During a 2023 survey, around 35 percent of respondents interviewed in Brazil said they belonged to the middle class. Meanwhile, 24.3 percent of the interviewees defined their social class as "low" and 25.7 percent stated that they were part of the middle class.Furthermore, Brazil's Gini coefficient, an indicator that measures wealth distribution, shows Brazil is one of the most unequal countries in the Latin American region.

In Brazil, 70.6 percent of consumers earned at least the equivalent of the highest 40 percent of global income earners as of 2022 in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Those who earned at least the equivalent of the top 10 percent of global income earners stood at 7.4 percent.

ABSTRACT The article presents a panorama of socioeconomic hierarchies in late Nineteenth-century Brazil. Income analysis of social classes underpins these echelons. Within a theoretical and historical approach focused on social class, the article reckons that the Brazilian Empire was relatively egalitarian in terms of wages. A broad expressiveness of the lower classes, rather than a hypothetical robustness of the middle or the upper classes, explains this equality. The analysis of purchasing power and patterns of consumption made it possible to identify the degree of precariousness of the popular classes, as well as the existence of mainly urban middle classes. Lastly, salary data on the upper classes should not hide concentration of wealth, a main characteristic of the Empire’s decay, which was largely due to a polarized structure of slave property.

The social stratification of food consumption is the main empirical object of this paper. It aims to investigate the possible homology between the practices in the field of food consumption, on the one hand, and the relative positions in social space occupied by social agents, on the other hand. Therefore, such an investigation may be included in a set of studies influenced by Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of class, which the matizes the symbolic dimensional of class relations. Secondarily, this paper attempts to further our understanding of the mechanisms of social reproduction, especially regarding the role of lifestyles in the production and reproduction of inequalities and symbolic hierarchies.

Replication Data for: "The Elusive New Middle Class in Brazil" as published in BPSR, vol. 9, nº 3, 2015.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of social class on the educational performance of young Brazilians students. Our theoretical approach in this study is based on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of social class. We opted for a quantitative methodology using the database of the Basic Education Evaluation System (Saeb) tests carried out in 2013. We used descriptive statistics, correspondence analysis and multiple linear regression. Empirical results showed the persistence of the effects of social class on academic performance, although these results coexist with the impacts of variables related to schooling, individual life story and pedagogical aspects.

Overall, the percentage of the Brazilian population whose average per capita income was below the extreme poverty line experienced a downward trend between 2001 and 2020. In the case of the unemployed and inactive population, the share fluctuates. All statuses peak in 2021, being for the unemployed sector with the highest difference with 21.9 in share increase among them.

This data collection contains the results of a survey measuring political attitudes and behavior in Belo Horizonte, the capital city of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the time of the gubernatorial elections in 1965-1966. Undertaken in two waves -- from July to November l965 -- (before the elections), and June to July 1966 (after the elections) the survey was administered to a total of 645 heads of households and housewives in Belo Horizonte. Data include the respondents' partisan affiliations and their voting behavior over the past few elections, as well as their attitudes toward Brazil's present government, political situation (e.g., agrarian reform, influence of communism, influence of labor unions, and the expected presidential election in 1966), problems facing the country, and their own political efficacy and trust in the government. Other variables describe respondents' mobility (residential, interoccupational, and generational), awareness of social class in Brazil, subjective social status and aspirations, and attitudes toward authority. Demographic and background data include occupation, education, age, marital status, race, sex, literacy, household composition, place of residence before Belo Horizonte, length of residence (if ever) on a farm, length of residence in Belo Horizonte, total monthly income of family, membership in associations, and socioeconomic status.

Abstract The 1990s, seen as the second lost decade, presented low dynamics of production and of the labor market in Brazil and in the Metropolitan Region of Natal (Northeastern Brazil). In this article, we consider that the labor market shows that the social classes are becoming increasingly segmented. Following this perspective, the article was based on Santos (2002) to study the segmentation of the labor market as a proxy for positions and segments of social classes in the analyzed reality. The hypothesis that guides the article is that possession of material assets, as well as qualification and command positions, are crucial to take on better positions in the structure of classes from the distribution standpoint. The analysis of the empirical data allows to increase the level of trust in the formulated hypothesis.

Regardless of the employment status, the percentage of the population of Brazil whose average per capita income was below the poverty line experienced a downward trend between 2001 and 2014. In the case of the unemployed population, the share fell from 51.6 to 31.6 percent. However, the percentage of people in unemployment living under the poverty line has been oscillating since that year, and in 2023 the share stood at 38 percent. Furthermore, less than six percent of employees in Brazil were living under the poverty line that year.

This survey was administered online via Qualtrics from September 18, 2012 to October 11, 2012. Respondents were recruited via advertisements on Facebook, targeted to residents of Brazil ages 18 or older. The purpose of the survey was to investigate a) why Brazilians vote for clergy candidates for city council, b) what effect clergy voting recommendations have on decisions to support other candidates, and c) how Brazilians classify candidates in terms of race and social class. The survey contains experiments designed to test points a) and b), and it examines point c) by asking respondents to rate candidate photos.

Abstract: The occupational specialization of social groups is closely tied to gender, racial, and class identities, segmenting the labor market into perceived White/Black and male/female roles and skills sets. Using data from 100 million formal workers in Brazil (2003–2019), we examine patterns of occupational segmentation across 426 occupations, identifying distinct skill demands and socioeconomic statuses linked to race/skin color and gender. Classifications of “male” or “female” occupations are shaped by required skills, while distinctions between “White” and “Black” occupations reflect socioeconomic status and historical inequalities. Women and men are segmented by gender-associated skill sets, such as engineering versus caregiving skills. Within these skill sets, strong hierarchical segregation persists, with Black individuals disproportionately concentrated in lower socioeconomic status positions. Despite recent socioeconomic changes, occupational specialization patterns have remained stable. Our findings highlight that the strong association between race and lower-status occupations must be addressed for a more inclusive societyIn case of any questions related with the content of this repository, please contact:Ben-Hur Cardoso (benhur.phys@gmail.com)Laís Fernanda S. Souza (lais.fssouza@gmail.com)Flavio L. Pinheiro (fpinheiro@novaims.unl.pt)Dominik Hartmann (dominik.hartmann@ufsc.br)ContentsThis repository contains the following contents:In the Regressions folder, we share the original regression tables supporting the robustness results shown in the Supplementary Material.The Dataset folder contains the minimum data necessary to reproduce all the results in the main manuscript and supplementary information.The Code folder contains two documents with the necessary code to reproduce all the results and visualizations in the main manuscript and supplementary informationDataset Folder DescriptionThe core datasets used in this study are:- CENSUS_data_by_occupation_socialgroup_year.csv: The Relative Specialization (RS) of each ISCO-08 occupation code in relation to its social group in each year, using Brazilian Census Data.- RAIS_data_by_occupation_socialgroup_year.csv: The Relative Specialization (RS) of each ISCO-08 occupation code within social group each year, using RAIS Data.- RAIS_data_by_region_college_age_occupation_socialgroup_year.csv: The Relative Specialization (RS) of each ISCO-08 occupation code with social group in each year, region, college, and age group, using RAIS Data.- RAIS_data_by_age_occupation_socialgroup_year.csv: The Relative Specialization (RS) of each ISCO-08 occupation code within social group in each year and age group, using RAIS Data.- data_by_occupation.csv: for each ISCO-08 occupation code we have-- isco08_label_en: english label of occupation-- phi_SX: the intensity of skill X-- theta_SX: the specialization of skill X-- isei: The ISEI of occupation-- ISEIa: The regressed Adjusted ISEISkills X correspond to a single-digit (from 1 to 8) encoding that refers tocommunication, collaboration, and creativityinformation skillsassisting and caringmanagement skillsworking with computershandling and movingconstructingworking with machinery and specialized equipmentAdditional data files include:- isco08_data.csv: extends the data_by_occupations.csv dataset with the RS by gender/race of each occupation- isco08_skill_similarity.csv, netskill.csv, and node_meta.csv provide information on the skill similarity structure between occupations and meta information at the node level (occupation), compiled from the other datasets mentioned above.- Network_layout.gdf encodes the network layout used to draw the networks.Code Folder DescriptionThis folder is composed of two primary documents:A Jupyter Notebook that contains all the code to generate the main visualizations of the manuscript and regression analysis.A Wolfram Mathematica notebook in which we perform the PCA analysis and generate the Graph/Network visualizations.These two notebooks read and process the shared datasets.

According to a 2024 survey, around ** percent of Brazil's leading social media service user base leaned toward a Right-wing political position. Besides being used by the majority of the country's population, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube reflected the general political landscape among social media platform users in the country. Overall, LinkedIn and Twitch were the platforms with the highest distribution of users holding Right-wing political positions, while Tumblr had the highest proportion of Left-leaning users.

In 2024, the top ten percent in Brazil earned an average of 8,034 Brazilian reals per month before income taxes. This is more than 11 times the average income of the bottom half, which was 713 reals per month in that year.

Regression analyses considering six models (11th March– 10th November 2020).

Brazil Trained Teachers in Primary Education: % of Total Teachers data was reported at 93.000 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 92.242 % for 2020. Brazil Trained Teachers in Primary Education: % of Total Teachers data is updated yearly, averaging 92.242 % from Dec 2019 (Median) to 2021, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 93.000 % in 2021 and a record low of 91.168 % in 2019. Brazil Trained Teachers in Primary Education: % of Total Teachers data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.World Bank.WDI: Social: Education Statistics. Trained teachers in primary education are the percentage of primary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.;UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 5, 2025. https://apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.;Weighted average;