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1. Data include raw data

2. Analysis using bootstrapping method to determine whether sleep mediate shift work and QOL

3. Baron and Kenny method to determine lifestyle factor mediate shift work and QOL

During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, employment in the retail sector experienced a significant drop in hours and shifts. While supermarkets and major online retailers saw impressive growth and profitability, brick and mortar retail shrunk, in large part due to lockdowns. Employees belonging to Generation Z and millennials were the ones who saw the largest drop in their number of shifts and hours, both at 44 percent.

In 2021, the majority of the Dutch did not work shifts. Over 82 percent of survey respondents stated not to work shifts, whereas 13 percent said to usually work shifts.

During a June 2020 survey, participants were asked why their work hours had shifted while working from home during the coronavirus pandemic. Among the respondents, 72.4 percent answered that heavy phone usage had caused them to have different hours that they would in office. Additionally, 26.3 percent said that a hangover was keeping them from their normal hours.

Objectives: Night-shift work may adversely affect health. This study aimed to determine the impact of night-shift work on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and assess whether sleep quality was a mediating factor.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: 11 manufacturing factories in Malaysia.

Participants: 177 night-shift workers aged 40 to 65 years old were compared with 317 non-night-shift work.

Primary and secondary outcomes: Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on socio-demography and lifestyle factors, short Form-12v2 Health Survey (SF-12), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Baron and Kenny's method, Sobel test and multiple mediation model with bootstrapping were used to determine whether PSQI score or its components mediated the association between night-shift work and HRQoL.

Results: Night-shift work was associated with sleep impairment and HRQoL. Night-shift workers had significantly lower mean scores in all the eight SF-12 domains (p<0.001). Compared to non-night shift workers, night-shift workers were significantly more likely to report poorer sleep quality, longer sleep latency, shorter sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and daytime dysfunction (p<0.001). Mediation analyses showed that PSQI global score mediated the association between night-shift work and HRQoL. "Subjective sleep quality" (indirect effect=-0.24, standard error [SE]=0.14, bias corrected 95%Confidence Interval [BC 95%CI]: -0.58 to -0.01) and "sleep disturbances" (indirect effect=-0.79, SE=0.22, BC 95%CI: -1.30 to -0.42) were mediators for the association between night-shift work and physical wellbeing, whereas "sleep latency" (indirect effect=-0.51, SE=0.21, BC 95%CI: -1.02 to -0.16) and "daytime dysfunction" (indirect effect=-1.11, SE=0.32, BC 95%CI: -1.86 to -0.58) were mediators with respect to mental wellbeing.

Conclusion: Sleep quality partially explains the association between night-shift work and poorer HRQoL. Organisations should treat the sleep quality of night-shift workers as a top priority area for action in order to improve their employees' overall wellbeing.

This study investigated the dietary behavior of experienced shiftwork nurses and aimed to identify factors related to dietary behavior. This study was a secondary analysis based on the Shift Work Nurses’ Health and Turnover study among Korean nurses. In total, 247 experienced shiftwork nurses were included.

Background: Scheduled napping during work shifts may be an effective way to mitigate fatigue-related risk. This study aimed to critically review and synthesize existing literature on the impact of scheduled naps on fatigue-related outcomes for EMS personnel and similar shift worker groups. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed of the impact of a scheduled nap during shift work on EMS personnel or similar shift workers. The primary (critical) outcome of interest was EMS personnel safety. Secondary (important) outcomes were patient safety; personnel performance; acute states of fatigue, alertness, and sleepiness; indicators of sleep duration and/or quality; employee retention/turnover; indicators of long-term health; and cost to the system. Meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of napping on a measure of personnel performance (the psychomotor vigilance test [PVT]) and measures of acute fatigue. Results: Of 4,660 unique records identified, 13 experimental studies were determined relevant and summarized. The effect of napping on reaction time measured at the end of shift was small and non-significant (SMD 0.12, 95% CI −0.13 to 0.36; p = 0.34). Napping during work did not change reaction time from the beginning to the end of the shift (SMD −0.01, 95% CI −25.0 to 0.24; p = 0.96). Naps had a moderate, significant effect on sleepiness measured at the end of shift (SMD 0.40, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.72; p = 0.01). The difference in sleepiness from the start to the end of shift was moderate and statistically significant (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.72; p = 0.01). Conclusions: Reviewed literature indicated that scheduled naps at work improved performance and decreased fatigue in shift workers. Further research is required to identify the optimal timing and duration of scheduled naps to maximize the beneficial outcomes.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The Great Britain Historical Database has been assembled as part of the ongoing Great Britain Historical GIS Project. The project aims to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain at sub-county scales. Further information about the project is available on A Vision of Britain webpages, where users can browse the database's documentation system online.

ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between shift work and mental health, particularly insomnia, depression, and suicidal ideation, among electronics production workers.MethodsA survey was conducted with 14,226 workers from an electronics manufacturer in South Korea. After excluding 112 individuals with incomplete responses, 14,114 respondents were analyzed. As part of a larger project, we collected data on respondents’ general characteristics, work-related characteristics, and health status; however, in this study, we focused on the data related to shift work and mental health. Insomnia, depression, and suicidal ideation were set as dependent variables and working schedule as set as the independent variable. We performed multiple logistic regression analysis with daytime workers as the reference group. The model was adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, workplace, educational level, and marital status with or without children under 6 years of age.ResultsRelative to daytime workers, shift workers had 2.35, 1.23, and 1.17 greater odds of insomnia, depression, and suicidal ideation, respectively. Within the shift worker group, we found that the odds of depression and suicidal ideation increased dramatically when respondents had insomnia. The ORs for depression and suicidal ideation were 4.899 and 7.934, respectively.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that shift work is related to an increased risk of mental health problems in production workers, and the sleep disturbance related with shift work is a central mechanism for this relationship. Since these results suggest that proactive management of sleep problems might attenuate their detrimental effects on shift worker’s mental health.

This paper measures aggregate changes in job characteristics in the U.S. from 2005 to 2015, and decomposes those changes into components representing shifts within occupations and changes in occupational employment shares. Per our title, within-occupation changes dominate, raising doubts about the ability of projections based on expected changes in the occupational composition of employment to capture the likely future of work. Indeed, our data show only weak relationships between automatability, repetitiveness, and other job attributes and changes in occupational employment. The results suggest that analysts give greater attention to within-occupation impacts of technology in assessing the future of work.

Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of number of night shifts for metabolic syndrome and the five components in generalized estimating equations among night shift workers (N = 2109).

The past decades, studies indicated that night shift work is associated with adverse health effects, however, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. A few previous studies have hypothesized a role for DNA-methylation (DNAm) in this relationship. We performed a cross-sectional epigenome-wide association study, to investigate if night shift work is associated with genome-wide DNAm changes and DNAm-based biological age acceleration, based on previously developed so-called ‘epigenetic clocks.’ Short term (2–6 years) and intermediate term (10–16 years) night shift workers, along with age and sex matched dayworkers (non-shift workers) were selected from the Lifelines Cohort Study. For genome-wide methylation analysis the Infinium Methylation EPIC array (Ilumina) was used. Linear regression analyses were used to detect differences in methylation at individual CpG-sites associated with night shift work. Pathway analysis was performed based on KEGG pathways and predictions of age acceleration in night shift workers were performed based on four previously developed epigenetic age calculators. Only in women, differences in methylation at individual CpG-sites were observed between night shift workers and non-shift workers. Most of these differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were observed in intermediate term night shift workers. Pathway analysis shows involvement of pathways related to circadian rhythm and cellular senescence. Increased age acceleration was observed only in short-term night shift workers (men and women). This might be indicative of adaptation to night shift work or a so-called healthy worker effect. In conclusion, these results show that DNA methylation changes are associated with night shift work, specifically in women.

Making shift work tolerable is a book. It was written by Timothy H. Monk and published by SETAC in 1992.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between individual natural light exposure, sleep need, and depression at two latitudes, one extreme with a few hours of light per day during winter, and the other with equal hours of light and darkness throughout the year. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a sample of Brazilian workers (Equatorial, n = 488 workers) and a Swedish sample (Arctic, n = 1,273). Results: The reported mean total natural light exposure per 4-week cycle differed significantly between the Equatorial and Arctic regions. However, shiftworkers from both sites reported similar hours of natural light exposure. Short light exposure was a predictor for insufficient sleep. Conclusion: Reduced exposure to natural light appears to increase the perception of obtaining insufficient sleep. Arctic workers were more prone to develop depression than Equatorial workers.

In 2021, around 4.8 percent of working adults in the United States who usually worked an evening or night shift reported serious psychological distress in the past 30 days. This statistic shows the percentage of working adults in the United States aged 18–64 who reported serious psychological distress in the past 30 days, by type of work shift.

The Work Stoppages program provides monthly and annual data and analysis of major work stoppages involving 1,000 or more workers lasting one full shift or longer. The monthly and annual data show the establishment and union(s) involved in the work stoppage along with the location, the number of workers and the days of idleness. The monthly data list all work stoppages involving 1,000 or more workers that occurred during the full calendar month for each month of the year. The annualized data provide statistics, analysis and details of each work stoppage of 1,000 or more workers that occurred during the year. The work stoppages data are gathered from public news sources, such as newspapers and the Internet. The BLS does not distinguish between strikes and lock-outs in the data; both are included in the term "work stoppages". For more information and data visit: https://www.bls.gov/wsp/

Displaced Workers: Provides data on workers who lost a job in the last 3 years due to plant closing, shift elimination, or other work-related reason. Job Tenure: Provides data that will measure an individual’s tenure with his/her current employer and in his/her current occupation.

Objectives: Shiftworkers routinely obtain inadequate sleep, which has major health consequences. Sleep hygiene describes a range of behaviours, lifestyle and environmental factors that can improve sleep. To date, limited research has examined sleep hygiene in shiftworkers. This study aimed to assess the sociodemographic and behavioural correlates of sleep hygiene knowledge and engagement with sleep hygiene practices in Australian shiftworkers.

Study Design: An online, cross-sectional survey.

Setting and Participants: Australian adults from across multiple industries (n = 588) who work shift work.

Measures: The online survey included questions regarding sleep hygiene knowledge, and questions from modified versions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Sleep Hygiene Index.

Results: Of the 588 participants, 52.9% reported having heard of ‘sleep hygiene’. Of these participants, 77.5% reported understanding the term moderately, extremely or very well. Engagement with each sleep hygie...

Night shift work is associated with increased breast cancer risk, but the molecular mechanisms are not well-understood. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between night shift work parameters (current status, duration/years, and intensity) and methylation in circadian genes as a potential mechanism underlying the carcinogenic effects of night shift work. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 74 female healthcare employees (n = 38 day workers, n = 36 night shift workers). The Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC beadchip was applied to DNA extracted from blood samples to measure methylation using a candidate gene approach at 1150 CpG loci across 22 circadian genes. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between night shift work parameters and continuous methylation measurements (β-values) for each CpG site. The false-discovery rate (q = 0.2) was used to account for multiple comparisons. Compared to day workers, current night shift workers demonstrated hypermethylation in the 5ʹUTR region of CSNK1E (q = 0.15). Individuals that worked night shifts for ≥10 years exhibited hypomethylation in the gene body of NR1D1 (q = 0.08) compared to those that worked

Labour Force Survey 4th Quarter 2013, Supplementary Survey Concerning On-call Shifts and Temporary Employment

As of the 1st quarter of 1972, SSB has conducted official quarterly labour force surveys (AKU). These surveys aim to give the labour force authorities (and other people interested) knowledge of the occupational structure of the population and how it develops over time. The surveys are meant to give a foundation and statistical material for occupational prognoses and labour research. The samples in AKU are from 1992 representative at county level. In the period 1972-1991 they were representative on county pair level.

As from January 2006 some major changes were introduced to AKU in order to enhance its comparability to similar surveys in other countries. The changes consist of minor definitional adjustments of unemployment, some adjustments and enlargement of the questionnaire and a change in age definition (age at reference point instead of at the end of the year). Simultaneously the lower age limit to be included in AKU was lowered from 16 to 15 years. This led to some breaks in the time series in the aforementioned areas.

Originally, AKU respondents were interviewed in two consecutive quarters of a year, followed by a pause of two quarters, and then another two quarters of interviews. The sample was approximately 10-11.000 respondents in each quarter up until 1988. Originally, AKU was intended to be an analytical supplement to the monthly occupational statistics that was based on the social security membership index file. However, the social security-based statistics disappeared when the sickness benefit was included in the National Insurance as of 1st of January 1971, and AKU has after gradually developed into the most significant source of knowledge of the state of the labour market and its development.

In 1975, Statistics Norway changed the sampling frame of survey research, see article 37: “Om bruk av stikkprøver ved kontoret for intervjuundersøkelser”, SSB (About the Use of Random Samples at the Office for Survey Research, Statistics Norway) by Steinar Tamsfoss, and SØS 33: “Prinsipper og metoder for Statistisk sentralbyrås utvalgsundersøkelse (Principles and Methods for Statistics Norway's sample research) by Ib Thomsen. Simultaneously, the method for estimation of inflation to national numbers was changed, so that reasonable numbers for regions do exist from 1975 and onwards. The change in 1975 led to a different way of interviewing in groups. This caused amongst other things a break with the AKU panel systematics.

In the AKU survey of 1976, a slightly changed questionnaire was introduced. Also, there was a return to the original 6-quarter rotation scheme. The new questionnaire implied a better identification of family workers and persons that are temporarily without paid work. Thus, 30-35 000 more people were defined as employed. The group of "job-seekers without income" were also extended to include persons that were on an involuntary leave of absence. The questions concerning underemployment and “over employment” in the original questionnaire were abandoned.

From the 1st quarter of 1987, the estimation method (inflation to national numbers) was slightly changed. There was also a minor adjustment in the definition of employment. In order to ensure that the numbers were to be comparable to earlier surveys, new versions of the 1980-1986 AKU-files were drawn up. Consequently two versions of the 1980-1987 files - respectively with the old and new methods of estimation - exist. The “old” means that the data are comparable to the original numbers published in the period of 1972 - 1987, whilst the “new” implies that the data are comparable to numbers published after 1987.

Between the 1st and 2nd quarter of 1988, the AKU file description was changed. The variable “Labour-market status” was given a different coding. In addition, adjustments in the data collections were made - from interviewing a specific week every quarter to carry out continuous weekly interviews. In addition, an escalation scheme to increase the sample size was started. This affected the weights, and from the 2nd quarter of 1988, these were recalculated monthly. To balance out the quarterly or yearly files to total national numbers, the monthly weights therefore had to be divided in three or twelve to give the correct total number.

In 1996, AKU was significantly revised: The questionnaire, the file description and the standard for coding of industry and occupation. The data collection also changed to CATI - Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing. A new classification of industry was put into use (NOS C 182, based on the EU standard NACE, Rev.1). This standard was updated in 2002 and 2007. Also, the new Norwegian standard classification of occupations (STYRK) based on ISCO 88 was used from 1996 and...