This statistic shows the level of implementation of search engine optimization (SEO) for marketing purposes among small to medium sized enterprise (SME) owners in the United States as of November 2016. During the Statista survey conducted in November 2016, ** percent of responding SME owners said they had already been using SEO as part of their marketing activities.

This statistic depicts the best solutions for creating and managing corporate websites in order to achieve SEO actions, according to Italian professionals in the years 2016 and 2017. Overall, 68.32 percent of them named Wordpress platform, while 17.76 percent of them stated that corporate website should be built in HTML.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Amharcóir Pleanála Teanga GIS / Language Planning Viewer GIS. Published by n/a. Available under the license n/a (n/a).# About the Author/Organisation

The Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media works across tourism, culture, language, sports, media and broadcasting to promote economic growth, social well-being and Irish identity.

About the Project

The Geographic Information System (GIS) is a facility which provides information, using a map viewer, in relation to the use of Irish as it relates to:

1. the definition of Gaeltacht Language Planning Areas;
2. towns which may be recognised as Irish Language Service Towns under the language planning process; and
3. the use of Irish in the Irish Language Networks recognised under the process.

In the new version of the map viewer, information is provided - in collaboration with the CSO - according to Gaeltacht language planning areas as they relate to the results of the 2011 and 2016 Censuses as well as details on the use of Irish in towns which might be recognised under the process as Gaeltacht Service Towns, together with details on the use of Irish in the Irish Language Networks recognised under the process.

In addition to details relating to the use of Irish in these areas, information is also provided, in collaboration with the Department of Education and Skills and the Department of Children and Youth Affairs respectively, on the location and roles of primary and post-primary schools for the 2016/17 school year, as well as details pertaining to the early education sector in the Gaeltacht.

Why it's a Showcase

The information was gathered from the Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi) and the Central Statistics Office (CSO) Census 2016 Open Data site.(http://census2016.geohive.ie). The project makes data on the use of Irish in various regions, Gaeltacht areas, and educational institutions readily available. This transparency fosters public understanding and engagement with Irish language initiatives. The data can be used to analyse trends, identify areas needing support, and develop targeted strategies to promote the use of Irish.

Impact of the Showcase

Open access to this data empowers researchers to study language use patterns and language revitalisation efforts. Making this data accessible fosters public awareness about the status of the Irish language, potentially leading to increased engagement with the language and its preservation.

Maidir leis an Údar/Eagraíocht

Bíonn an Roinn Turasóireachta, Cultúir, Ealaíon, Gaeltachta, Spóirt agus Meán ag obair ar fud na turasóireachta, cultúir, teanga, spórt, na meán agus craoltóireachta le fás eacnamaíochta, folláine shóisialta agus féiniúlacht na hÉireann a chur chun cinn.

Maidir leis an Togra

Is áis é an Córas Faisnéise Geografaí (GIS) ina gcuirtear eolas ar fáil, ag úsáid amharcóir mapa, maidir le húsáid na Gaeilge mar a bhaineann sé:

1. leis na Limistéir Pleanála Teanga Ghaeltachta;
2. le bailte a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aitheanta mar Bhailte Seirbhíse Ghaeltachta faoin bpróiseas pleanála teanga; agus
3. le húsáid na Gaeilge sna Líonraí Gaeilge atá aitheanta faoin bpróiseas.

San eagrán nua den amharcóir mapa, tá eolas curtha ar fáil - i gcomhar leis an bPríomh-Oifig Staidrimh - ar bhonn limistéar pleanála teanga Gaeltachta mar a bhaineann sé le torthaí Dhaonáirimh 2011 agus 2016 chomh maith le sonraí maidir le húsáid na Gaeilge sna bailte a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aitheanta faoin bpróiseas mar bhailte seirbhíse Gaeltachta, in éindí le sonraí faoi úsáid na Gaeilge sna Líonraí Gaeilge atá aitheanta faoin bpróiseas.

Chomh maith le sonraí maidir le húsáid na Gaeilge sna ceantair seo, cuirtear eolas i láthair chomh maith, i gcomhar leis an Roinn Oideachais agus Scileanna agus leis an Roinn Leanaí agus Gnóthaí Óige faoi seach, maidir le suíomhanna agus rollú bunscoileanna agus iar-bhunscoileanna i leith na scoilbhliana 2016/17, chomh maith le sonraí faoin earnáil luathoideachais sa Ghaeltacht.

Cad a Dhéanann Taispeántas de

Fuarthas an fhaisnéis ó Shuirbhéireacht Ordanáis Éireann (OSi) agus ón bPríomh-Oifig Staidrimh (CSO) trí Shuíomh Sonraí Oscailte Dhaonáireamh 2016 (http://census2016.geohive.ie). Déanann an togra sonraí a chur ar fáil go furasta a bhaineann le húsáid na Gaeilge i réimse de cheantair, ceantair Ghaeltachta, agus in institiúidí oideachais. Cothaíonn an trédhearcacht seo tuiscint agus rannpháirtíocht phoiblí le tograí Gaeilge. Is féidir úsáid a bhaint as na sonraí le hanailís a dhéanamh ar threochtaí, ceantair a shainaithint a bhfuil tacaíocht uathu, agus le straitéisí spriocdhírithe a fhorbairt le húsáid na Gaeilge a chur chun cinn.

Tionchar an Taispeántais

Cumasaíonn rochtain oscailte ar na sonraí seo taighdeoirí chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar phatrúin úsáide teanga agus ar iarrachtaí athneartaithe teanga. Trí na sonraí seo a chur ar fáil go furasta déantar tuiscint phoiblí a chothú maidir le stádas na Gaeilge, rud a d’fhéadfadh rannpháirtíocht leis an teanga agus caomhnú na teanga a mhéadú. ...

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

Germany DE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data was reported at 8.681 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 8.481 Per 1000 for 2020. Germany DE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 5.641 Per 1000 from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.681 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 3.532 Per 1000 in 1981. Germany DE: Business Enterprise Researchers: Per Thousand Employment in Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed. From 1991, the data for the Private Non-Profit sector have been included in the Government sector.For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.;

Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':

R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.

The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:

It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.

Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.

Germany DE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 63.417 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 63.699 % for 2020. Germany DE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 63.417 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.450 % in 1987 and a record low of 61.011 % in 1996. Germany DE: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual. The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed. From 1991, the data for the Private Non-Profit sector have been included in the Government sector.For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 1.186 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.198 % for 2021. Germany DE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.599 % from Dec 1983 (Median) to 2022, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.739 % in 2009 and a record low of -4.475 % in 2004. Germany DE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 158,400.000 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 156,543.000 FTE for 2021. Germany DE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 104,333.500 FTE from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 158,400.000 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 58,614.000 FTE in 1981. Germany DE: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: BERD: Current PPP data was reported at 117.799 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 107.923 USD bn for 2021. Germany DE: BERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 39.770 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 117.799 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 12.984 USD bn in 1981. Germany DE: BERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: Total Employment data was reported at 45,932.000 Person th in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 45,596.000 Person th for 2022. Germany DE: Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 39,362.000 Person th from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 45,932.000 Person th in 2023 and a record low of 26,993.000 Person th in 1983. Germany DE: Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Population, Labour Force and Employment: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data was reported at 125,078.000 Person in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 120,192.000 Person for 2020. Germany DE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 92,958.000 Person from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 125,078.000 Person in 2021 and a record low of 44,797.000 Person in 2003. Germany DE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data was reported at 41.439 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 40.645 % for 2020. Germany DE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 36.897 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2021, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41.439 % in 2021 and a record low of 25.711 % in 2003. Germany DE: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: % of Total Researchers: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

DE: Education and Social Programmes: % of Civil GBARD data was reported at 4.684 % in 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.084 % for 2023. DE: Education and Social Programmes: % of Civil GBARD data is updated yearly, averaging 4.050 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2024, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.312 % in 2003 and a record low of 2.591 % in 1984. DE: Education and Social Programmes: % of Civil GBARD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: Education and Social Programmes data was reported at 3.432 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.976 USD bn for 2022. Germany DE: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: Education and Social Programmes data is updated yearly, averaging 755.838 USD mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.432 USD bn in 2023 and a record low of 233.976 USD mn in 1984. Germany DE: Civil GBARD: Current PPP: Education and Social Programmes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Government Budgets for Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 22,395.000 EUR mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 22,007.356 EUR mn for 2022. Germany DE: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 9,219.223 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22,395.000 EUR mn in 2023 and a record low of 3,313.171 EUR mn in 1981. Germany DE: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.

Germany DE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 7.926 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.794 % for 2020. Germany DE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 3.410 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2021, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.260 % in 2015 and a record low of 0.762 % in 1981. Germany DE: GOVERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

The data in this publication for Germany cover unified Germany from 1991 and western Germany only until 1990.

Between 1991 and 2021, the data for the PNP sector were included in the Government sector. In 2016, the method for calculating R&D coefficients was revised, introducing a break in series in the Higher Education sector. In particular, coefficients are thereafter based on time-use surveys.

From reference year 2014, the distribution of R&D personnel by occupation is requested in the government survey whereas it was previously estimated from data by qualification.

The method for calculating public-financed R&D in the business enterprise sector was reviewed, resulting in the revision of business enterprise R&D and the national total back to 1991.

In 1992 the methodology of the survey on resources devoted to R&D in the Government sector was changed.

For 1997, the methodology for allocating GBARD by socio-economic objective changed. For 1997 and from 2001 to 2015, the global budget reduction was not distributed proportionally across SEO by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Therefore, the sum of the breakdown for those years does not add to the total. From 2016 onwards the global reduction is distributed across SEO proportionally.