Declassified satellite images provide an important worldwide record of land-surface change. With the success of the first release of classified satellite photography in 1995, images from U.S. military intelligence satellites KH-7 and KH-9 were declassified in accordance with Executive Order 12951 in 2002. The data were originally used for cartographic information and reconnaissance for U.S. intelligence agencies. Since the images could be of historical value for global change research and were no longer critical to national security, the collection was made available to the public. Keyhole (KH) satellite systems KH-7 and KH-9 acquired photographs of the Earth’s surface with a telescopic camera system and transported the exposed film through the use of recovery capsules. The capsules or buckets were de-orbited and retrieved by aircraft while the capsules parachuted to earth. The exposed film was developed and the images were analyzed for a range of military applications. The KH-7 surveillance system was a high resolution imaging system that was operational from July 1963 to June 1967. Approximately 18,000 black-and-white images and 230 color images are available from the 38 missions flown during this program. Key features for this program were larger area of coverage and improved ground resolution. The cameras acquired imagery in continuous lengthwise sweeps of the terrain. KH-7 images are 9 inches wide, vary in length from 4 inches to 500 feet long, and have a resolution of 2 to 4 feet. The KH-9 mapping program was operational from March 1973 to October 1980 and was designed to support mapping requirements and exact positioning of geographical points for the military. This was accomplished by using image overlap for stereo coverage and by using a camera system with a reseau grid to correct image distortion. The KH-9 framing cameras produced 9 x 18 inch imagery at a resolution of 20-30 feet. Approximately 29,000 mapping images were acquired from 12 missions. The original film sources are maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Duplicate film sources held in the USGS EROS Center archive are used to produce digital copies of the imagery.

The first generation of U.S. photo intelligence satellites collected more than 860,000 images of the Earth’s surface between 1960 and 1972. The classified military satellite systems code-named CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD acquired photographic images from space and returned the film to Earth for processing and analysis. The images were originally used for reconnaissance and to produce maps for U.S. intelligence agencies. In 1992, an Environmental Task Force evaluated the application of early satellite data for environmental studies. Since the CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD data were no longer critical to national security and could be of historical value for global change research, the images were declassified by Executive Order 12951 in 1995. The first successful CORONA mission was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in 1960. The satellite acquired photographs with a telescopic camera system and loaded the exposed film into recovery capsules. The capsules or buckets were de-orbited and retrieved by aircraft while the capsules parachuted to earth. The exposed film was developed and the images were analyzed for a range of military applications. The intelligence community used Keyhole (KH) designators to describe system characteristics and accomplishments. The CORONA systems were designated KH-1, KH-2, KH-3, KH-4, KH-4A, and KH-4B. The ARGON systems used the designator KH-5 and the LANYARD systems used KH-6. Mission numbers were a means for indexing the imagery and associated collateral data. A variety of camera systems were used with the satellites. Early systems (KH-1, KH-2, KH-3, and KH-6) carried a single panoramic camera or a single frame camera (KH-5). The later systems (KH-4, KH-4A, and KH-4B) carried two panoramic cameras with a separation angle of 30° with one camera looking forward and the other looking aft. The original film and technical mission-related documents are maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Duplicate film sources held in the USGS EROS Center archive are used to produce digital copies of the imagery. Mathematical calculations based on camera operation and satellite path were used to approximate image coordinates. Since the accuracy of the coordinates varies according to the precision of information used for the derivation, users should inspect the preview image to verify that the area of interest is contained in the selected frame. Users should also note that the images have not been georeferenced.

On February 24, 1995, President Clinton signed an Executive Order, directing the declassification of intelligence imagery acquired by the first generation of United States photo-reconnaissance satellites, including the systems code-named CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD. More than 860,000 images of the Earth's surface, collected between 1960 and 1972, were declassified with the issuance of this Executive Order. Image collection was driven, in part, by the need to confirm purported developments in then-Soviet strategic missile capabilities. The images also were used to produce maps and charts for the Department of Defense and for other Federal Government mapping programs. In addition to the images, documents and reports (collateral information) are available, pertaining to frame ephemeris data, orbital ephemeris data, and mission performance. Document availability varies by mission; documentation was not produced for unsuccessful missions.

The satellite image of Canada is a composite of several individual satellite images form the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometre (AVHRR) sensor on board various NOAA Satellites. The colours reflect differences in the density of vegetation cover: bright green for dense vegetation in humid southern regions; yellow for semi-arid and for mountainous regions; brown for the north where vegetation cover is very sparse; and white for snow and ice. An inset map shows a satellite image mosaic of North America with 35 land cover classes, based on data from the SPOT satellite VGT (vegetation) sensor.

Imagery is from 2006. No other information in regards to its collection or accuracy is available.Access the Data:Access the REST Service from https://ags.roseville.ca.us/arcgis/rest/services/PublicServices/. View the data in our Historical Imagery Collection.Add data to ArcMap or ArcPro by clicking on "View Metadata" and selecting "Open in ArcGIS Desktop".

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Commercial Satellite Imaging Market Size 2024-2028

The commercial satellite imaging market size is forecast to increase by USD 2.33 billion at a CAGR of 7.66% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to advancements in satellite technology and the increasing demand for high-resolution imagery. Additionally, the cost of launching satellites is decreasing, making it more accessible to businesses. However, challenges remain, including regulatory issues and data security and privacy concerns. The key players address these challenges through advanced image-processing techniques, AI-powered analytics, and partnerships with governments and private organizations. Artificial intelligence plays a pivotal role in enhancing image clarity, improving data interpretation, and automating the analysis process. This market analysis report delves into these trends and challenges, providing insights into the future growth prospects of the commercial satellite imaging industry.

What will be the Size of the Commercial Satellite Imaging Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market encompasses the use of imagery obtained from optically equipped satellites for various applications, including meteorology, oceanography, fisheries, agriculture, biodiversity protection, forestry, geology, cartography, regional planning, intelligence, warfare, aeronautical imaging, terrestrial imaging, and smart cities. These images play a crucial role in providing valuable insights and data for numerous industries and sectors. Meteorology and oceanography applications utilize satellite imagery to monitor weather patterns, ocean currents, and climate trends. This data is essential for forecasting severe weather events, predicting storms, and understanding climate change. In the field of fisheries, satellite imagery is used to monitor fish populations, track migration patterns, and ensure sustainable fishing practices.
Agriculture is another significant sector that benefits from satellite imagery. Farmers and agricultural organizations use this data to optimize crop yields, monitor crop health, and manage irrigation systems. Biodiversity protection and forestry applications rely on satellite imagery for monitoring deforestation, identifying endangered species, and managing forest resources. Geology and cartography applications use satellite imagery for mapping and analyzing geological features, while regional planning and intelligence applications utilize this data for infrastructure development, urban planning, and security purposes. In the field of warfare, satellite imagery is used for reconnaissance, target identification, and battlefield analysis. Aeronautical and terrestrial imaging applications use satellite imagery for mapping and surveying terrain, monitoring infrastructure, and ensuring safety in aviation and transportation.

How is this Commercial Satellite Imaging Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The commercial satellite imaging industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Government
  Military and defense
  Transportation
  Agriculture
  Others


Technology

  Optical
  Radar


Geography

  North America

    US


  APAC

    China
    Japan


  Europe

    France


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By End-user Insights

The government segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Satellite imaging, specifically through platforms such as Google Earth, has become a crucial tool for various sectors, particularly the government. This technology aids in civil protection and humanitarian efforts by enabling the analysis and management of disaster causation factors. By assessing risks and planning prevention measures, satellite imagery facilitates more effective disaster response and relief efforts. Furthermore, high-resolution satellite imagery contributes to the restoration and enhancement of facilities, livelihoods, and living conditions in affected communities. In addition, it plays a vital role in protecting natural resources and the environment, including wildlife habitats. High-resolution satellite imagery is also indispensable for engineering and urban planning projects. Location-Based Services (LBS) integrated with satellite imagery can further enhance the utility of this technology in various sectors, including defense and energy.

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The government segment was valued at USD 1.37 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contr

This dataset package is focused on U.S construction materials and three construction companies: Cemex, Martin Marietta & Vulcan.

In this package, SpaceKnow tracks manufacturing and processing facilities for construction material products all over the US. By tracking these facilities, we are able to give you near-real-time data on spending on these materials, which helps to predict residential and commercial real estate construction and spending in the US.

The dataset includes 40 indices focused on asphalt, cement, concrete, and building materials in general. You can look forward to receiving country-level and regional data (activity in the North, East, West, and South of the country) and the aforementioned company data.

SpaceKnow uses satellite (SAR) data to capture activity and building material manufacturing and processing facilities in the US.

Data is updated daily, has an average lag of 4-6 days, and history back to 2017.

The insights provide you with level and change data for refineries, storage, manufacturing, logistics, and employee parking-based locations.

SpaceKnow offers 3 delivery options: CSV, API, and Insights Dashboard

Available Indices Companies: Cemex (CX): Construction Materials (covers all manufacturing facilities of the company in the US), Concrete, Cement (refinery and storage) indices, and aggregates Martin Marietta (MLM): Construction Materials (covers all manufacturing facilities of the company in the US), Concrete, Cement (refinery and storage) indices, and aggregates Vulcan (VMC): Construction Materials (covers all manufacturing facilities of the company in the US), Concrete, Cement (refinery and storage) indices, and aggregates

USA Indices:

Aggregates USA Asphalt USA Cement USA Cement Refinery USA Cement Storage USA Concrete USA Construction Materials USA Construction Mining USA Construction Parking Lots USA Construction Materials Transfer Hub US Cement - Midwest, Northeast, South, West Cement Refinery - Midwest, Northeast, South, West Cement Storage - Midwest, Northeast, South, West

Why get SpaceKnow's U.S Construction Materials Package?

Monitor Construction Market Trends: Near-real-time insights into the construction industry allow clients to understand and anticipate market trends better.

Track Companies Performance: Monitor the operational activities, such as the volume of sales

Assess Risk: Use satellite activity data to assess the risks associated with investing in the construction industry.

Index Methodology Summary Continuous Feed Index (CFI) is a daily aggregation of the area of metallic objects in square meters. There are two types of CFI indices; CFI-R index gives the data in levels. It shows how many square meters are covered by metallic objects (for example employee cars at a facility). CFI-S index gives the change in data. It shows how many square meters have changed within the locations between two consecutive satellite images.

How to interpret the data SpaceKnow indices can be compared with the related economic indicators or KPIs. If the economic indicator is in monthly terms, perform a 30-day rolling sum and pick the last day of the month to compare with the economic indicator. Each data point will reflect approximately the sum of the month. If the economic indicator is in quarterly terms, perform a 90-day rolling sum and pick the last day of the 90-day to compare with the economic indicator. Each data point will reflect approximately the sum of the quarter.

Where the data comes from SpaceKnow brings you the data edge by applying machine learning and AI algorithms to synthetic aperture radar and optical satellite imagery. The company’s infrastructure searches and downloads new imagery every day, and the computations of the data take place within less than 24 hours.

In contrast to traditional economic data, which are released in monthly and quarterly terms, SpaceKnow data is high-frequency and available daily. It is possible to observe the latest movements in the construction industry with just a 4-6 day lag, on average.

The construction materials data help you to estimate the performance of the construction sector and the business activity of the selected companies.

The foundation of delivering high-quality data is based on the success of defining each location to observe and extract the data. All locations are thoroughly researched and validated by an in-house team of annotators and data analysts.

See below how our Construction Materials index performs against the US Non-residential construction spending benchmark

Each individual location is precisely defined to avoid noise in the data, which may arise from traffic or changing vegetation due to seasonal reasons.

SpaceKnow uses radar imagery and its own unique algorithms, so the indices do not lose their significance in bad weather conditions such as rain or heavy clouds.

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The Crop Condition Assessment Program (CCAP) is developed and maintained by the Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis Section (RSGA) within the Agriculture Division. The CCAP combines remote sensing, GIS, and the Internet to provide reliable, objective, and timely information on crop and pasture/rangeland conditions using a mapping application for the whole Canadian agricultural area and the northern portion of the United States.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) series of satellites carrying the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) records images of the entire Earth's surface twice a day at one kilometre resolution. This detector captures two spectral bands (red and infrared) that have proven to be extremely useful for vegetation monitoring to produce the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). CCAP allowed the visualization of AVHRR data since 1987 for most of the growing weeks in Canada, between Julian weeks 15 and 41.

This dataset give access to 31 years of AVHRR images in GeoTIF format and cover all the crops area during the crops growing season.

Historical (1984-2014) Landsat-based ET maps were generated for Palo Verde Irrigation District (PVID) and eight other sub-basins in parts of Middle and Lower Central Valley, California. A total of 3,396 Landsat images were processed using the Operational Simplified Surface Energy balance (SSEBop) model that integrates weather and remotely sensed images to estimate monthly and annual ET within the study areas over the 31 years. Model output evaluation and validation using gridded-flux data and water balance ET approaches indicated relatively strong association between SSEBop ET and validation datasets. Historical trend analysis of seven agro-hydrologic variables were done using the Seasonal Mann-Kendall test.

The Crop Condition Assessment Program (CCAP) is developed and maintained by the Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis Section (RSGA) within the Agriculture Division. The CCAP combines remote sensing, GIS, and the Internet to provide reliable, objective, and timely information on crop and pasture/rangeland conditions using a mapping application for the whole Canadian agricultural area and the northern portion of the United States.

Since the 2010 growing season, the CCAP has been enhanced with the integration of MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer (MODIS) data (250-meter resolution). This detector captures two spectral bands (red and infrared) that have proven to be extremely useful for vegetation monitoring to produce the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). CCAP allowed the visualization of MODIS data since 2017 for most of the growing weeks in Canada, between Julian weeks 15 and 37.

This dataset give access to 18 years of MODIS images in GeoTIF format and cover all the crops area during the crops growing season.

NOAA GOES-R Series Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Level 1b Radiances is used in this application. This satellite imagery combines data from the NOAA GOES East and West satellites and the JMA Himawari satellite, providing full coverage of weather events for most of the world, from the west coast of Africa west to the east coast of India. The tile service updates to the most recent image every 10 minutes at 1.5 km per pixel resolution. More information about this imagery can be here: https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/imagery/interactive-maps/how-use-the-interactive-satellite-maps. USA Current Wildfire data shows wildfires that have been updated within the past 7 days in the United States. Wildfire points are sourced from Integrated Reporting of Wildland-Fire Information (IRWIN) and perimeters from National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC). Satellite (VIIRS) Thermal Hotspots and Fire Activity presents detectable thermal activity from VIIRS satellites for the last 7 days. VIIRS Thermal Hotspots and Fire Activity is a product of NASA’s Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) Earth Observation Data, part of NASA's Earth Science Data. National Weather Service Smoke displays the smoke forecast for the next 48 hours across the Continental United States. USA Weather Watches and Warnings depicts the National Weather Service (NWS) watches, warnings, and advisories within the United States. Watches and warnings are classified into well over 100 categories. The data utilized in this dashboard may update at different intervals, this application refreshes in 5 minute intervals.

Undocumented Orphaned Wells (UOWs) are wells without an operator that have limited or no documentation with regulatory authorities. An estimated 310,000 to 800,000 UOWs exist in the United States (US), whose locations are largely unknown. These wells can potentially leak methane and other volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere, and contaminate groundwater. In this study, we developed a novel framework utilizing a state-of-the-art computer vision neural network model to identify the precise locations of potential UOWs. The U-Net model is trained to detect oil and gas well symbols in georeferenced historical topographic maps, and potential UOWs are identified as symbols that are further than 100 m from any documented well. A custom tool was developed to rapidly validate the potential UOW locations. We applied this framework to four counties in California and Oklahoma, leading to the discovery of 1301 potential UOWs across >40,000 km2. We confirmed the presence of 29 UOWs from satellite images and 15 UOWs from magnetic surveys in the field with a spatial accuracy on the order of 10 m. This framework can be scaled to identify potential UOWs across the US since the historical maps are available for the entire nation.

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Satellite Market Size 2024-2028

The satellite market size is forecast to increase by USD 14.53 billion at a CAGR of 3.31% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for DTH services and satellite-based telemetry applications. The number of DTH subscribers continues to rise, fueled by the availability of affordable satellite receivers. High-throughput satellites (HTS) are gaining popularity due to their ability to provide faster data transmission rates, making them ideal for IoT devices and other bandwidth-intensive applications. The high cost of satellite hardware and components remains a challenge, but innovations such as 3D-printed satellite parts are helping to reduce costs. OneWeb, among others, is leading the charge in this area, with plans to launch a constellation of low Earth orbit satellites to provide global connectivity. Overall, the market is poised for continued growth, driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand for reliable, high-speed connectivity.

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The market is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing demand for artificial satellites in various applications such as communication, earth observation, navigation, scientific research, and space exploration. These satellites are launched into different orbits, including Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), depending on their function. Communication is a major application segment in the market, driving the demand for satellite services, including satellite-based internet services and voice communications. Earth observation is another significant application area, with satellite imaging playing a crucial role in areas like agriculture, forestry, and disaster management. High-throughput satellites and mega constellations, such as Starlink satellites, are emerging trends in the market, aiming to bridge the digital divide by providing internet access to remote and underserved areas.

Furthermore, space exploration missions and satellite-based warfare are other key applications driving the growth of the market. Small satellites are gaining popularity due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of deployment. Satellite data transmission is another crucial aspect of the market, with space data being used for various applications, including television and video distribution, digital television, and internet access. The market is witnessing significant investments from satellite enterprises, communication service providers, and space-focused firms.

Market Segmentation

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD Billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Civil
  Defense


Type

  Large
  medium satellite
  Small satellite


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    France


  APAC

    China
    Japan


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

By End-user Insights

The civil segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Satellites play a crucial role in driving economic growth for various sectors, including commercial enterprises, government agencies, and the telecommunications and space industries. These technological marvels come in different forms, determined by their frequency, orbit, and mission objectives. With the escalating demand for Internet services and the growing number of mobile users, satellites have found extensive applications in civilian domains, such as voice communications, satellite-based internet services, and meteorology. Manufacturers of GPS receivers cater to the needs of civilians, particularly scientists and surveyors, who rely on these devices for precise time and position measurements for research and surveying purposes. Additionally, satellites contribute significantly to civil aviation, ensuring optimal navigational services and flight information region (FIR) coverage.

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The civil segment was valued at USD 45.95 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Insights

North America is estimated to contribute 38% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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Satellite services play a crucial role in various applications, including satellite imaging, internet connectivity, and voice communications. North America is a significant market for these services, with the US, Canada, and Mexico being the primary consumers. The US, in particular, has a strong

We reconstructed the cropland density maps by harmonizing multiple sources of inventory data and high-resolution satellite images. The time-series gridded data depicts the distribution and percentage of cultivated land each year (excluding summer idle/fallow, cropland pasture). The reconstructed annual cropland percentage maps were at 1 km × 1 km resolution covering the conterminous U.S. spanning from 1850 to 2016.

G2A-3

  Dataset Introduction

We introduce Ground2Aerial-3, a multi-task cross-view synthesis dataset designed to explore the performance of cross-view synthesis methods in several novel scenarios. G2A-3 contains over 10,000 pairs of street-view and aerial images, covering disaster scene aerial image synthesis, historical high-resolution satellite image synthesis, and low-altitude UAV image synthesis. The ground street-view images are sized at 1024×512, with true north… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/SkyDiff/G2A-3.

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Satellite-Based Earth Observation Market Size 2025-2029

The satellite-based earth observation market size is forecast to increase by US $9.66 billion, at a CAGR of 12% between 2024 and 2029. The market is experiencing significant growth, driven primarily by the increasing demand for advanced environment monitoring.

Major Market Trends & Insights

North America dominated the market and accounted for a 43% share in 2023.
The market is expected to grow significantly in APAC region as well over the forecast period.
Based on Application, the defense segment led the market and was valued at USD 4.28 billion of the global revenue in 2023.
Based on Type, the value-added Services (VAS) segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023.

Market Size & Forecast

2024 Market Size: USD 12.64 Billion
Future Opportunities: USD 9.66 Billion
CAGR (2024-2029): 12%
North America: Largest market in 2023

The market continues to evolve, driven by advancements in remote sensing technology and the increasing demand for accurate and timely geospatial data across various sectors. From infrastructure development to environmental monitoring, earth observation data plays a crucial role in sectors such as urban planning, resource management, and disaster management. Satellite imagery, with its high temporal and spectral resolution, enables effective monitoring of land cover changes, weather patterns, and natural disasters. Geospatial software and remote sensing tools facilitate data fusion, allowing for more comprehensive analysis and data integration. Government agencies, military applications, commercial businesses, and research institutions all rely on earth observation data for intelligence gathering, border surveillance, and precision agriculture.

What will be the Size of the Satellite-Based Earth Observation Market during the forecast period?

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Big data and data services have emerged as key players in the market, offering data subscriptions, data analytics platforms, and data visualization tools. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are transforming the industry, enabling advanced image interpretation and data processing capabilities. Hyperspectral imagery and data licensing are also gaining traction, providing more detailed information on land use and carbon monitoring. Emergency response and climate change are among the latest applications of earth observation data, highlighting the market's continuous dynamism. The future of the market lies in cloud computing, spatial analysis, and data integration, as the industry continues to unfold and evolve.

This need is fueled by various factors, including climate change mitigation, natural disaster management, and agricultural productivity enhancement. Another key trend in the market is the rising preference for small satellites due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of deployment. However, the market faces challenges as well. Competition from alternate technologies, such as drones and airborne sensors, poses a significant threat to the market's growth. The weather segment of application is the second largest segment and was valued at USD 2.73 billion in 2023.

Additionally, the high cost of satellite manufacturing and launching continues to be a significant barrier to entry for new players. To capitalize on the market opportunities and navigate these challenges effectively, companies must focus on innovation, cost reduction, and strategic partnerships. By investing in advanced technologies and collaborating with industry leaders, they can differentiate themselves and stay competitive in the evolving market landscape.

How is this Satellite-Based Earth Observation Industry segmented?

The satellite-based earth observation industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Application

  Defense
  Weather
  Location-Based Services (LBS)
  Energy
  Others


Type

  Value-Added Services (VAS)
  Data


Technology

  Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
  Optical


End-User

  Government
  Commercial
  Academic/Research


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    Russia
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    Japan
    South Korea


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Application Insights

The defense segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The segment was valued at USD 4.28 billion in 2023. It continued to the largest segment at a CAGR of 9.06%.

The market encompasses various applications, including crop monitoring, weather forecasting, disaster management, resource management, and defense and security. Crop monitoring leverages multispectral ima

We present a remeasurement of old photographic plates, providing important raw data for dynamical studies of the Saturnian satellite system. The unprecedentedly accurate realization of the Gaia reference frame allows us to make a precise calibration of digitized astronegatives of the Saturnian satellite images. We reprocessed 357 astronegatives taken with the 26-inch refractor and the normal astrograph of the Pulkovo Observatory between 1972 and 2007 to obtain the positions of the main Saturnian moons in the second Gaia data release (Gaia DR2) system. Photographic plates were digitized with the Pulkovo Mobile Digitizing Device (MDD) scanner. The New Astrometric Reduction of Old Observations (NAROO) digitizer at the Paris Observatory was used to calibrate the scanned images. Satellite image centering and astrometric reduction were performed. In total, 6487 positions (equatorial coordinates) have been determined with an accuracy of 50mas. This is confirmed by a comparison of our data with modern ephemerides. The verification of the results was performed using data from past close approaches by Saturnian satellites to Gaia reference stars, showing the adequacy of the current residual analysis. A joint review of the Pulkovo and the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) intersatellite positions allows us to conclude about the existence of faint systematic effects in the satellite theories of motions at the 10mas level. Cone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A76/satpos (Positions of the Saturnian satellites) Cone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A76/appulses (Close approaches of the satellites to Gaia stars)