Data and replication files (Stata).

While the shadow economy seems to have both positive and negative effects on a country’s macroeconomy, almost all governments have attempted to control the shadow economy to prevent the loss of tax revenues and the attendant impact on the government budget. Even though official development assistance (ODA) has no formal link with the shadow economy, we often observe a relationship between the two in recipient countries. We argue that ODA can increase the size of the shadow economy in recipient countries through both government and individual-level flows of ODA to the shadow economy. We analyzed data on the shadow economies of 107 ODA recipients from 1990 to 2018 using both fixed effect and Driscoll–Kraay estimators. The results show that recipients receiving a higher volume of ODA are more likely to have a larger shadow economy. Moreover, the relationship between ODA and the shadow economy is stronger in more corrupt recipients. We dealt with endogeneity issues using the generalized method of moments, which supported our findings.

In May 2021, the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) of the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS), Southwest Biological Science Center (SBSC) acquired airborne multispectral high resolution data for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA. The imagery data consist of four bands (Band 1 – red, Band 2 – green, Band 3 – blue, and Band 4 – near infrared) with a ground resolution of 20 centimeters (cm). These image data are available to the public as 16-bit GeoTIFF files, which can be read and used by most geographic information system (GIS) and image-processing software. The spatial reference of the image data are in the State Plane (SP) map projection using the central Arizona zone (FIPS 0202) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) National Adjustment of 2011 (NA2011). The airborne data acquisition was conducted under contract by Fugro Earthdata Inc (Fugro) using two fixed wing aircraft from May 29th to June 4th, 2021 at flight altitudes from approximately 2,440 to 3,350 meters above mean sea level. Fugro produced a corridor-wide mosaic using the best possible flight line images with the least amount of smear, the smallest shadow extent, and clearest, most glint-free water possible. The mosaic delivered by Fugro was then further corrected by GCMRC for smear, shadow extent and water clarity as described in the process steps of this metadata and for previous image acquisitions in Durning et al. (2016) and Davis (2012). 47 ground controls points (GCPs) were used to conduct an independent spatial accuracy assessment by GCMRC. The accuracy calculated from the GCPs is reported at 95% confidence as 0.514 m and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.297 m.

This dataset shows the work of the Language Access Secret Shopper (LASS) program from 2014 onward (though the LASS program did not run in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The LASS program assigns secret shoppers to visit more than 200 of New York City’s service centers to assess how well the service centers provide services to customers with Limited English Proficiency (LEP). As used in this dataset, LEP individuals do not speak English as their primary language and have a limited ability to read, speak, write, or understand English. Additional information is available at https://www.nyc.gov/site/operations/performance/language-access-secret-shopper-program.page#:~:text=Started%20in%202010%2C%20LASS%20secret,and%20highlight%20exceptional%20customer%20service.

The data describes the potential area of impact of ‘significant’ areas of woodland upon breeding wading birds due to the predation shadow associated with the woodland. The purpose is to support users of the ‘Guidance to help inform when an upland breeding wader survey is needed and when woodland creation is likely to appropriate’ (Defra/FC/NE, 11 August 2022). Note: To provide a balance of stability and flexibility this interim guidance will be in place for one year. The guidance will be reviewed and then republished by August 2023. National Forest Inventory (NFI) woodland was selected, aggregated together based on size and distance criteria, and then buffered by 500m to produce this layer. The definition of woodland included in the NFI is as follows: A minimum area of 0.5 ha under stands of growing trees greater than 20m in width, with a canopy cover of at least 20% comprised of trees at least 5 metres in height or having the potential to achieve this. This definition relates to land use, rather than land cover, so newly established woodland, integral open space and felled areas within existing woodland that are awaiting restocking are included as woodland. Woodland was considered ‘significant’ if it formed a contiguous block of more than 5 ha which also meets the above NFI definition. Separate areas of woodland are considered contiguous where there is a separation of 20 metres or less. The data covers the area in scope of the wader guidance - Northumberland, Durham, Cumbria, Yorkshire, Lancashire, North York Moors and the Peak District. Attribution statement: Contains OS data © Crown copyright [and database right] [year].

Code and Data to replicate all tables and figures in "The Shadow Cabinet in Westminster Systems: Modeling Opposition Agenda Setting in the House of Commons, 1832--1915" by Eggers and Spirling

Awareness leaflet on tank maintenance

NIER Forecast: Consumer Price Index: Shadow data was reported at 411.170 1980=100 in 2028. This records an increase from the previous number of 403.020 1980=100 for 2027. NIER Forecast: Consumer Price Index: Shadow data is updated yearly, averaging 279.140 1980=100 from Dec 1980 (Median) to 2028, with 49 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 411.170 1980=100 in 2028 and a record low of 100.000 1980=100 in 1980. NIER Forecast: Consumer Price Index: Shadow data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Institute of Economic Research. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.I006: Consumer Price Index: Shadow: 1980=100: Forecast: National Institute of Economic Research.

Current list of NSW Parliament Shadow Ministers.

URL: https://geoscience.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/bh023081

Empirical results on the causality relationship between shadow economy and national intellectual capital.

Comprehensive information is collected and published, quarterly on all Irish-resident investment funds. The main dataset details stock and transactions, with information on the scale, composition, geographical and sectoral exposures of funds’ assets and liabilities. Funds data are transmitted to the Central Statistics Office and the European Central Bank to feed into Irish and euro area balance of payments and national accounts statistics. The data are also a key input into the measurement of shadow banking based on Financial Stability Board definitions.

Description of variables and measurement.

Empirical findings on the effects of national intellectual capital on the shadow economy using the DOLS and FMOLS estimations.

Results of the cointegration test.