This is the data collected during the validation period. The buoy is scheduled to be deployed near Martha's Vinyard in mid-January 2020. Data from the buoy itself are contained in 2 files labeled "primary" and "secondary".

Overview The purpose of the dataset is to provide preliminary filtered, averaged buoy data and standardize the data format of various data streams from the buoy into NetCDF. The attached Lidar Buoy Data Dictionary provides further details on the various instruments mounted on the buoys, parameters measured by each instrument, and the frequency of data collection. Data Details Surface meteorology instrument directions are not correct for majority of the deployment because faulty inertial measurement unit (IMU) data was used for heading calculations. These directions will be reprocessed using the high frequency GX5-45 IMU data at the end of the campaign and the directions will be updated. Data Quality Standard filtering thresholds on the averaged data were applied and several data format issues of the raw data were streamlined to create a standardized NetCDF format data. Uncertainty The uncertainty of data has not been analyzed, but it is not expected to deviate from instrument technical specifications.

This dataset contains processed data collected by sentinel buoy 1 during the WFIP3 project period at the WFIP3 location. It was deployed on 6/4/2024 16:35Z and is still currently deployed.

Overview

Deployment off the coast of Morro Bay, California

Data Details

Buoy Data Files name like:
buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.currents.csv
buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.gill.csv
buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.gps.csv
buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.pressure.csv
buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.rh.csv
buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.temperature.csv
buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.waves.csv
GX5 data:
buoy.z06.00.20200930.194800.gnss.bin
buoy.z06.00.20200930.194800.imu.bin

Data Quality

More information to follow.

Context

The world’s oceans are the beating heart of Earth’s climate system. Covering over 70% of the planet’s surface, they regulate global weather patterns, sustain diverse ecosystems, and underpin economies across continents. Central to oceanic and atmospheric variability is the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate phenomena, driven by shifts in sea surface temperatures that ripple across the globe, triggering extreme weather events from droughts to hurricanes.

Monitoring these vast, dynamic waters are hundreds of autonomous buoys — the tireless sentinels of the seas. Operated by the NOAA National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), these stations deliver continuous, real-time oceanographic and meteorological observations across all major ocean basins.

This dataset compiles over four decades of this invaluable data, meticulously cleaned and unified into a ready-to-analyze format. Crucially, it is enriched with a key climate metric: Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly. This transforms raw measurements into actionable insights, enabling the study of long-term climate change, oceanic oscillations, and extreme climatic events on a global scale.

Content

This dataset contains historical hourly measurements from hundreds of buoys deployed across all major ocean basins, including the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Southern Oceans, sourced from NOAA NDBC public archives (1980–2024).

The data has been thoroughly processed and harmonized:

• Data from thousands of individual yearly files were downloaded, parsed, and consolidated.
• Inconsistent column names and units were standardized across time and stations.
• Standard NOAA missing value codes (e.g., 99, 999) were converted to NaN for ease of analysis.
• Key climate-relevant features were engineered:
  • long_term_monthly_avg_temp: For each buoy and each month of the year (e.g., August), the long-term average water temperature across all available years was computed. This establishes a location-specific climatological baseline.
  • temperature_anomaly: Calculated as current_water_temp - long_term_monthly_avg_temp. This anomaly is a critical indicator for detecting climate phenomena such as El Niño (positive anomaly in equatorial regions), La Niña (negative anomaly), marine heatwaves, and broader warming trends.

The dataset is provided in three files:

• all_buoys_hourly_data.parquet: The main, detailed dataset with hourly records. Recommended for in-depth analysis.
• all_buoys_monthly_summary.csv: A smaller, aggregated dataset for quick visualizations and high-level trend analysis.
• buoy_metadata_in_water.csv: A helper file containing the ID and coordinates for each buoy.

all_buoys_hourly_data.parquet description

• buoy_id: Unique identifier for the buoy station (e.g., '46050').
• datetime_utc: Timestamp of the measurement in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
• water_temp_c: Sea surface temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
• air_temp_c: Air temperature measured at the buoy in degrees Celsius (°C).
• wind_speed_ms: Wind speed in meters per second (m/s).
• wave_height_m: Significant wave height in meters (m).
• pressure_hpa: Sea level atmospheric pressure in hectopascals (hPa).
• latitude: Latitude of the buoy in decimal degrees.
• longitude Longitude of the buoy in decimal degrees.
• long_term_monthly_avg_temp: The historical average water temperature for this buoy during this calendar month. Acts as a climate baseline.
• temperature_anomaly: The key climate indicator: water_temp_c - long_term_monthly_avg_temp.

In preparation for validation of the swath-based altimetry mission (Surface Water Oceanography Topography, SWOT), we developed a buoy array, equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System, capable of accurately observing sea surface height (SSH), wave information and tropospheric delay. Here we present results from an 8-day trial deployment at five locations along a Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich (S6MF) ground track in Bass Strait. A triplet buoy group including two new buoys (Mk-VI) and a single predecessor (Mk-IV) were deployed in proximity to the historic Jason-series comparison point. SSH solutions compared against an in-situ mooring suggest the new buoys were working at an equivalent precision of ~1.5 cm to the previous design (MK-IV). At 10-km spacing along the S6MF track, the buoy array was shown to observe the progression of oceanographic and meteorological phenomena. Tidal analysis of the buoy array indicated moderate spatial variability in the shallow water tidal constituents, with differences in the instantaneous tidal height of up to ~0.2 m across the 40-km track. Further, tidal resonance within Bass Strait was observed to vary, most probably modulated by atmospheric conditions, yet only partially captured by an existing dynamic atmospheric correction product. A preliminary investigation into the spatial scale of the buoy error based on observed/inferred geostrophic currents with our present buoy array configuration suggests that the signal-noise ratio of the array became significant at 20-km spacing in Bass Strait. Finally, as an illustrative comparison between the buoy array and high resolution S6MF data, a single cycle was compared. The wet tropospheric delay observed by the S6MF radiometer exhibited some potential land contamination in the deployed area, while the 1-Hz and 20-Hz significant wave height from S6MF appeared within mission requirements. Generally good agreement between buoy and altimeter SSH was observed. However, subtle differences between the altimeter and the buoy sea level anomaly series warrants further investigation with additional cycles from a sustained deployment in the area. We conclude that the buoy array offers a useful geodetic tool to help quantify and understand intra-swath variability in the context of the SWOT mission.

Overview Deployment off the coast of Humboldt, California Data Details Buoy Data Files name like: buoy.z05.00.20200929.000000.currents.csv buoy.z05.00.20200929.000000.gill.csv buoy.z05.00.20200929.000000.gps.csv buoy.z05.00.20200929.000000.pressure.csv buoy.z05.00.20200929.000000.rh.csv buoy.z05.00.20200929.000000.temperature.csv buoy.z05.00.20200929.000000.waves.csv GX5 data: buoy.z05.00.20200930.194800.gnss.bin buoy.z05.00.20200930.194800.imu.bin Data Quality More information to follow.

Buoy 45218 is a met-ocean buoy deployed in the Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary in partnership between the Sanctuary and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's School of Freshwater Sciences. The buoy is designed to monitor physical and water quality parameters as well as atmospheric conditions. It is deployed in ~37 meters of water. The buoy's acquisition was supported by the Fund for Lake Michigan cdm_data_type=TimeSeries cdm_timeseries_variables=platform,longitude,latitude Conventions=COARDS,CF-1.7,IOOS-1.2,ACDD-1.3 featureType=TimeSeries geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east gts_ingest=true id=obs_576 infoUrl=https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/wisconsin/science/ institution=NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords naming_authority=org.glos platform=moored_buoy platform_name=Shipwreck Sentinel platform_vocabulary=http://mmisw.org/ont/ioos/platform sourceUrl=(source database) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 wmo_platform_code=45218

This dataset contains raw data collected by sentinel buoy 4 during the WFIP3 project period at the WFIP3 location. It was deployed on 3/14/2024 12:00Z and is still currently deployed.

Overview This dataset compiles results from different model-based hindcasts and instruments that measure environmental variables at the _location of the associated lidar buoys. This dataset complements the lidar buoy measurements by providing longer time histories of selected environmental parameters. The data were extracted from the closest grid point to the average lidar buoy position. The data were obtained from the public _domain and references to the originators/owners are provided under each instrument.

the european union’s copernicus-funded trusted project (towards fiducial reference measurements of sea-surface temperature by european drifters) has deployed over 100 state of the art drifting buoys for improved validation of sea surface temperature (sst) from the sentinel-3 sea and land surface temperature radiometers (slstr). these buoys are manufactured by nke.the trusted drifting buoys data and metadata are distributed in qualtity control netcdf files, as a subset of dbcp drifting buoys gdac (global data assembly centre).coriolis dac (data assembly centre) routinely collects, decodes, quality controls, preserves and distributes data and metadata as netcdf-cf files.the trusted buoys have specific features managed by coriolis dac python data processing chain: a high resolution temperature sensor in addition to the classic drifting buoy temperature sensor. the high sampling and high resolution observations are distributed in specific variables temp_hr, temp_hr_spot, temp_hr_xx (xx is the percentile sample).

The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) distributes meteorological data from moored buoys maintained by NDBC and others. Moored buoys are the weather sentinels of the sea. They are deployed in the coastal and offshore waters from the western Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean around Hawaii, and from the Bering Sea to the South Pacific. NDBC's moored buoys measure and transmit barometric pressure; wind direction, speed, and gust; air and sea temperature; and wave energy spectra from which significant wave height, dominant wave period, and average wave period are derived. Even the direction of wave propagation is measured on many moored buoys.

The data is from NOAA NDBC. It has been reformatted by NOAA Coastwatch, West Coast Node. This dataset only has the data that is closest to a given hour. The time values in the dataset are rounded to the nearest hour.

This dataset has both historical data (quality controlled, before 2017-09-01T00:00:00Z) and near real time data (less quality controlled, from 2017-09-01T00:00:00Z on).

This data submission contains raw and near-real-time updated data from FLOATr (Fixed Location Ocean and Atmosphere Tracking) buoys and Sofar Spotter wave buoys at sites in the PacWave open-ocean testing facility operated by Oregon State University, located off the coast of Newport, Oregon. There are two sites located at PacWave, aptly named PacWave North (PWN) and PacWave South (PWS). PWN is an autonomous test site located 2 nm offshore, has a water depth of 45-55 m, and is between 44.68 & 44.70 degrees North and 124.12 & 124.15 degrees West. PWS is a grid-connected test site located 6 nm offshore, has a water depth of 65-78 m, and is between 44.55 & 44.58 degrees North and 124.21 & 124.24 degrees West. The FLOATr buoys provide meteorological measurements of wind speed and direction, air temperature and pressure, shortwave radiation (light). An onboard CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) sensor provides measurements of water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Down-looking ADCPs installed on the FLOATr buoys provide observations of water velocity. The wave buoys provide measurements of standard and directional wave statistics as well as additional metocean variables, depending on the firmware version installed. Raw data are provided in the original CSV file format, and processed data are provided in netCDF4 format. Processed data are provided in netCDF4 format based on Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) standards. Note, minimal quality control has been conducted on these data. Raw data from the FLOATr buoys are stored in CSV files with the following filenames: - ADCP.dat (subsampling of ADCP binary data - Teledyne Sentinel Workhorse 300khz) - Airmar_buffer.dat (Airmar WX200 instrument serial data buffer) - gga.dat (gps Degree & Decimal Minutes) - hdg.dat (magnetic heading, deviation, variation) - hdt.dat (heading true) - mda.dat (meteorological composite) - Met.dat (multiple data values from various sources (instruments, nmea strings) into a single data table) - best for quick data checks - mwv_r.dat (calculated mean wind velocity_relative) - mwv_t.dat (calculated mean wind velocity_true) - Ocean.dat (CTD data - Seabird SBE16, temp, conductivity/salinity, 02) - zda.dat - (time and date) Raw data from the FLOATr ADCPs and CTDs are made available in their native binary format. Raw data from the Spotter buoys is stored in CSV files with the following filenames: - BARO.csv (barometric pressure) - FLT.csv (processed buoy displacement: surge, sway, and heave) - GMN.csv (raw GPS parameters) - HDR.csv (raw buoy position) - HTU.csv (air temperature and humidity) - LOC.csv (GPS latitude and longitude) - PWR.csv (power data) - SPC.csv (buoy-derived auto- and cross-spectra * note frequency vector is missing) - SST.csv (sea surface temperature) - *.log (various log files)

Data collected to explore wind energy applications

The Mace Head buoy is located 2 km offshore from the Mace Head atmospheric research station in Connemara, County Galway. This dataset contains visually quallity controlled data from the Sea-Bird SBE37 sensor deployed on the mooring to measure temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen in the surface waters at the buoy's location. The mooring was initially installed in May 2018 under the INTERREG funded project COMPASS - Collaborative Oceanography and Monitoring for Protected Areas and Species. Since 2022 the Mace Head buoy has been funded through the EMFAF Sentinels Site project. Time-series resolution: For the period 2018 to 2022 measurements were taken every 30 minutes. Since 2023 measurements have been made every 10 minutes. There may be short term data gaps caused by maintenance, re-deployments, or technical difficulties. Sensor deployments usually last 6 months and data are uploaded and reviewed shortly after each sensor recovery. For details of the real-time data feed from the Mace Head Buoy, see the seperate Data Catalouge record (https://data.marine.ie/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/ie.marine.data:dataset.4268). area=NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40W) cdm_data_type=TimeSeries cdm_timeseries_variables=midgid,depth,longitude,latitude,instrument_name,instrument_id,station_id contact=datarequests@marine.ie contributor_name=Eoghan Daly contributor_role=Data Steward Conventions=Copernicus-InSituTAC-FormatManual-1.4, SeaDataNet_1.0, CF-1.6, OceanSITES-1.3, ACDD-1.2, COARDS data_mode=D data_type=OceanSITES time-series data defaultDataQuery=&time>=now-30days defaultGraphQuery=time,temperature&time>=now-90days&.draw=lines featureType=TimeSeries geospatial_lat_max=53.3306 geospatial_lat_min=53.3306 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-9.9326 geospatial_lon_min=-9.9326 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=24 geospatial_vertical_min=1 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m id=ie.marine.data:dataset.5325 infoUrl=http://data.marine.ie/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/ie.marine.data:dataset.5325 institution=Marine Institute institution_edmo_code=396 institution_edmo_uri=https://edmo.seadatanet.org/report/396 institution_references=http://www.marine.ie keywords_vocabulary=SeaDataNet Parameter Discovery Vocabulary license_uri=https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0 license_URL=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ naming_authority=Marine Institute principal_investigator=Glenn Nolan principal_investigator_email=gnolan@Marine.ie processing_level=Data manually reviewed project=Sentinel Sites QC_indicator=probably good short_doi=https://doi.org/ source=moored surface buoy source_platform_category_code=41 sourceUrl=(source database) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v85 subsetVariables=midgid,instrument_id,instrument_name,station_id time_coverage_duration=P6Y11M343D time_coverage_end=2025-05-21T09:10:04Z time_coverage_resolution=PT30M time_coverage_start=2018-06-12T13:23:47Z update_interval=PT30M

This dataset contains the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) raw filtered spectral radiance files. This dataset consists of files which have the hyperspectral Es, Lu, KL, Lw, Lwn and Rsr for each data set. These raw filtered spectral radiance files are in a binary format. For further information on how to read the files, please check the documentation files in the spectral data directories.

The time period covered by the MOBY filtered spectral radiance dataset begins at 1997-07-29. The project is ongoing and continuous. More data is added as updates to the data record become available.

MOBY is an autonomous radiometric buoy stationed in the waters off Lanai, Hawaii. MOBY has been the primary in-water oceanic observatory for the vicarious calibration of U. S. satellite ocean color sensors since 1997. The MOBY project data set has been evaluated by NOAA, NASA, and NIST for its accuracy and precision numerous times since 1997. The MOBY measurements are calibrated with SI standards every per and post deployments to ensure the data sets continue to provide accurate and precise data. The satellite ocean color vicarious calibration community uses the data to validate the satellite measured radiance.

MOBY was designed to measure sunlight incidents both on and scattered out of the ocean. These measurements are provided in near real-time for the vicarious calibration procedures conducted by ocean color scientists. It is a NOAA-funded project that provides for the vicarious calibration of ocean color satellites such as SeaWiFS and MODIS. Currently, MOBY provides data to JPSS VIIRS and to non-NOAA agency partners, including Copernicus Sentinel 3A and 3B.

This dataset contains the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) ancillary (deployment) files. These are HTML pages which have auxiliary data associated with each data set in the deployment. The data file formats are in text (ASCII) and HTML. The images are in JPG and PNG formats; they are not compressed. The time period covered by the MOBY ancillary (deployment) dataset begins at 1997-07-29. The project is ongoing and continuous. More data is added as updates to the data record become available.

MOBY is an autonomous radiometric buoy stationed in the waters off Lanai, Hawaii. MOBY has been the primary in-water oceanic observatory for the vicarious calibration of U. S. satellite ocean color sensors since 1997. The MOBY project data set has been evaluated by NOAA, NASA, and NIST for its accuracy and precision numerous times since 1997. The MOBY measurements are calibrated with SI standards every per and post deployments to ensure the data sets continue to provide accurate and precise data. The satellite ocean color vicarious calibration community uses the data to validate the satellite measured radiance.

MOBY was designed to measure sunlight incidents both on and scattered out of the ocean. These measurements are provided in near real-time for the vicarious calibration procedures conducted by ocean color scientists. It is a NOAA-funded project that provides for the vicarious calibration of ocean color satellites such as SeaWiFS and MODIS. Currently, MOBY provides data to JPSS VIIRS and to non-NOAA agency partners, including Copernicus Sentinel 3A and 3B.

Mono-mission products containing calibrated (relative to buoys) along-track significant wave height (SWH), a validity flag and the applied bias correction

This dataset contains the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) "gold" satellite sensor calibrated files. These are TXT ASCII files. The files have Lw and Es, Lwn, or Lw (and Lwn) using Modeled KL which have been weighted by the specific satellite channels relative spectral response. The MOBY project has included only data that is good or questionable. These MOBY gold files are specific to the depth pairs used to make the measurement (Lw1(1m), Lw2(1m) and Lw7(5m). Lw1 is the Water-Leaving Radiance calculated from LuTop and Kl1(LuTop-LuMid) Lw2 is the Water-Leaving Radiance calculated from LuTop and Kl2(LuTop-LuBot) Lw7 is the Water-Leaving Radiance calculated from LuMid and Kl3(LuMid-LuBot) The time period covered by the MOBY "gold" satellite sensor calibrated dataset begins at 1997-07-29. The project is ongoing and continuous. More data is added as updates to the data record become available. MOBY is an autonomous radiometric buoy stationed in the waters off Lanai, Hawaii. MOBY has been the primary in-water oceanic observatory for the vicarious calibration of U. S. satellite ocean color sensors since 1997. The MOBY project data set has been evaluated by NOAA, NASA, and NIST for its accuracy and precision numerous times since 1997. The MOBY measurements are calibrated with SI standards every per and post deployments to ensure the data sets continue to provide accurate and precise data. The satellite ocean color vicarious calibration community uses the data to validate the satellite measured radiance. MOBY was designed to measure sunlight incidents both on and scattered out of the ocean. These measurements are provided in near real-time for the vicarious calibration procedures conducted by ocean color scientists. It is a NOAA-funded project that provides for the vicarious calibration of ocean color satellites such as SeaWiFS and MODIS. Currently, MOBY provides data to JPSS VIIRS and to non-NOAA agency partners, including Copernicus Sentinel 3A and 3B.

This dataset contains raw data collected by sentinel buoy 3 during the WFIP3 project period at the WFIP3 location. It was deployed from 3/14/2024 19:10Z to the present day, but stopped telemetering data on 4/17/2024 13:00Z.