This model was developed and applied by the EFSA Working Group on Working Group on the evaluation of substances used to remove microbial contamination from product of animal origin during the preparatory work on the Scientific Opinion ‘Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the organic acids lactic and acetic acids to reduce microbiological surface contamination on pork carcasses and pork cuts' (see http://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5482).

The code (SAS and R) has been used to evaluate the efficacy of two organic acids, lactic and acetic acid, intended to be used individually by food business operators during processing to reduce microbiological surface contamination on carcasses and cuts from pork. The reduction is expressed as log₁₀ reduction, i.e. the difference between the means of the log₁₀ concentrations of control group and treated group and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) when this information was available.

The code may be run using the input data from the excel table 'Data extraction.xlsx'.

Along track temperature, Salinity, backscatter, Chlorophyll Fluoresence, and normalized water leaving radiance (nLw).

On the bow of the R/V Roger Revelle was a Satlantic SeaWiFS Aircraft Simulator (MicroSAS) system, used to estimate water-leaving radiance from the ship, analogous to to the nLw derived by the SeaWiFS and MODIS satellite sensors, but free from atmospheric error (hence, it can provide data below clouds).

The system consisted of a down-looking radiance sensor and a sky-viewing radiance sensor, both mounted on a steerable holder on the bow. A downwelling irradiance sensor was mounted at the top of the ship's meterological mast, on the bow, far from any potentially shading structures. These data were used to estimate normalized water-leaving radiance as a function of wavelength. The radiance detector was set to view the water at 40deg from nadir as recommended by Mueller et al. [2003b]. The water radiance sensor was able to view over an azimuth range of ~180deg across the ship's heading with no viewing of the ship's wake. The direction of the sensor was adjusted to view the water 90-120deg from the sun's azimuth, to minimize sun glint. This was continually adjusted as the time and ship's gyro heading were used to calculate the sun's position using an astronomical solar position subroutine interfaced with a stepping motor which was attached to the radiometer mount (designed and fabricated at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences). Protocols for operation and calibration were performed according to Mueller [Mueller et al., 2003a; Mueller et al., 2003b; Mueller et al., 2003c]. Before 1000h and after 1400h, data quality was poorer as the solar zenith angle was too low. Post-cruise, the 10Hz data were filtered to remove as much residual white cap and glint as possible (we accept the lowest 5% of the data). Reflectance plaque measurements were made several times at local apparent noon on sunny days to verify the radiometer calibrations.

Within an hour of local apparent noon each day, a Satlantic OCP sensor was deployed off the stern of the R/V Revelle after the ship oriented so that the sun was off the stern. The ship would secure the starboard Z-drive, and use port Z-drive and bow thruster to move the ship ahead at about 25cm s-1. The OCP was then trailed aft and brought to the surface ~100m aft of the ship, then allowed to sink to 100m as downwelling spectral irradiance and upwelling spectral radiance were recorded continuously along with temperature and salinity. This procedure ensured there were no ship shadow effects in the radiometry.

Instruments include a WETLabs wetstar fluorometer, a WETLabs ECOTriplet and a SeaBird microTSG.
Radiometry was done using a Satlantic 7 channel microSAS system with Es, Lt and Li sensors.

Chl data is based on inter calibrating surface discrete Chlorophyll measure with the temporally closest fluorescence measurement and applying the regression results to all fluorescence data.

Data have been corrected for instrument biofouling and drift based on weekly purewater calibrations of the system. Radiometric data has been processed using standard Satlantic processing software and has been checked with periodic plaque measurements using a 2% spectralon standard.

Lw is calculated from Lt and Lsky and is "what Lt would be if the
sensor were looking straight down". Since our sensors are mounted at
40o, based on various NASA protocols, we need to do that conversion.

Lwn adds Es to the mix. Es is used to normalize Lw. Nlw is related to Rrs, Remote Sensing Reflectance

Techniques used are as described in:
Balch WM, Drapeau DT, Bowler BC, Booth ES, Windecker LA, Ashe A (2008) Space-time variability of carbon standing stocks and fixation rates in the Gulf of Maine, along the GNATS transect between Portland, ME, USA, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. J Plankton Res 30:119-139

Secondary Alkane Sulfonates Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS) market size is valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% from 2024 to 2032. By 2032, the market size is estimated to reach around USD 2.2 billion. This robust growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for eco-friendly and highly efficient surfactants in various applications, including detergents, personal care products, and industrial cleaners.

The growth of the secondary alkane sulfonates market is significantly driven by the rising consumer awareness regarding the benefits of sustainable and biodegradable products. SAS, being an environmentally friendly surfactant, has garnered considerable attention from manufacturers aiming to reduce their ecological footprint. Additionally, stringent government regulations aimed at controlling pollution and promoting the use of green chemicals have further propelled the demand for SAS. The market is also benefiting from advancements in production technologies, which are making the synthesis of SAS more cost-effective and efficient.

Another major growth factor is the expansive application scope of secondary alkane sulfonates. These compounds are widely used in various industries due to their excellent properties such as high solubility, stability in hard water, and effective cleaning performance. The detergent and cleaner segment, in particular, is seeing a surge in demand as consumers increasingly prefer products that offer superior cleaning while being gentle on the environment. Furthermore, the growing personal care industry, driven by consumer preference for skincare and hygiene products, is also contributing to the market’s expansion.

The industrial sector is also a significant driver of the secondary alkane sulfonates market. Industrial cleaners, which require potent and efficient surfactants to remove tough stains and contaminants, heavily rely on SAS. The textile processing industry, another key application area, uses SAS for its effective wetting and dispersing properties. These industries are continuously expanding, thereby creating a steady demand for secondary alkane sulfonates.

Regionally, Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the secondary alkane sulfonates market over the forecast period. This dominance is attributed to the rapid industrialization and urbanization in countries like China and India, which has led to increased consumption of detergents and industrial cleaners. North America and Europe are also significant markets, driven by high consumer awareness and stringent environmental regulations. Latin America and Middle East & Africa are witnessing moderate growth, supported by emerging economies and increasing industrial activities.

Product Type Analysis

The secondary alkane sulfonates market is segmented into liquid, powder, and paste forms. The liquid segment holds a significant share of the market due to its widespread use in liquid detergents and personal care products. Liquid SAS are preferred for their ease of application and superior solubilizing properties, making them ideal for formulations that require high clarity and consistency. The increasing demand for liquid detergents, especially in emerging economies, where laundry habits are transitioning from traditional powders to liquid forms, is a major driver for this segment.

Powder secondary alkane sulfonates are another crucial segment, primarily used in powdered detergents and industrial cleaners. The ease of handling, storage, and transportation of powdered SAS makes them a popular choice in various industrial applications. They offer excellent stability and performance in high-temperature processes, which is essential for industrial cleaning tasks. The growth of the powder segment is also supported by the increasing preference for powdered detergents in regions where water scarcity is a concern, and powdered forms are seen as more convenient and cost-effective.

The paste segment, although smaller compared to liquid and powder forms, plays a vital role in specific industrial and textile processing applications. Paste SAS are known for their high concentration and efficiency, making them suitable for heavy-duty cleaning and specialty applications. The growing textile industry, particularly in Asia Pacific, where there is a high demand for effective processing chemicals, is expected to drive the growth of the paste segment. Furthermore, the increasing focus on high-performance industrial cleaning solutions is likely to boost the demand