess interdependencies and the potential impact of IT modernization, and manage the transition toward the target landscape with established practices and a detailed roadmap. Further, the company provides WalkMe to execute workflows across various number of applications; SAP Enable Now, which offers e-learning content embedded in SAP workflows; Taulia solutions for working capital management to help businesses create and deliver the right cash flow strategy, and the flexibility to adjust it to meet liquidity challenges; and sustainability solutions and services. Additionally, it provides services and support solutions. SAP SE was founded in 1972 and is headquartered in Walldorf, Germany.