In the financial year 2021, a majority of Indian households fell under the aspirers category, earning between ******* and ******* Indian rupees a year. On the other hand, about ***** percent of households that same year, accounted for the rich, earning over * million rupees annually. The middle class more than doubled that year compared to ** percent in financial year 2005. Middle-class income group and the COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic specifically during the lockdown in March 2020, loss of incomes hit the entire household income spectrum. However, research showed the severest affected groups were the upper middle- and middle-class income brackets. In addition, unemployment rates were rampant nationwide that further lead to a dismally low GDP. Despite job recoveries over the last few months, improvement in incomes were insignificant. Economic inequality While India maybe one of the fastest growing economies in the world, it is also one of the most vulnerable and severely afflicted economies in terms of economic inequality. The vast discrepancy between the rich and poor has been prominent since the last ***** decades. The rich continue to grow richer at a faster pace while the impoverished struggle more than ever before to earn a minimum wage. The widening gaps in the economic structure affect women and children the most. This is a call for reinforcement in in the country’s social structure that emphasizes access to quality education and universal healthcare services.

The nineteenth of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys in New Zealand by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University.A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Attitudes towards social inequality. Social background and good relations as most important prerequisites for success in society; most important criteria for social mobility (scale: personal effort, intelligence or corruption); reasons for and acceptance of social inequality; Self-assessment of payment suitable for performance; estimation of actual and adequate monthly income for occupational groups; responsibility of government to reduce income differences; attitude to a progressive tax rate.Assessment of the economic differences between poor and rich countries; attitude towards compensation by additional taxes in the wealthy countries (Redistribution); justification of better medical supply and better education for people with higher income; assumption of conflicts between social groups in the country; self-assessment on a top-bottom-scale and expectation of the individual level in 10 years; social mobility; criteria for the classification of payment for work (scale: responsibility, education, supervisor function, needed support for family and children or quality of job performance); feeling of a just payment.Characterisation of the actual and the desired social system of the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams; Self-assessment of the respondent as well as classification of an unskilled factory worker and a chairman of a large corporation on a top-bottom-scale; number of books in the parental home in the respondent’s youth.Demography: age; sex; living together with a partner; marital status; school education; denomination; occupation status; profession (ISCO code); occupation in the public sector; autonomy; working hours per week; net income of the respondent; supervisor function; occupation status, profession and supervisor function of the partner; household structure; family income; size of household; city size; region; own unemployment within the last few years and duration of this unemployment; religiousness; frequency of going to church; forms of the faith in God; Self-assessment of the social class; union membership; party preference; participation in elections; living situation and living status; in some countries: ethnic membership of the respondent.

Structure: I) General information on the social indicator systemIa) Background II) The Dimension of life: Income, Standard of Living, and Consumption Patterns I) General information on the social indicator system The time series of the European System of Social Indicators (EUSI) are´social indicators´ used to measure social welfare and social change. The conceptual framework builds on the theoretical discussion of welfare, quality of life and the goals of social development oriented towards them.The basis for defining these indicators is a concept of quality of life that encompasses different areas of life in society. Each area of life can be divided into several target areas. Target dimensions have been defined for the individual target areas, for each of which a set of social indicators (= time series, statistical measures) has been defined. The EUSI indicator time series combine objective living conditions (factual living conditions such as working conditions, income development) and subjective well-being (perceptions, assessments, evaluations) of the population.The time series starts in 1980 and end in 2013.They make it possible to understand social developments by reliable and, over time, comparable data between European countries.They are an important complement to national accounts indicators.EUSI indicators are part of an ongoing debate at European level on measuring welfare and quality of life, which has led to various initiatives by statistical offices in Europe. Ia) Background The social indicator system is the result of a discussion sparked off in the 1970s to measure a country´s prosperity development. Hans-Jürgen Krupp and Wolfgang Zapf initiated this discussion. Together they pointed out in 1972 in an expert opinion for the German Council of Economic Experts that the gross domestic product in particular and the parameters of national accounts (NA) in general are not sufficient to measure social welfare or ignore important aspects. (see:Krupp, H.-J. and Zapf, W. (1977), The role of alternative indicators of prosperity in assessing macroeconomic development. Council for Social and Economic Data, Working Paper No. 171, reprint of the report for the Council of Economic Experts of September 1972: 2011) They developed a multidimensional concept of quality of life in which, in addition to national accounts, the individual development possibilities and the possibilities perceived by individuals for satisfying their needs in different areas of life are also taken into account.The authors define the quality of life as ´the extent to which individuals perceive the satisfaction of their needs´ (1977, reprint: 2011, p. 4). Thus, the purely national economic concept of growth and prosperity is supplemented by categories of sociology and political science, in which ´quality of life is (represents) a positive objective against which efforts to measure and evaluate performance and deficits in the individual areas of life and for different social groups should be oriented´. (Krupp/Zapf, 1977, reprint: 2011, p. 5) In this way, the authors promote comprehensive social reporting that measures the achievement of welfare goals in society.The authors explain the concept of social indicators as follows: ´Social indicators are statistics that differ from usual statistics in several ways.They should measure performance, not the expenditure.They should primarily refer to the welfare of individuals and certain social groups, not to the activities of authorities; however, a whole range of aggregate sizes cannot be dispensed with.They should inform about change processes, i.e., be presented in the form of time series.They should be in a theoretical context, i.e., their causal relationship to the´indicator date´ should be as clear as possible. (… )Social indicators are statistics that often lie far outside the official survey programmes (...)´. (Krupp/ Zapf, 1977, p. 14) Compared to official government reporting, the system of social indicators represents independent reporting (cf. Krupp/Zapf 1977, p. 7) and also includes survey research in addition to official data. Based on the theoretical concept of quality of life, the structural parameters of the indicator system were defined. This means that the areas of life and the target and measurement dimensions belonging to them are operationalized. This initially results in a multidimensional structure with the following levels:1) The current 10 areas of life are the highest level.They have published in histat under the topic ´SIMon: Social Indicators Monitor 1950-2013´.as individual studies.2) The second level is the target areas.Several target areas are assigned to each area of life. They appear as tables in the respective studies.3) The third level is the target dimensions (also called measurement dimensions). This is a subarea that is meaningful for the higher-level life area and for which data is collected for the corresponding target area. For example, a table on the´o...

The second of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys within New Zealand by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University. A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Judgement on social justice and social differences in the country. Social prestige of respondents and selected occupations. Most important prerequisites for personal success in society (scale); attitude to the welfare state and social differences (scale); chances to increase personal standard of living; importance of differentiated payment; higher payment with acceptance of increased responsibility; higher payment as incentive for additional qualification of workers.Avoidability of inequality of society; increased income expectation as motive for taking up studies; good profits for entrepreneurs as best prerequisite for increase in general standard of living; insufficient solidarity of the normal population as reason for the persistence of social inequalities; estimate of average annual income of selected occupational groups and information on a justified income for the members of these occupational groups from the point of view of the respondent.Judgement on the income differences in the country; reduction of income differences, employment guarantee, guaranteed minimum income and equal opportunities for children of poorer families in university admission as government task; attitude to a reduction of government tasks for those of low income; approval of government support for unemployed; judgement on total taxation for recipients of high, middle and low income.Perceived social conflicts in the country; self-classification on a top-bottom scale; social mobility; social origins; education status, responsibility accepted, span of control, family responsibility, good work performance or hard work as most important criteria for establishing work pay; income increase or income reduction of individual income in case of a hypothetical equalization of the total income of the population; personal self-employment and occupation at start of employment.Description of current condition of social pyramid as well as assessment of the situation 30 years ago as well as in 30 years; self-classification on a social prestige scale as well as classification of selected occupations; hours worked each week; employment in private or public sector; span of control; company size; personal union membership and membership of spouse; religiousness; self-classification of social class affiliation; party preference; party inclination; residential status; self-classification on a left-right scale; regional origins.

The ninth of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys within New Zealand, by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University.A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Attitudes towards social inequality. Social background and good relations as most important prerequisites for success in the society; most important criteria for social mobility (scale: personal effort, intelligence or corruption); reasons for and acceptance of social inequality; self-assessment of payment suitable for performance; estimation of actual and adequate monthly income for occupational groups; responsibility of government to reduce income differences; attitude to a progressive tax rate; assessment of the economic differences between poor and rich countries; attitude towards compensation by additional taxes in the wealthy countries (redistribution).Justification of better medical supply and better education for people with higher income; assumption of conflicts between social groups in the country; self-assessment on a top-bottom-scale and expectation of the individual level in 10 years; social mobility; criteria for the classification of payment for work (scale: responsibility, education, supervisor function, needed support for family and children or quality of job performance); feeling of a just payment; characterisation of the actual and the desired social system of the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams; Self-assessment of the respondent as well as classification of an unskilled factory worker and a chairman of a large corporation on a top-bottom-scale; number of books in the parental home in the respondent’s youth.Demography: Age; sex; living together with a partner; marital status; school education; denomination; occupation status; profession (ISCO code); occupation in the public sector; autonomy; working hours per week; net income of the respondent; supervisor function; occupation status, profession and supervisor function of the partner; household structure; family income; size of household; city size; region; own unemployment within the last few years and duration of this unemployment; religiousness; frequency of going to church; forms of the faith in God; Self-assessment of the social class; union membership; party preference; participation in elections; Living situation and living status; in some countries: ethnic membership of the respondent.

The objective of the Social Protection Account operation is to calculate the expenditure and the Revenue of the Social Welfare systems carried out in the Basque Country by any public or private, distributed in four major groups: the Social Security System, the State Public Employment Service, Civil Servant Regimes and Other Systems with Social Welfare Functions, and follows the methodology principles of The European System of Integrated Social Welfare Accounts. The production of the main sector macro-figures allow its impact on the economy of the Basque Country to be analysed and international comparisons to be made.

The "Social, Economic, Environmental, Demographic Information System (SEEDIS)" is a research and development project at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL), and others. It was initiated in 1972 by USDOL as a demonstration project to link data from multiple sources. Since that time, the project has been expanded. SEEDIS's main purpose is to provide accurate, and timely information for policy formulation, implementation and management. The SEEDIS Project addresses these information needs by providing a unified framework for data management, information retrieval, statistical analysis, and graphic display of data from a collection of databases for various geographic levels and time periods, drawn from the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Department of Health and Human Services.

SEEDIS contains information on Census, energy, environment, geography, health, population characteristics, and socioeconomic status. SEEDIS allows the user to produce graphical and map presentations of analyses of combinations of these data for a variety of geographic levels and scope.

SEEDIS' census information relates to population size by major racial and ethnic groupings for 1970 and 1980. These data are variously available at the national, state, county, city and census tract level.

SEEDIS' energy information relates to electrical generating capacity for 1960 through 1995. These data are available at the national, county, and standardized metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) level. The data system also contains 1970 residential housing data, and heating energy requirements in 1970, and biomass resources for 1976 and 2025 at the county geographic level.

SEEDIS' environmental information relates to air quality measurements for criteria pollutants. The data are available for 1974 through 1976 at the census tract level. They are derived from the AIRS data system (formerly SAROAD). Assessments include total suspended particulates (TSP), sulfur and nitrogen dioxides, photochemical oxidants, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfates, and total and nonmethane hydrocarbons. For each pollutant, county estimates of pollutant concentration (at the position of the county population centroid) were calculated as the weighted geometric means of measurements from nearby stations, including stations in nearby counties. The location of the air quality monitoring stations is also available from the National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) data system.

SEEDIS' geographic information relates to the centroids of the 1970 household populations. The data are available for a variety of geographic levels. The areas, centroids, and boundaries of census tracts and counties are also included.

SEEDIS' health information relates to age-, sex-, and race-specific total mortality. The data are available for geographic levels as small as counties for the years 1969 through 1984. In addition, total annual leukemia mortality is available. Cancer incidence for 1973 through 1981 from the Surveillance, Epidemiologic, and End Results (SEER) registers is included for the states that participate in the program.

SEEDIS' population relates to age-, race-, and sex-specific population counts (from the 1980 Census) and estimates for the years 1950 to 1987. The data are available for varying geographic levels. Estimates are available from a variety of sources.

SEEDIS' economic information relates to labor force, employment by industry, income, education, fertility. It also contains data on the Census of Agriculture and many county- and state-specific data. LANGUAGE:

English ACCESS/AVAILABILITY:

Data Center: University of California at Berkeley (UCB) Dissemination Media: Hard copy (specialized data extraction service at cost), tape copies of selected data files File Format: Access Instructions: Contact the data center. Size: Memory Requirements: Operating System: Hardware Required: Software Required: Availability Status: On Request Documentation Available:

Attitude to data protection.

Topics: Occupational contact with personal data; self-assessment of willingness to provide information about personal matters regarding authorities; detailed determination of type and frequency of contacts with authorities; perceived disturbances by the requests for personal data by authorities; personal determination of wrong decisions by authorities due to incorrect storage of personal data; attitude to a data protection law and assessment of a government demand for storage of personal data; detailed determinations of those authorities to whom one would provide information without hesitation; assessment of the danger of abuse of data; attitude to a personal identification and a computer network of authorities; attitude to innovations and computers; attitude to protection of the private sphere; classification of activities in the areas private sphere and public; receipt of social services; type of borrowing and taxes paid; completed insurance policies; last medical treatment and number of visits to the doctor in the last year; last hospital stay; membership in clubs or citizen initiatives; self-assessment of status in various roles, such as e.g. patient, borrower, citizen, insurance policy holder or in occupation; satisfaction with democracy and the political system in the FRG; attitude to reforms and more social justice; relationship with neighborhood; assessment of the size of personal circle of friends.

Scales: attitudes to democracy and the social system.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; school education; vocational training; occupation; employment; household income; size of household; composition of household; head of household; self-assessment of social class.

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about social inequality.
Social background and good relations as most important prerequisites for success in the society; most important criteria for social mobility (scale: personal effort, intelligence or corruption); reasons for and acceptance of social inequality; Self-assessment of payment suitable for performance; estimation of actual and adequate monthly income for occupational groups; responsibility of government to reduce income differences; attitude to a progressive tax rate; assessment of the economic differences between poor and rich countries; attitude towards compensation by additional taxes in the wealthy countries (Redistribution); justification of better medical supply and better education for people with higher income; assumption of conflicts between social groups in the country; self-assessment on a top-bottom-scale and expectation of the individual level in 10 years; social mobility; criteria for the classification of payment for work (scale: responsibility, education, supervisor function, needed support for family and children or quality of job performance); feeling of a just payment; characterisation of the actual and the desired social system of the country, measured by classification on pyramid diagrams; Self-assessment of the respondent as well as classification of an unskilled factory worker and a chairman of a large corporation on a top-bottom-scale; number of books in the parental home in the respondent’s youth.

Demography: Age; gender; living together with a partner; marital status; school education; denomination; occupation status; profession (ISCO code); occupation in the public sector; autonomy; working hours per week; net income of the respondent; supervisor function; occupation status as well as profession and supervisor function of the partner; household structure; family income; size of household; city size; region; unemployment within the last few years and duration of unemployment; religiousness; frequency of church attendance; forms of the faith in God; Self-assessment of the social class; union membership; party preference; participation in elections; living situation and living status; in some countries: ethnic membership of the respondent.

The survey conducted by the opinion research institute Kantar on behalf of the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government focuses on people working in system-relevant professions during the Corona pandemic. The focus is on working conditions, the importance of work, the influence of the Corona pandemic on their own occupation, attitudes towards government support and expectations for the future.
Personal situation and working conditions: life satisfaction; satisfaction with certain aspects of life (working conditions, education and qualification, health situation, professional remuneration, family situation and financial situation); dissatisfaction with certain working conditions (e.g. place of work, working hours, compatibility of family and work, overtime, etc.); assessment of personal working conditions (working time, time pressure, structure, effort, influence of Corona on working conditions, recognition by the pandemic, worsening of working conditions during the pandemic); assessment of work-life balance; shift work; working hours: Frequency per week of work before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m.; frequency of weekend work per month; frequency of overtime and its compensation; temporary employment;

Importance of work: importance of work; change in importance of work by Corona; recognition for work from the following groups of people: from the company/employer, from colleagues, from other people in the professional environment, from the personal private environment, from society in general and from politics; identification with one´s own work;

Impact of Corona: impact of the pandemic on working hours; impact of the pandemic on personal income (financial losses); feeling safe from infection at work; reasons for fear of infection at work; vaccination status or willingness to be vaccinated; stress in the work environment during the pandemic (health care sector, child care/ education sector); occupational responsibility for monitoring compliance with Corona measures; stress at work in monitoring Corona measures and in monitoring compliance with hygiene measures in the health care sector, education sector and trade; support from the employer; consideration of a change of employer/ job during the pandemic;

Government support: satisfaction with the federal government´s Corona crisis management; assessment of government support during the pandemic; attitude towards the government´s responsibility for working conditions and remuneration; awareness of current measures and support offers of the federal government for one´s own occupational group; assessment of these measures and support offers of the federal government; use of these support offers; assessment of government support for people in system-relevant professions; mention of additional helpful measures for system-relevant professions during the Corona crisis (open);

Future: future expectations of own occupational field; wishes for change in own occupational field after the pandemic (open); most important conditions for the future viability of the health sector.

Demography: employment; system relevance; age; sex; federal state; education (general school leaving certificate/ university or technical college degree); self-positioning social class; household income; occupation; duration of occupation; size of business; size of household; number of children under 18 in household; size of locality; party sympathies; migration background.

Additionally coded: sequence number; head groups formal education (low, medium, high); weighting factor.

The Saxonian longitudinal study is a social science longitudinal study. It was begun in 1987 and examines the change in political attitudes of young adults in the new federal states of the former East Germany. Since the 16th wave (2002), the topic of unemployment and health has been intensively studied. Another new focus is on questions of partnership and personality. The present study was conducted in 2019 and represents the 31st wave.
The Saxonian longitudinal study is a longitudinal study in the social sciences. It was begun in 1987 and surveys the change in political attitudes of young adults in the new federal states of the former East Germany over the unification of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany. Since the 16th wave (2002), the subject of unemployment and health has been intensively surveyed. Another new focus is on questions of partnership and personality.

Topics: 1. Political attitudes, life in the GDR: satisfaction with the current living situation; opinion on the unification of GDR and FRG; more separations vs. more similarities between East and West Germans; estimated number of years until East and West Germans are aligned, until East and West Germans have grown together to form a real community, until the own income is 100% of the income in the West; feeling of being threatened by possible (renewed) own unemployment or of the partner), personal distress, increasing cost of living, deterioration in health, poverty in old age, increasing immigration of foreigners, expansion of international terrorism, military actions by the USA, spread of left-wing and right-wing radicalism, increase in crime, military actions by Russia, consequences of climate change, increase in Islamist terror in Germany and increase in aggressiveness and violence; satisfaction with the political system in the Federal Republic of Germany; satisfaction with the current economic system; satisfaction with democracy; confidence in the future for the respondent personally, for the parents, for their own children and for the development in East Germany; satisfaction with the opportunities for political influence, with income, with social development and with one´s own state of health; left-right self-assessment; party preference (Sunday question); assessment of life in the GDR; assessment of social development in East Germany as progress or regression; Socialism as a good idea that has been poorly implemented so far; support for the aims of the Patriotic Europeans against the Islamisation of the Occident (PEGIDA, LEGIDA); many West Germans treat East Germans as second-class Germans; in the present social system, everyone gets his share of the social prosperity; secure future in East Germany; glad to have experienced the GDR; glad that the GDR no longer exists; close political ties to the Federal Republic of Germany; preference for a reformed, humanistic socialism instead of the present political order; coping with the present social conditions; East Germans should take to the streets again to draw attention to the situation in the East; attitude towards foreigners in general; political interest; national pride; evaluation of personal experiences with the new social system; identity as a German, as a Saxon, as a European, as a citizen of the former GDR, as a citizen of the Federal Republic, as an East German, as a winner or as a loser of German unification; convinced of an unconditional basic income; level of an adequate basic income for an adult person (Euro); living in the GDR: Satisfaction with life as a whole in the GDR; satisfaction with democracy in the GDR´s political system; satisfaction with social policy in the former GDR; agreement with the statement; in the GDR there was actually everything one needed to live; frequency of purchases in exquisite shops; frequency of purchases in intershops; frequency of reception of selected television programmes (Ein Kessel Buntes, Wetten, dass. ..? Aktuelle Kamera, Tagesschau); relatives or friends who lived in the FRG; regularly receiving gifts or payments from relatives or friends in the FRG; own political involvement in the GDR; knowledge or feeling of having been observed by people in everyday life in the GDR; presumption or knowledge of having been denounced to the GDR authorities by someone; application for inspection of Stasi documents filed and inspected after reunification; extent of surveillance worse than expected; active contact by the Ministry for State Security; imprisoned for political reasons ( respondent, family members); participation in demonstrations by opposition movements in 1989/90; personal involvement or of family members in opposition movements; personal opinion in 1989/90 on the continued existence of the GDR; other opinion on this subject (open).

1. Work situation: time pressure due to high workload, frequent interruptions and disturbances, more and more work over the last few years, deserved recognition from...

Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City is a comparative study of male migrants and their city-born neighbors living in six relatively small, predominately low-income communities on the periphery of Mexico City. Based on 14 months of fieldwork in these communities during 1970, 1971, and 1972, this study dealt with a relatively small group of people in a limited number of localities at a particular point in time. The research addressed several broad theoretical and empirical problems such as the most important incentives and disincentives for political involvement, the effect a large group of people entering the political arena has on the functioning of the political system, how the individual citizen -- and especially the disadvantaged citizen -- can manipulate the political system to satisfy their needs, the process by which individuals form images of politics and the political system, the process by which individuals assume a role of participation or non-participation in political activity, what occurs at the "grass roots" of a nation's political system, and how political activity at that level affects system outputs. This study attempted to place the low-income migrant in a social and political context, and focused on the nature and frequency of interactions between the research communities and external actors, especially political and government officials. Demographic variables include age, race, socio-economic status, marital status, dwelling unit type, and religious preference.