Classification result classifiers using TF-IDF with SMOTE.

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Classification result of classifiers models using TF without SMOTE.

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Classification results of machine learning models using TF-IDF with SMOTE.

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Classification results of machine learning models using BoW with SMOTE.

Classification results of proposed ER-VC model for binary classification on SMOTE-balanced data.

Classification results of deep neural networks without SMOTE.

Classification results of classifiers using fastText.

Hyperparameter details of all machine learning models.

Strength and weakness of feature representation technique.

Example of different sentiments from the citation sentiment corpus.

Classification results of machine learning models using CNN features with.

Diabetes Mellitus is a global health concern, characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period, leading to severe complications if left unmanaged. The early identification of individuals at risk is critical for effective intervention and treatment. Traditional diagnostic methods rely heavily on clinical symptoms and biochemical tests, which may not capture the underlying genetic predispositions. With the advent of genomics, DNA sequence analysis has emerged as a promising approach to uncover the genetic markers associated with Diabetes Mellitus. However, the challenge lies in accurately classifying DNA sequences to predict susceptibility to the disease, given the complex nature of genetic data. This study addresses this challenge by employing two advanced machine learning models, NuSVC (Nu-Support Vector Classification) and XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting), to classify DNA sequences related to Diabetes Mellitus. The dataset, obtained from reputable sources like NCBI, was preprocessed using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, where DNA sequences were treated as textual data and transformed into numerical features using TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency). To handle the class imbalance in the dataset, SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) was applied. The models were trained and validated using 10-fold cross-validation. XGBoost was trained with up to 300 boosting rounds, and performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC, and log loss. The results demonstrate that XGBoost outperformed NuSVC across all metrics, achieving an accuracy of 98%, a log loss of 0.0650, and an AUC of 1.00, compared to NuSVC’s accuracy of 87%, log loss of 0.2649, and AUC of 0.95. The superior performance of XGBoost indicates its robustness in handling complex genetic data and its potential utility in clinical applications for early diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. The findings of this study underscore the importance of advanced machine learning techniques in genomics and suggest that integrating such models into healthcare systems could significantly enhance predictive diagnostics.