Individuals have the right to access their personal data held by private companies. This operation had a significant cost for UK companies. A 2020 survey conducted among privacy experts showed that 41 percent of them assessed the cost of a Data Subject Acccess Request (DSAR) between three and six thousand British pounds.

DP (Data Protection Act) / SAR (Subject Access Request) - % Out of time - (YTD)

SAR Database contains details of staff & ex-staff Data Protection Act (DPA) SARs received by BIS (including predecessor departments BERR and DTI, and relevant Executive Agencies), and DECC.

DP (Data Protection Act) / SAR (Subject Access Request) - % In time - (YTD).

The Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOI) was intended to promote a culture of openness and accountability by giving people the right to access information held by public authorities; to improve public understanding of duties, why decisions are made and how public money is spent.

A Subject Access Request (SAR) is a written request that entitles individuals to find out what personal data is held about them by an organisation, why the organisation is holding it and who their information is disclosed to by that organisation.

DP (Data Protection Act) / SAR (Subject Access Request) - Total Received - (YTD)

DP (Data Protection Act) / SAR (Subject Access Request) - In time - (YTD)

DP (Data Protection Act) / SAR (Subject Access Request) - Out of time

This dataset contains Stripmap Mode (SM) C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Ground Range Detected (GRD) Medium Resolution (MR) data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 1A satellite. Sentinel 1A was lanched on 3rd April 2014 and provides continuous all-weather, day and night imaging radar data. The SM mode is used only on special request for extraordinary events such as emergency management. The SM mode supports single (HH or VV) and dual (HH+HV or VV+VH) polarisation. These data are available via CEDA to any registered scientific user in the UK.

The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Satellite market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market value of $1123 million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.5% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by increasing demand for high-resolution imagery across diverse sectors. The commercial sector is a significant driver, fueled by the rising need for precise land-use mapping, infrastructure monitoring, and environmental assessment. Simultaneously, the military sector's reliance on SAR technology for surveillance, reconnaissance, and target acquisition continues to bolster market growth. Technological advancements, particularly in higher resolution sensors and improved data processing capabilities, are key trends shaping the market. These innovations are enabling faster data acquisition and more detailed analysis, enhancing the value proposition of SAR satellite imagery. While data limitations currently pose a restraint, the industry is addressing this through partnerships and increased investment in satellite constellations to provide wider coverage and improved data availability. The market is segmented by application (Commercial and Military) and type (High Orbit and Low Orbit). Key players like Airbus, Capella Space, e-Geos, MDA, Spacety, Smart Satellite, and CASC are actively shaping market competition through strategic partnerships and continuous technological innovation. The geographic distribution of the market demonstrates significant participation from North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, with these regions expected to retain strong growth trajectories over the forecast period. The relatively high cost of satellite development and launch, coupled with the need for specialized expertise in data interpretation, presents a moderate challenge to market expansion. The long-term outlook for the SAR satellite market remains positive, underpinned by ongoing technological advancements and the increasing demand for high-quality Earth observation data across diverse industries. The market's segmentation presents opportunities for specialized players to cater to the unique needs of different sectors. Companies are increasingly focusing on developing cost-effective solutions and user-friendly data analytics platforms to broaden access to SAR technology and accelerate market penetration. The continuous evolution of SAR technology, including integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for enhanced data analysis, suggests a promising future for the market.

DP (Data Protection Act) / SAR (Subject Access Request) - Total Reçu - (YTD)

The TerraSAR-X ESA archive collection consists of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X products requested by ESA supported projects over their areas of interest around the world. The dataset regularly grows as ESA collects new products over the years. TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X Image Products can be acquired in 6 image modes with flexible resolutions (from 0.25m to 40m) and scene sizes. Thanks to different polarimetric combinations and processing levels the delivered imagery can be tailored specifically to meet the requirements of the application. The following list delineates the characteristics of the SAR imaging modes that are disseminated under ESA Third Party Missions (TPM). StripMap (SM): Resolution 3 m, Scene size 30x50 km2 (up to 30x1650 km2) SpotLight (SL): Resolution 2 m, Scene size 10x10 km2 Staring SpotLight (ST): Resolution 0.25m, Scene size 4x3.7 km2 High Resolution SpotLight (HS): Resolution 1 m, Scene size 10x5 km2 ScanSAR (SC): Resolution 18 m, Scene size 100x150 km2 (up to 100x1650 km2) Wide ScanSAR (WS): Resolution 40 m, Scene size 270x200 km2 (up to 270x1500 km2) The following list briefly delineates the available processing levels for the TerraSAR-X dataset: SSC (Single Look Slant Range Complex) in DLR-defined COSAR binary format MGD (Multi Look Ground Range Detected) in GeoTiff format • GEC (Geocoded Ellipsoid Corrected) in GeoTiff format EEC (Enhanced Ellipsoid Corrected in GeoTiff format Spatial coverage: Check the spatial coverage of the collection on a map available on the Third Party Missions Dissemination Service. As per ESA policy, very high-resolution data over conflict areas cannot be provided.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global SAR Satellite Services market size will be USD 4968.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.20% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1987.40 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1490.55 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1142.76 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 248.43 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.6% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 99.37 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.9% from 2024 to 2031.
The multi-frequency band category is the fastest growing segment of the SAR Satellite Services industry

Market Dynamics of SAR Satellite Services market

Key Drivers for SAR Satellite Services market

Growing interest in remote sensing and earth observation to Boost Market Growth

One of the main elements boosting the market is the growing need for Earth observation and remote sensing capabilities. Because SAR technology offers the rare benefit of all-weather and day-and-night imagery, it is extremely beneficial for disaster management, defense applications, and environmental change monitoring. In addition, the market is expanding because to increased concerns about climate change and the frequency of severe disasters. In addition, governments and organizations all over the world are spending money on SAR systems to improve their capacity to track and address these issues. Additionally, a positive market outlook is provided by the broad use of SAR in forestry, urban planning, and agriculture because of its capacity to provide high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) images of the earth's surface.

Improvements in radar system technology to Drive Market Growth

One of the main things driving the market expansion is the continuous innovation of radar systems. These advancements include the creation of more affordable, smaller SAR sensors, the downsizing of SAR payloads for tiny satellites, and advancements in image processing techniques. In addition, SAR's ease of use is propelling its acceptance in a variety of fields, including smaller governments, academic organizations, and private businesses. Additionally, the decreasing cost of acquiring and processing SAR data is providing startups and entrepreneurs with profitable chances to enter the market and create cutting-edge applications. Further propelling market expansion is the integration of SAR with other remote sensing technologies, such as optical and infrared sensors, which improves hybrid systems' capabilities.

Restraint Factor for the SAR Satellite Services market

High expense of developing a synthetic aperture radar, will Limit Market Growth

Systems for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) are critical to the Earth Observation (EO) industry. In spite of their clear benefits, synthetic aperture radar satellite systems are usually more expensive to construct and provide more complex images, which increases processing expenses. Traditional synthetic aperture radars are as big as a school bus and are capable of balancing tens of thousands of pounds. Significant capabilities for science, communication, and remote sensing are also provided by these, although building and launching each satellite can take years and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. Throughout the forecast period, the worldwide synthetic aperture radar market's growth is anticipated to be constrained by the enormous expenditure needed for construction, promotion, and operation.

Impact of Covid-19 on the SAR Satellite Services market

Covid-19 had a significant impact on the SAR Satellite Services market. The COVID-19 pandemic forced governments of countries across the globe to declare strict lockdown to curb the rising covid-19 cases. This hampered the business operations for all industries such as m...

Saudi Arabia SA: Deposit Money Banks: Demand Deposits data was reported at 1,000,483.958 SAR mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 975,930.931 SAR mn for 2016. Saudi Arabia SA: Deposit Money Banks: Demand Deposits data is updated yearly, averaging 57,325.950 SAR mn from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,000,483.958 SAR mn in 2017 and a record low of 383.000 SAR mn in 1961. Saudi Arabia SA: Deposit Money Banks: Demand Deposits data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Saudi Arabia – Table SA.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Deposit Money Banks: Annual.

TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X full archive and new tasking products can be acquired in six image modes with flexible resolutions (from 0.25 m to 40 m) and scene sizes and are provided in different packages: Staring SpotLight (basic, Interferometric pack, and Maritime pack) High Resolution SpotLight (basic, Interferometric pack, and Maritime pack) SpotLight (basic, Interferometric pack, and Maritime pack) StripMap (basic, Interferometric pack, and Maritime pack) ScanSAR (basic and Maritime pack) Wide ScanSAR (basic and Maritime pack) Product Overview Products SAR-ST SAR-HS SAR-SL SAR-SM SAR-SC SAR-WS Instrument mode Staring Spotlight High Resolution SpotLight SpotLight StripMap ScanSAR Wide ScanSAR Available resolutions (up to) 0.25 m 1 m 2 m 3 m 18 m 40 m Scene size 4x3.7 km2 10x5 km2 10x10 km2 30x50 km2 (up to 30x1650) 100x150 km2 (up to 100x1650) 270x200 km2 (up to 270x1500) Available processing levels SSC (Single Look Slant Range Complex): azimuth - slant range (time domain) MGD (Multi Look Ground Range Detected): azimuth - ground range (without terrain correction) GEC (Geocoded Ellipsoid Corrected): map geometry with ellipsoidal corrections only (no terrain correction performed) EEC (Enhanced Ellipsoid Corrected): map geometry with terrain correction, using a DEM Format SSC: DLR-defined COSAR binary MGD: GeoTiff GEC: GeoTiff EEC: GeoTiff Spatial coverage Worldwide Interferometry package InSAR-ST, InSAR-HS, InSAR-SL, InSAR-SM Only SSC At least five ordered scenes within six months from first order N/A N/A Maritime Monitoring package MmSAR-ST, MmSAR-HS, MmSAR-SL, MmSAR-SM, MmSAR-SC, MmSAR-WS Only SSC, MGD, GEC At least 75% of the scene area is water More than five ordered scenes in three months The following WorldDEM products can be requested: Products Description WorldDEMcore WorldDEMcore is output of interferometric processing of StripMap data pairs without any post-processing WorldDEMTM WorldDEMTM is produced based on WorldDEMcore, representing the surface of the Earth (including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation). Hydrological consistency is ensured WorldDEM DTM In additional editing steps, WorldDEMTMis transformed into a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) representing bare Earth elevation WorldDEM Bundle Includes WorldDEMTM, WorldDEM DTM, and Quality Layers The main specifications of the WorldDEM products are: Horizontal Coordinate Reference System: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84-G1150) Vertical Coordinate Reference System: Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) Absolute Horizontal Accuracy: <6 m Vertical Accuracy: 2 m Relative, 4 m Absolute Quality Layers (including water body mask) can be requested as an option with the WorldDEM and WorldDEM DTM Auxiliary Layers are delivered together with the WorldDEMcore product All details about the data provision, data access conditions and quota assignment procedure are described in the Terms of Applicability available in the Resources section.--> As per ESA policy, very high-resolution data over conflict areas cannot be provided.

ICEYE full archive and new tasking products are available in Strip, Spot, SLEA (Spot Extended Area), Scan, and Dwell modes: Strip instrument mode: the ground swath is illuminated with a continuous sequence of pulses while the antenna beam is fixed in its orientation. This results in a long image strip parallel to the flight direction: the transmitted pulse bandwidth is adjusted to always achieve a ground range resolution of 3 m Spot instrument mode: the radar beam is steered to illuminate a fixed point to increase the illumination time, resulting in an extended Synthetic aperture length, which improves the azimuth resolution. Spot mode uses a 300 MHz pulse bandwidth and provides a slant plane image with a resolution of 0.5 m (range) by 0.25 m (azimuth); when translated into the ground, the products has 1 m resolution covering an area of 5 km x 5 km. Due to multi-looking, speckle noise is significantly reduced As an evolution of Spot mode, SLEA (Spot Extended Area) products are available with the same resolution of Spot data but a scene size of 15 km x 15 km Scan Instrument mode: the phased array antenna is used to create multiple beams in the elevation direction which allows to acquire a large area (100km x 100km) with resolution better than 15m. To achieve the finest image quality of its Scan image, ICEYE employs a TOPSAR technique, which brings major benefits over the quality of the images obtained with conventional SCANSAR imaging. With the 2-dimensional electronic beam steering, TOPSAR ensures the maximum radar power distribution in the scene, providing uniform image quality. Dwell mode: with the satellite staring at the same location for up to 25 seconds, Dwell mode is a very long Spot mode SAR collection. This yields a very fine azimuth resolution and highly-reduced speckle. The 25 second collection time allows the acquired image stack to be reconstructed as a video to give insight into the movement of objects. Two different processing levels can be requested: Single Look Complex (SLC): Single Look Complex (SLC) Level 1a products consist of focused SAR data geo-referenced using orbit and attitude data from the satellite and the scenes are stored in the satellite's native image acquisition geometry which is the slant-range-by-azimuth imaging plane and with zero-Doppler SAR coordinates. The pixels are spaced equidistant in azimuth and in slant range. The products include a single look in each dimension using the full transmit signal bandwidth and consist of complex magnitude value samples preserving both amplitude and phase information. No radiometric artefacts induced by spatial resampling or geocoding. The product is provided in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF5) plus a xml file with selected metadata Ground Range Detected (GRD): Ground Range Detected (GRD) Level 1b products consist of focused SAR data that has been detected, multi-looked and projected to ground range using an Earth ellipsoid model. The image coordinates are oriented along the flight direction and along the ground range. Pixel values represent detected magnitude, the phase information is lost. The resulting product has approximately square spatial resolution pixels and square pixel spacing with reduced speckle due to the multi-look processing at the cost of worse spatial resolution. No image rotation to a map coordinate system has been performed and interpolation artefacts are thus avoided. The product is provided in GeoTiff plus a xml file with selected metadata. Strip Spot SLEA Scan Dwell Ground range resolution (GRD) 3 m 1 m 1 m 15 m 1 Ground azimuth resolution (GRD) 3 m 1 m 1 m 15 m 1 Slant range resolution (SLC) 0.5 m - 2.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m Slant azimuth resolution (SLC) 3 m 0.25 m 1 m 0.05 m Scene size (W x L) 30 x 50 km2 5 x 5 km2 15 x 15 km2 100 x 100 km2 5 x 5 km2 Incident angle 15 - 30° 20 - 35° 20 - 35° 21 - 29° 20 - 35° Polarisation VV All details about the data provision, data access conditions and quota assignment procedure are described in the ICEYE Terms of Applicability. In addition, ICEYE has released a public catalogue that contains nearly 18,000 thumbnails under a creative common license of radar images acquired with ICEYE's SAR satellite constellation all around the world from 2019 until October 2020. Access to the catalogue requires registration. As per ESA policy, very high-resolution data over conflict areas cannot be provided.

Macau Demand Deposits: Non-Resident: MOP data was reported at 1,237.964 MOP mn in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,166.360 MOP mn for Aug 2018. Macau Demand Deposits: Non-Resident: MOP data is updated monthly, averaging 967.201 MOP mn from Jan 2001 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 213 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,869.204 MOP mn in Jan 2016 and a record low of 68.939 MOP mn in Jun 2002. Macau Demand Deposits: Non-Resident: MOP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Monetary Authority of Macao. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Macau SAR – Table MO.KB001: Deposits.

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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Market Size 2024-2028

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) market size is forecast to increase by USD 1.69 billion, at a CAGR of 7.19% between 2023 and 2028. Market expansion hinges on several factors, notably the rising investments in surveillance and attack UAVs, a heightened focus on maritime warfare strategies, and a growing preference for precision targeting capabilities. These trends reflect a shift towards more advanced and efficient defense systems, driven by the need for enhanced surveillance and response capabilities in modern military operations. Additionally, the increasing complexity of security challenges has led to a greater demand for sophisticated UAV technologies that can provide real-time intelligence and enable precise targeting, thereby driving growth in the market for surveillance and attack UAVs. It also includes an in-depth analysis of market trends and analysis, market growth analysis , and challenges. Furthermore, the report includes historic market data from 2018 - 2022.

What will be the Size of the Market During the Forecast Period?

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Market Dynamic and Customer Landscape

The market is driven by the increasing demand for satellite imagery and remote monitoring capabilities, especially for applications in disaster management, security, and environmental monitoring. Key trends include advancements in SAR satellites and miniaturization, enhancing image processing algorithms and accessibility. However, challenges such as geopolitical tensions, security concerns, and budget constraints in defense and intelligence applications pose significant hurdles. Overcoming these challenges requires continuous technological innovations and collaborations among industry players and governing authorities. Our researchers analyzed the market research and growth data with 2023 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

Key Market Driver

Increasing preference for ensuring precision targeting capability is notably driving the market growth. Many of the newer-generation aircraft, are integrated with the AESA radar for transmitting and receiving information on multiple bandwidths. These radars can provide target information through inverse SAR (ISAR) images.

For instance, targets are identified through IRST (infrared search and track) pods and LANTIRN Navigation and Targeting pods. Using infrared detection, the IRST detects and tracks the target and provides information to pilots using SAR/ISAR radar images. With the need to ensure precision targeting, most airborne platforms, and ground-based platforms are being integrated with X-band and Ku-band radars. These radars are also being used in SAR, as fighter aircraft need fine target detection. Thus, rising developments for ensuring precision targeting capability are expected to drive the demand for SAR and positively impact the market growth during the forecast period.

Significant Market Trend

A rising preference for the integrated C4ISR ecosystem is the primary trend in the market. Traditional C4ISR systems use separate stand-alone units, that are equipped for different functions and are meant for specific mission requirements. This requires separate systems and displays for collecting and analyzing information. Thus, the entire process becomes rigorous and time-consuming. To address such issues, defense agencies are inclined toward adopting an enterprise integration approach, which advocates the integration of secure and interoperable C4ISR networks and systems.

Moreover, in an integrated C4ISR approach, governments will be responsible for designing the enterprise blueprints and intersystem interfaces, whereas companies will be required to deliver individual systems and sub-components that can be integrated into the overall C4ISR environment. Eventually, this approach will result in cost advantages for the companies. This will also result in cost advantages and process simplifications for the OEMs and prime integrators as they will not have to upgrade the existing systems. A paradigm shift from the traditional acquisition approach is expected during the forecast period.

Major Market Challenge

Satellite launch delays are the major challenge impeding the market growth. Launch delays are one of the major issues in the satellite industry. It has been observed, that the actual number of satellite launches has always been lower than the forecasted estimate due to such events of launch delays. Launch delays often impact the development and procurement of remote-sensing satellites. A few of the other reasons for launch delays are the uncertainty in the schedule of the launch vehicle, delay in the development of the launch vehicle, and lack of coordination betwe

The RADARSAT-2 ESA archive collection consists of RADARSAT-2 products requested by ESA supported projects over their areas of interest around the world. The dataset regularly grows as ESA collects new products over the years. Following Beam modes are available: Standard, Wide Swath, Fine Resolution, Extended Low Incidence, Extended High Incidence, ScanSAR Narrow and ScanSAR Wide. Standard Beam Mode allows imaging over a wide range of incidence angles with a set of image quality characteristics which provides a balance between fine resolution and wide coverage, and between spatial and radiometric resolutions. Standard Beam Mode operates with any one of eight beams, referred to as S1 to S8, in single and dual polarisation . The nominal incidence angle range covered by the full set of beams is 20 degrees (at the inner edge of S1) to 52 degrees (at the outer edge of S8). Each individual beam covers a nominal ground swath of 100 km within the total standard beam accessibility swath of more than 500 km. Beam Mode Product Nominal Resolution (metres) Nominal Pixel Spacing Range x Azimuth (metres) Resolution Range x Azimuth (metres) Nominal Scene Size Range x Azimuth (kilometres) Range of Angle of Incidence (degrees) Number of Looks Range x Azimuth Polarisations Options Standard SLC 25 8.0 or 11.8 x 5.1 9.0 or 13.5 x 7.7 100 x 100 20 - 52 1 x 1 Single Pol HH or VV or HV or VH - or - Dual HH + HV or VV + VH SGX 8.0 x 8.0 26.8 - 17.3 x 24.7 1 x 4 SGF 12.5 x 12.5 SSG, SPG Wide Swath Beam Mode allows imaging of wider swaths than Standard Beam Mode, but at the expense of slightly coarser spatial resolution. The three Wide Swath beams, W1, W2 and W3, provide coverage of swaths of approximately 170 km, 150 km and 130 km in width respectively, and collectively span a total incidence angle range from 20 degrees to 45 degrees. Polarisation can be single and dual. Beam Mode Product Nominal Resolution (metres) Nominal Pixel Spacing Range x Azimuth (metres) Resolution Range x Azimuth (metres) Nominal Scene Size Range x Azimuth (kilometres) Range of Angle of Incidence (degrees) Number of Looks Range x Azimuth Polarisations Options Wide SLC 30 11.8 x 5.1 13.5 x 7.7 150 x 150 20 - 45 1 x 1 Single: Pol HH or VV or HV or VH - or - Dual: HH + HV or VV + VH SGX 10 x 10 40.0 - 19.2 x 24.7 1 x 4 SGF 12.5 x 12.5 SSG, SPG Fine Resolution Beam Mode is intended for applications which require finer spatial resolution. Products from this beam mode have a nominal ground swath of 50 km. Nine Fine Resolution physical beams, F23 to F21, and F1 to F6 are available to cover the incidence angle range from 30 to 50 degrees. For each of these beams, the swath can optionally be centred with respect to the physical beam or it can be shifted slightly to the near or far range side. Thanks to these additional swath positioning choices, overlaps of more than 50% are provided between adjacent swaths. RADARSAT-2 can operate in single and dual polarisation for this beam mode. Beam Mode Product Nominal resolution (metres) Nominal Pixel Spacing Range x Azimuth (metres) Resolution Range x Azimuth (metres) Nominal Scene Size Range x Azimuth (kilometres) Range of Angle of Incidence (degrees) Number of Looks Range x Azimuth Polarisations Options Fine SLC 8 4.7 x 5.1 5.2 x 7.7 50 x 50 30 - 50 1 x 1 Single: Pol HH or VV or HV or VH - or - Dual: HH + HV or VV + VH SGX 3.13 x 3.13 10.4 - 6.8 x 7.7 1 x 1 SGF 6.25 x 6.25 SSG, SPG In the Extended Low Incidence Beam Mode, a single Extended Low Incidence Beam, EL1, is provided for imaging in the incidence angle range from 10 to 23 degrees with a nominal ground swath coverage of 170 km. Some minor degradation of image quality can be expected due to operation of the antenna beyond its optimum scan angle range. Only single polarisation is available. Beam Mode Product Nominal resolution (metres) Nominal Pixel Spacing Range x Azimuth (metres) Resolution Range x Azimuth (metres) Nominal Scene Size Range x Azimuth (kilometres) Range of Angle of Incidence (degrees) Number of Looks Range x Azimuth Polarisations Options Extended Low SLC 25 8.0 x 5.1 9.0 x 7.7 170 x 170 10 - 23 1 x 1 Single: HH SGX 10.0 x 10.0 52.7 - 23.3 x 24.7 1 x 4 SGF 12.5 x 12.5 SSG, SPG In the Extended High Incidence Beam Mode, six Extended High Incidence Beams, EH1 to EH6, are available for imaging in the 49 to 60 degree incidence angle range. Since these beams operate outside the optimum scan angle range of the SAR antenna, some degradation of image quality, becoming progressively more severe with increasing incidence angle, can be expected when compared with the Standard Beams. Swath widths are restricted to a nominal 80 km for the inner three beams, and 70 km for the outer beams. Only single polarisation available. Beam Mode Product Nominal resolution (metres) Nominal Pixel Spacing Range x Azimuth (metres) Resolution Range x Azimuth (metres) Nominal Scene Size Range x Azimuth (kilometres) Range of Angle of Incidence (degrees) Number of Looks Range x Azimuth Polarisations Options Extended High SLC 25 11.8 x 5.1 13.5 x 7.7 75 x 75 49 - 60 1 x 1 Single Pol HH SGX 8.0 x 8.0 18.2 - 15.9 x 24.7 1 x 4 SGF 12.5 x 12.5 SSG, SPG ScanSAR Narrow Beam Mode provides coverage of a ground swath approximately double the width of the Wide Swath Beam Mode swaths. Two swath positions with different combinations of physical beams can be used: SCNA, which uses physical beams W1 and W2, and SCNB, which uses physical beams W2, S5, and S6. Both options provide coverage of swath widths of about 300 km. The SCNA combination provides coverage over the incidence angle range from 20 to 39 degrees. The SCNB combination provides coverage over the incidence angle range 31 to 47 degrees. RADARSAT-2 can operate in single and dual polarisation for this beam mode. Beam Mode Product Nominal resolution (metres) Nominal Pixel Spacing Range x Azimuth (metres) Resolution Range x Azimuth (metres) Nominal Scene Size Range x Azimuth (kilometres) Range of Angle of Incidence (degrees) Number of Looks Range x Azimuth Polarisations Options ScanSAR Narrow SCN, SCF, SCS 20 25 x 25 81 - 38 x 40 - 70 300 x 300 20 - 46 2 x 2 Single Co or Cross: HH or VV or HV or VH - or - Dual: HH + HV or VV + VH ScanSAR Wide Beam Mode provides coverage of a ground swath approximately triple the width of the Wide Swath Beam Mode swaths. Two swath positions with different combinations of physical beams can be used: SCWA, which uses physical beams W1, W2, W3, and S7, and SCWB, which uses physical beams W1, W2, S5 and S6. The SCWA combination allows imaging of a swath of more than 500 km covering an incidence angle range of 20 to 49 degrees. The SCWB combination allows imaging of a swath of more than 450 km covering the incidence angle. Polarisation can be single and dual. Beam Mode Product Nominal resolution (metres) Nominal Pixel Spacing Range x Azimuth (metres) Resolution Range x Azimuth (metres) Nominal Scene Size Range x Azimuth (kilometres) Range of Angle of Incidence (degrees) Number of Looks Range x Azimuth Polarisations Options ScanSAR Wide SCW, SCF, SCS 100 50 x 50 163 - 73 x 78 - 106 500 x 500 20 - 49 4 x 2 Single Co or Cross: HH or VV or HV or VH - or - Dual: HH + HV or VV + VH These are the different products : SLC (Single Look Complex): Amplitude and phase information is preserved. Data is in slant range. Georeferenced and aligned with the satellite track SGF (Path Image): Data is converted to ground range and may be multi-look processed. Scene is oriented in direction of orbit path. Georeferenced and aligned with the satellite track. SGX (Path Image Plus): Same as SGF except processed with refined pixel spacing as needed to fully encompass the image data bandwidths. Georeferenced and aligned with the satellite track SSG(Map Image): Image is geocorrected to a map projection. SPG (Precision Map Image): Image is geocorrected to a map projection. Ground control points (GCP) are used to improve positional accuracy. SCN(ScanSAR Narrow)/SCF(ScanSAR Wide) : ScanSAR Narrow/Wide beam mode product with original processing options and metadata fields (for backwards compatibility only). Georeferenced and aligned with the satellite track SCF (ScanSAR Fine): ScanSAR product equivalent to SGF with additional processing options and metadata fields. Georeferenced and aligned with the satellite track SCS(ScanSAR Sampled) : Same as SCF except with finer sampling. Georeferenced and aligned with the satellite track. Spatial coverage: Check the spatial coverage of the collection on a map available on the Third Party Missions Dissemination Service.

Abstract

The fourth edition of the Global Findex offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.

The Global Findex is the world's most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of about 128,000 adults in more than 120 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments.

The Global Findex is an indispensable resource for financial service practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and development professionals.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of ongoing COVID-19 related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed face-to-face in 2017. These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size, phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into consideration. According to Gallup World Poll 2019 data, when face-to-face surveys were last carried out in these economies, at least 80 percent of adults in almost all of them reported mobile phone ownership. All samples are probability-based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. Phone surveys were not a viable option in 17 economies that had been part of previous Global Findex surveys, however, because of low mobile phone ownership and surveying restrictions. Data for these economies will be collected in 2022 and released in 2023.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed, and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years, using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.

The same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no landline presence (less than 20 percent).

For landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher, random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

Sample size for Hong Kong SAR, China is 1003.

Mode of data collection

Landline and mobile telephone

Research instrument

Questionnaires are available on the website.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar. 2022. The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank.

This dataset contains Stripmap Mode (SM) C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Single Look Complex (SLC) data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 1A satellite. Sentinel 1A was launched on 3rd April 2014 and provides continuous all-weather, day and night imaging radar data. The SM mode is used only on special request for extraordinary events such as emergency management. The SM mode supports single (HH or VV) and dual (HH+HV or VV+VH) polarisation. Stripmap SLCs contain one image per polarisation band from one of six overlapping beams. Each beam covers 80.1 km, covering a combined range of 375 km. Pixel spacing is determined, in azimuth by the pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and in range by the radar range sampling frequency, providing natural pixel spacing. These data are available via CEDA to any registered user.