According to the report from the German Institute of Economics, from 2020 to 2040 there will be a decrease in the number of available workers. In 2020, there were 43.5 million people professionally qualified to work but by 2040, this figure is predicted to decline to 39.1 million. These projections are based on high immigration figures.

Attitudes towards immigration in general, integration and immigration of skilled workers.

Attitude towards immigration in general: attitude towards immigration in Germany (scale); significance of immigration policy; satisfaction with the immigration policy of the Federal Government with regard to: concerns of the population, clarification of objectives and measures of immigration policy, integration efforts into German society and the labour market, European solution for immigration to Europe as well as immigration policy in general; important criterion for immigration (e.g. occupation in demand in Germany, family members in Germany, political persecution in the home country, university degree, no delinquency in the home country, good knowledge of German, etc.); policy options for managing and controlling immigration; dealing with rejected asylum seekers or with asylum seekers who have committed crimes (deportation vs. toleration under certain conditions, split-half).

Attitude towards integration: assessment of the coexistence of Germans and immigrants; frequency of various reasons for immigration to Germany (civil war in the home country, lack of prospects, good social security systems in Germany, hope for more money, unemployment, persecution in the home country for political or religious reasons, famine or natural disaster in the home country, part of the family lives in Germany, favours on the country and people in Germany).

Immigration of skilled workers: opinion on the immigration of highly qualified skilled workers from abroad (allow immigration of skilled workers if no one can be found in Germany vs. qualification of the unemployed); assessment of the shortage of skilled workers in Germany; shortage of skilled workers as a task for companies or politicians; areas with a shortage of skilled workers in Germany (nursing, medicine, the computer sector/ digital sector, crafts, industry, gastronomy, tourism, retail trade , others - open); importance of various measures to combat the shortage of skilled workers in Germany (qualification of people already living in Germany, recruitment of skilled workers from other European countries or from non-European countries); evaluation of various measures to regulate immigration for work and training purposes; work permits for qualified immigrants in all occupations vs. only in occupations with a bottleneck; evaluation of the current regulation on the entry of foreigners with a university degree seeking employment; advocacy of the application of this regulation also for the entry of foreigners with recognised vocational training; expected consequences of the planned Immigration Act for skilled workers (significant reduction in the shortage of skilled workers, better management and control of immigration, Germany´s economic development will benefit, stabilisation of social security systems, securing prosperity, enrichment of life in Germany, wages will fall significantly, increasing competition on the labour market, loss of German culture and idiosyncrasy, further parallel societies, increasing crime, increasing danger of terrorism, cultural conflicts); personal contact with people not born in Germany at work, in the circle of friends, in the neighbourhood and in the family; feeling in society rather preferred, rather disadvantaged or appropriately treated; party preference.

Demography: sex; age; education; occupation; occupational status; marital status; household size; number of persons in the household aged 18 and over; migration background; net household income.

Additionally coded was: respondent ID; federal state; local size; weighting factor.

Denmark has experienced a positive migration flow over the past decade. During this period, there was consistently a higher number of immigrants entering the country than emigrants leaving it. Up until 2015, the number of immigrants arriving in Denmark steadily grew. Since then, however, the number of immigrants has decreased. In 2022, a record-high 121,000 people immigrated to Denmark, while around 63,000 people emigrated, meaning that there were almost twice as many immigrants as emigrants that year. The following year, close to 100,000 people immigrated to Denmark.

Tighter immigration laws

The decreasing immigration figures up until 2021 can in part be explained by tighter immigration rules. Since 2015, immigration policies have been strengthened in Denmark. For instance, immigrants are required to work 37 hours a week to qualify for certain social benefits, and the parliament recently passed a legislation making it possible to send asylum seekers to countries outside of the EU while their applications are processed. Despite this tendency, forecasts predict that the number of immigrants will increase and reach 725,000 people in 2029. This is because a high number of immigrants in Denmark come from from other EU countries such as Poland and Germany. As of 2024, nearly 50,000 Danish residents had Polish origins.

Ukrainian refugees driving the number of immigrants

The record-high number of immigrants arriving in Denmark in 2022 was driven by refugees from Ukraine following Russia's invasion of the country in February 2022. Around 6.5 million people have fled Ukraine after the outbreak of the war, and in Denmark, nearly 32,000 of the immigrants that year came from Ukraine. The number of immigrants arriving in the country in 2022 was significantly higher than in 2015, the previous record year, when a high number of Syrian refugees arrived in the country.

Public use data set on new legal immigrants to the U.S. that can address scientific and policy questions about migration behavior and the impacts of migration. A survey pilot project, the NIS-P, was carried out in 1996 to inform the fielding and design of the full NIS. Baseline interviews were ultimately conducted with 1,127 adult immigrants. Sample members were interviewed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, with half of the sample also interviewed at three months. The first full cohort, NIS-2003, is based on a nationally representative sample of the electronic administrative records compiled for new immigrants by the US government. NIS-2003 sampled immigrants in the period May-November 2003. The geographic sampling design takes advantage of the natural clustering of immigrants. It includes all top 85 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and all top 38 counties, plus a random sample of other MSAs and counties. Interviews were conducted in respondents'' preferred languages. The baseline was multi-modal: 60% of adult interviews were administered by telephone; 40% were in-person. The baseline round was in the field from June 2003 to June 2004, and includes in the Adult Sample 8,573 respondents, 4,336 spouses, and 1,072 children aged 8-12. A follow-up was planned for 2007. Several modules of the NIS were designed to replicate sections of the continuing surveys of the US population that provide a natural comparison group. Questionnaire topics include Health (self-reports of conditions, symptoms, functional status, smoking and drinking history) and use/source/costs of health care services, depression, pain; background; (2) Background: Childhood history and living conditions, education, migration history, marital history, military history, fertility history, language skills, employment history in the US and foreign countries, social networks, religion; Family: Rosters of all children; for each, demographic attributes, education, current work status, migration, marital status and children; for some, summary indicators of childhood and current health, language ability; Economic: Sources and amounts of income, including wages, pensions, and government subsidies; type, value of assets and debts, financial assistance given/received to/from respondent from/to relatives, friends, employer, type of housing and ownership of consumable durables. * Dates of Study: 2003-2007 * Study Features: Longitudinal * Sample Size: 13,981

Facts and Figures 2017: Immigration Overview Temporary Residents presents the annual intake of permit holders and refugee claimants from 1997 to 2017. The report also shows the total count of permit holders and asylum claimants with valid permit(s) in each calendar year and the total count of permit holders and asylum claimants as at December 31st of each year. The main body of the publication consists of a series of statistical tables and charts covering the ten-year period from 2007 to 2017. In Facts & Figures 2015 for Temporary Residents, numbers on International Mobility Program (IMP) Work Permit Holders for Work Purposes increased due to the moving of the Post-graduate Employment Work Permit Holders population from Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes to Work Permit Holders for Work Purposes under the International Mobility Program. As a result of this, the Facts & Figures 2017 reports reflect a corresponding decrease in the number of Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes. These changes have been applied retroactively. The Post-Graduation Work Permit Program (PGWPP) allows students who have graduated from a participating Canadian post-secondary institution to gain valuable Canadian work experience. Skilled Canadian work experience gained through the PGWPP potentially helps graduates qualify for permanent residence in Canada through the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). Facts & Figures 2013 had previously counted those who held Post-Graduation Work Permits as Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes. However, Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes is a category for individuals who are primarily students and who are also allowed to get a work permit (e.g., Co-op students) because it is integral to their course of studies. To get a PGWP, in contrast, an individual must have ceased to be a student – it is a requirement that the individual must have graduated from their program."

The United States hosted, by far, the highest number of immigrants in the world in 2020. That year, there were over 50 million people born outside of the States residing in the country. Germany and Saudi Arabia followed behind at around 16 and 13 million, respectively. There are varying reasons for people to emigrate from their country of origin, from poverty and unemployment to war and persecution. American Migration People migrate to the United States for a variety of reasons, from job and educational opportunities to family reunification. Overall, in 2021, most people that became legal residents of the United States did so for family reunification purposes, totaling 385,396 people that year. An additional 193,338 people became legal residents through employment opportunities. In terms of naturalized citizenship, 113,269 people from Mexico became naturalized American citizens in 2021, followed by people from India, the Philippines, Cuba, and China. German Migration Behind the United States, Germany also has a significant migrant population. Migration to Germany increased during the mid-2010's, in light of the Syrian Civil War and refugee crisis, and during the 2020’s, in light of conflict in Afghanistan and Ukraine. Moreover, as German society continues to age, there are less workers in the labor market. In a low-migration scenario, Germany will have 37.2 million skilled workers by 2040, compared to 39.1 million by 2040 in a high-migration scenario. In both scenarios, this is still a decrease from 43.5 skilled workers in 2020.

A report that provides an overview of the previous 10 years of Migration Program outcomes.\r \r These de-identified statistics are periodically checked for privacy and other compliance requirements. The statistics were temporarily removed in March 2024 in response to a question about privacy within the emerging technological environment. Following a thorough review and risk assessment, the Department of Home Affairs has republished the dataset.

This table is part of a series of tables that present a portrait of Canada based on the various census topics. The tables range in complexity and levels of geography. Content varies from a simple overview of the country to complex cross-tabulations; the tables may also cover several censuses.

The short survey on current issues relating to migration / integration was conducted by the Verian opinion research institute on behalf of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. During the survey period from 27.02.2024 to 05.03.2024, the German-speaking population aged 14 and over was asked about their attitudes to migration and integration in telephone interviews (CATI). The focus is on attitudes towards refugee issues, immigration in general and the federal government´s immigration policy. Respondents were selected using a multi-stage random sample as part of a multi-topic survey (Emnid bus), including landline and mobile phone numbers (dual-frame sample).
Agreement with statements on the topic of immigration to Germany (integration of immigrants into German society has been successful overall so far, there are already so many immigrants living in Germany that no more can be taken in, immigrants are causing a very sharp rise in crime in Germany, I think it´s good that Germany is becoming more culturally diverse through immigration, Germany needs immigration); satisfaction with various aspects of the federal government´s immigration policy (dealing with the population´s concerns about immigration, how the objectives and measures of immigration policy are explained to the population, efforts to date to integrate immigrants into the German labor market, efforts to date to find a European solution for immigration to Europe); concerns about current refugee numbers in Germany; short-term and long-term forecast regarding the advantages or disadvantages for Germany of accepting refugees; opinion on rather simplified or rather more difficult immigration regulations for different immigrant groups (refugees from Ukraine, refugees from Syria or Afghanistan, refugees from other countries, skilled workers from non-European countries); assessment of the payment card for refugees instead of cash as useful vs. not useful; perception of problems in connection with refugees in the local area; naming of specific problems (open).

Demography: sex; age; education; occupation; household size; number of people in the household aged 14 and over; party preference; voting eligibility; net household income; survey via mobile or landline.

Additionally coded: consecutive respondent number; weighting factor; interview date; city size (BIK city size and political city size); federal state; survey area west/east.

Facts and Figures 2015: Immigration Overview Temporary Residents presents the annual intake of permit holders and refugee claimants from 1994 to 2015. The report also shows the total count of permit holders and refugee claimants with valid permit(s) in each calendar year and the total count of permit holders and refugee claimants as at December 31st of each year. The main body of the publication consists of a series of statistical tables and charts covering the ten-year period from 2006 to 2015. In Facts & Figures 2015 for Temporary Residents, numbers on International Mobility Program (IMP) Work Permit Holders for Work Purposes increased due to the moving of the Post-graduate Employment Work Permit Holders population from Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes to Work Permit Holders for Work Purposes under the International Mobility Program. As a result of this, the Facts & Figures 2015 reports reflect a corresponding decrease in the number of Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes. These changes have been applied retroactively. The Post-Graduation Work Permit Program (PGWPP) allows students who have graduated from a participating Canadian post-secondary institution to gain valuable Canadian work experience. Skilled Canadian work experience gained through the PGWPP potentially helps graduates qualify for permanent residence in Canada through the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). Facts & Figures 2013 had previously counted those who held Post-Graduation Work Permits as Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes. However, Work Permit Holders for Study Purposes is a category for individuals who are primarily students and who are also allowed to get a work permit (e.g., Co-op students) because it is integral to their course of studies. To get a PGWP, in contrast, an individual must have ceased to be a student – it is a requirement that the individual must have graduated from their program.

This statistic displays the opinions on highly skilled immigration in the Netherlands in 2018. In this survey, respondents were asked whether they would be in favor of the Netherlands encouraging highly skilled people to immigrate to the Netherlands. Over 60 percent of the participants stated to be in support of this.

This dataset contains selected series on immigration, emigration, population and trade drawn from published Statistics NZ and Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment data.

Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.

The Federal Government’s Joint Standing Committee on Migration has recommended the government make it easier for skilled migrants to enter the country, amid a labour shortage.

The short survey on current issues relating to migration/integration was conducted by the opinion research institute Kantar Public on behalf of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. During the survey period from 16.08.2023 to 22.08.2023, the German-speaking population aged 14 and over was asked about their attitudes to migration and integration in telephone interviews (CATI). The focus is on attitudes towards refugee issues, immigration and the federal government´s immigration policy, as well as general issues relating to citizenship law. Respondents were selected using a multi-stage random sample as part of a multi-topic survey (Emnid bus), including landline and mobile phone numbers (dual-frame sample).
Concerns about the current number of refugees in Germany; short-term and long-term forecast regarding the advantages or disadvantages for Germany of accepting refugees; attitude towards accepting more refugees from Ukraine; attitude towards accepting more refugees from other countries; opinion on rather simplified or rather more difficult immigration regulations for the following groups (refugees from Ukraine, refugees from Syria or Afghanistan, refugees from other countries, skilled workers from non-European foreigners); attitude towards citizenship law (German citizenship in future no longer after 8 years but after just 5 years in Germany, no renunciation of citizenship of the country of origin, no naturalization test and only basic knowledge of German if older than 67 years); agreement with statements on immigration to Germany (integration of immigrants into German society has been successful overall so far, there are already so many immigrants living in Germany that no more can be taken in, immigrants are causing a sharp rise in crime in Germany, I think it´s good that Germany is becoming more culturally diverse through immigration); satisfaction with various aspects of the German government´s immigration policy (dealing with the population´s concerns about immigration, how the objectives and measures of immigration policy are explained to the population, efforts to date to integrate immigrants into the German labor market, efforts to date to find a European solution for immigration to Europe).

Demography: sex; age; education; occupation; household size; number of persons in the household aged 14 and over; party preference; voter eligibility; net household income; survey via mobile or landline.

Additionally coded: consecutive respondent number; weighting factor; interview date; city size (BIK city size and political city size); federal state; survey area west/east.

This dataset contains one of the main outputs of a study on international migration among published researchers from and to the United Kingdom. The migration flows are inferred from the changes of affiliation addresses in Scopus publications from 1996-2020. Scopus data is owned and maintained by Elsevier.This dataset is provided under a CC BY-NC-SA Creative Commons v 4.0 license (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). This means that other individuals may remix, tweak, and build upon these data non-commercially, as long as they provide citations to this data repository (10.6084/m9.figshare.14207369) and the reference article listed below, and license the new creations under the identical terms.For more details about the study, please refer to Sanliturk et al. (2021).The dataset is provided in a comma-separated values file (.csv file) and each row represents the migration flow of research-active scholars from a country to another country in a specific year. Either the origin country or the destination country is the United Kingdom.The data can be used to produce migration models or possibly other measures and estimates. They can also be used as an edge list for creating a network model of migration flows (directed weighted edges) between the UK and other countries (nodes).

This dataset, released in October 2019, contains the statistics of the Skill stream, 2016. The data is by Population Health Area (PHA) 2016 geographic boundaries based on the 2016 Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Population Health Areas, developed by PHIDU, are comprised of a combination of whole SA2s and multiple (aggregates of) SA2s, where the SA2 is an area in the ABS structure. For more information please see the data source notes on the data. Source: Compiled by PHIDU based on the ABS Census and Migrants Integrated Dataset, August 2016. AURIN has spatially enabled the original data. Data that was not shown/not applicable/not published/not available for the specific area ('#', '..', '^', 'np, 'n.a.', 'n.y.a.' in original PHIDU data) was removed.It has been replaced by by Blank cells. For other keys and abbreviations refer to PHIDU Keys.

The French constitute a significant and growing migrant population in the UK, and in particular, London. With a notable concentration employed in highly-skilled occupations, they have been overlooked in migration research which tends to focus on more marginalised and disadvantaged migrant labour. This project will explore the migratory, occupational and settlement careers of highly-skilled French professionals working in London’s financial and business sectors, and contribute to our understanding of their economic, social and cultural role. In examining the interplay of factors shaping migration, occupation and settlement decision-making in this context, the project will inform our understanding of the dynamics of intra-European mobility amongst the highly skilled, and of its policy implications at local, regional, national and EU levels. The study is informed by a qualitative methodology, in the form of semi-structured interviews and focus groups, designed to capture the rich personal narratives of this migrant population’s experiences. The data aims to capture the complexity and diversity of this population through the incorporation of variables such as gender, age, ethnicity, length of residence in London, employment status and family circumstances.

Abstract

This dataset, a product of the Trade Team - Development Research Group, is part of a larger effort in the group to measure the extent of the brain drain as part of the International Migration and Development Program. It measures international skilled migration for the years 1975-2000.

The methodology is explained in: "Tendance de long terme des migrations internationals. Analyse à partir des 6 principaux pays recerveurs", Cécily Defoort.

This data set uses the same methodology as used in the Docquier-Marfouk data set on international migration by educational attainment. The authors use data from 6 key receiving countries in the OECD: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the UK and the US.

It is estimated that the data represent approximately 77 percent of the world’s migrant population.

Bilateral brain drain rates are estimated based observations for every five years, during the period 1975-2000.

Geographic coverage

Australia, Canada, France, Germany, UK and US

Kind of data

Aggregate data [agg]

Mode of data collection

Other [oth]