The 1977 study is a continuation of the National Data Program for the Social Sciences. Most of the questions have appeared in previous national surveys between 1945 and 1976. The content areas covered in this survey concern the family, socio-economic status, social mobility, social control, race relations, attitudes towards sex and sexual materials, and morals. The respondent's party identification and voting behavior are also included. The data were collected by the National Opinion Research Center as part of a series of general social surveys beginning in 1972. The survey was administered in March and April of 1977 to a national cross-section sample of adults 18 years of age and older. The data were obtained from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed as part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. Items on religion include religious preference, church attendance, beliefs about the Bible, attitudes toward organized religion and its opponents, and more. The survey also contains a topical module on culture.

To download syntax files for the GSS that reproduce well-known religious group recodes, including RELTRAD, please visit the "/research/syntax-repository-list" Target="_blank">ARDA's Syntax Repository.

This statewide survey of Alabama adults collected responses to questions on various topics including the rating of public officials (such as the President and Governor of Alabama), political participation, the influence of the state government, and other topics of interest to Alabama residents.

What are the consequences of including a “don’t know” (DK) response option to attitudinal survey questions? Existing research, based on traditional survey modes, argues that it reduces the effective sample size without improving the quality of responses. We contend that it can have important effects not only on estimates of aggregate public opinion, but also on estimates of opinion differences between subgroups of the population who have different levels of political information. Through a pre-registered online survey experiment conducted in the United States, we find that the DK response option has consequences for opinion estimates in the present day, where most organizations rely on online panels, but mainly for respondents with low levels of political information and on low salience issues. These findings imply that the exclusion of a DK option can matter, with implications for assessments of preference differences and our understanding of their impacts on politics and policy.

Public Opinion and Election Polling Market Outlook

The global market size for public opinion and election polling was valued at approximately $8.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $12.7 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the forecast period. This growth is largely driven by advancements in data collection methodologies and the increasing importance of data-driven decision-making in political campaigns and public policy.

One of the primary growth factors for this market is the advancements in technology that have revolutionized data collection and analysis processes. The proliferation of smartphones and internet access has enabled polling organizations to reach a broader demographic more efficiently and accurately. Online polling, for instance, has gained substantial traction due to its cost-effectiveness and ability to gather real-time data. Additionally, the advent of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms has enhanced the accuracy of predictive models, making election forecasting more reliable.

Another significant driver is the increasing reliance on data-driven decision-making in political campaigns, government strategies, and private sector initiatives. Political parties and candidates are increasingly investing in sophisticated polling methods to gauge public opinion and tailor their campaigns accordingly. This trend is not limited to political entities; businesses and media organizations also leverage polling data to shape their marketing strategies and content, respectively. Moreover, academic institutions utilize public opinion data for social science research, further fueling market growth.

The growing emphasis on transparency and accountability in governance is also contributing to the market's expansion. Governments and public agencies are increasingly conducting public opinion polls to gauge citizen satisfaction and gather feedback on policies and programs. This approach helps in making informed decisions that align with public sentiment, thereby enhancing governance quality. The trend is particularly noticeable in democratic nations where public opinion significantly influences policy-making processes.

From a regional perspective, North America currently holds the largest market share, driven by a highly active political environment and advanced technological infrastructure. Europe follows closely, with significant contributions from countries like the UK, Germany, and France. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period due to increasing political activities and advancements in polling technologies. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also showing promising growth, albeit at a slower pace due to varying degrees of technological adoption and political stability.

Methodology Analysis

The methodology segment of the public opinion and election polling market is diverse, encompassing online polling, telephone polling, face-to-face polling, mail polling, and other methods. Online polling has gained significant traction in recent years due to its cost-effectiveness and ability to reach a wide demographic. With the proliferation of internet access and smartphones, online polls can gather real-time data quickly and efficiently, making them a preferred choice for many polling organizations. Moreover, advancements in data security and privacy have alleviated concerns over the integrity of online polling data.

Telephone polling remains a popular method, especially for reaching older demographics who may not be as comfortable with online platforms. This methodology allows for more in-depth conversations and the ability to clarify questions, thereby potentially yielding more accurate data. However, the increasing prevalence of mobile phones over landlines has necessitated adaptations in sampling strategies. Companies are increasingly using sophisticated algorithms to create representative samples of mobile users, thereby maintaining the robustness of telephone polling.

Face-to-face polling is often considered the gold standard for accuracy, as it allows for the collection of nuanced data through direct interaction. This method is particularly useful in regions with low internet penetration or among demographics that are less likely to participate in online or telephone polls. However, the high costs and logistical challenges associated with face-to-face polling can be prohibitive, limiting its widespread use. Despite these challenges, face-to-face polling remains essential f

The 1976 survey replicates almost all items that have appeared in at least two other surveys in this series. Major emphasis is placed on the attitudes and opinions of the respondents on issues such as the family, socio-economic status, social mobility, social control, race relations, sex relations, and morale. In addition, information on the respondents' partisan identification and their 1972 presidential vote are included. The data were collected by the National Opinion Research Center as the last in a five-year series of general social surveys. The survey was administered in March and April of 1976 to a national cross-section sample of adults 18 years of age and older. The data were obtained from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR at https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07398.v1. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they have made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

The survey covers items viewed by the NORC staff and an advisory panel of sociologists as "mainstream" interests of modern academic sociology. As in the 1972 survey, the interview covers the areas of socio-economic status and social mobility, intrafamily relations, life cycle related changes in behavior, racial attitudes, social control, civil liberties, and morale. Additional questions were added dealing with ecology and social deviance. The data were collected by the National Opinion Research Center as the second in a series of general social surveys. The survey was administered in March 1973 to a cross-section national sample of adults 18 years of age or older. The data were obtained from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR at https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07315.v1. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they have made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

The data were collected in the project funded by grants from Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Office Public Policy Research (PPR) Funding Scheme (Special Round), Hong Kong SAR (Project Number SR2020.A5.028).

The purpose of the study: to find out the opinion of the Lithuanian population on the socially relevant issues during the rapid political, social and economic transformation of the country. Major investigated questions: respondents were asked what they did in 1990 and how their standard of living had changed. They were asked what 1990 meant for Lithuania - whether the chances of true independence had increased or decreased and what it meant for the country's economy. This was followed by an assessment of how the respondents' standard of living would change in the next few years and what they personally expected and feared in 1991. They also wanted to know what the next year would bring for Lithuania and the Soviet Union in various political, economic and social areas. Respondents were asked how they envisioned Lithuania's relations with the USSR in the future and what they thought of the Lithuanian Democratic Labour Party (formerly the independent LCP) led by A. Brazauskas. After a block of questions, they wanted to find out the reasons why the Lithuanian population was not willing to participate in the local elections (municipal council elections) in 1990. The interviewee was also asked whether he or she would personally participate in the new municipal council elections. Further, an attempt was made to find out whether the respondent's families had enough of the various food items on the vouchers and where they usually got smoked meat products. The respondent was asked if he often drinks coffee. It was clarified whether there should be grocery stores open 24 hours a day and whether grocery stores should be open on Sundays and for how long. Lithuanian residents who participated in the survey were asked how they felt about the current retail system. The questionnaire block explained how they would act so that their family's prosperity would not suffer if prices increased. It also asked opinions on whether the respondents would like to have their own business or become owners of a catering business. They were asked if they would have their own money to buy a shop, café, canteen, restaurant or similar. And whether they would apply for a loan. Further, they were asked whether anyone should be given preference in the sale of shops, cafes, canteens, restaurants, etc. And whether it can be sold to any foreigner - not a Lithuanian citizen. Finally, the question was asked whether the respondents would like to go to a Western country to live or work. Socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, education, social status, nationality, income per family member, place of residence.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. This data file has all cases and variables asked on the 2018 GSS.

The 2018 cross-sectional General Social Survey has been updated as of June 2024. This release includes additional interview-specific variables and survey weights. Please check the "https://gss.norc.org/" Target="_blank">NORC website for any future updates on this file.

To download syntax files for the GSS that reproduce well-known religious group recodes, including RELTRAD, please visit the "/research/syntax-repository-list" Target="_blank">ARDA's Syntax Repository.

Full edition for scientific use. Our research aims to measure polarization in public opinion, combining two state-of-the-art approaches in measuring opinion - survey research and big data analytics of social media. We focus on the topic of polarization of opinions on COVID-19 and climate change and identify if and how polarization - a shift towards more extreme positions - occurs within both sources, if and how opinions and respondents differ between sources, and whether the opinions in the two sources are aligned.

Are you a data enthusiast? Do you like the opinions of the public? Did you know of all the Public Opinion Polls (POPs) that are open to the world and are available in Odesi? These POPs from various government departments, Gallup Canada, International Social Survey Programme (and more!) have been rescued and preserved by Carleton University. You can either download the microdata or simply view your analyses in a table, without having to know a stats analysis software. You will learn which polls are available and how to access and use them; and then you will be able to scrutinise them for yourself and/or recommend them to your friends, family, colleagues, and researchers!

The Los Angeles County Social Survey (LACSS) continues the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area Studies (LAMAS) and the Southern California Social Surveys (SCSS). A set of core questions focuses on attitudes and views of living in Los Angeles, neighborhoods, public services, and political views. The sample of respondents is a random digit dial sample of all telephone households in Los Angeles County and contains over samples of African American, and Asian American households. The 1998 survey N =694; White=43%; African American =11%; Latino =34%; Asian American =6%. Main topics in 1998 focus on ethnic relations. Respondents were randomly selected to answer a series of questions from one of three ballots concerning immigration and affirmative action; social distance questions varied depending on the respondent's ethnicity. Interviewing used a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) system. The questionnaire was deployed in English or Spanish depending on language spoken by respondent. This study is provided "as is" and questions should be addressed to the Data Archive.

Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

We described public views toward harm reduction among Canadian adults and tested a social exposure model predicting support for these contentious services, drawing on theories in the morality policy, intergroup relations, addiction, and media communication literatures. A quota sample of 4645 adults (18+ years), randomly drawn from an online research panel and stratified to match age and sex distributions of adults within and across Canadian provinces, was recruited in June 2018. Participants completed survey items assessing support for harm reduction for people who use drugs (PWUD) and for seven harm reduction interventions. Additional items assessed exposure to media coverage on harm reduction, and scales assessing stigma toward PWUD (α = .72), personal familiarity with PWUD (α = .84), and disease model beliefs about addiction (α = 0.79). Most (64%) Canadians supported harm reduction (provincial estimates = 60% - 73%). Five of seven interventions received majority support, including: outreach (79%), naloxone (72%), drug checking (70%), needle distribution (60%) and supervised drug consumption (55%). Low-threshold opioid agonist treatment and safe inhalation interventions received less support (49% and 44%). Our social exposure model, adjusted for respondent sex, household income, political views, and education, exhibited good fit and accounted for 17% of variance in public support for harm reduction. Personal familiarity with PWUD and disease model beliefs about addiction were directly associated with support (βs = .07 and -0.10, respectively), and indirectly influenced public support via stigmatized attitudes toward PWUD (βs = 0.01 and -0.01, respectively). Strategies to increase support for harm reduction could problematize certain disease model beliefs (e.g., “There are only two possibilities for an alcoholic or drug addict – permanent abstinence or death”) and creating opportunities to reduce social distance between PWUD, the public, and policy makers.

General Social Survey

Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

The General Social Survey (GSS) conducts basic scientific research on the structure and development of American society with a data-collection program designed to both monitor societal change within the United States and to compare the United States to other nations. Begun in 1972, the GSS contains a standard 'core' of demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal questions, plus topics of special interest. Many of the core questions have remained unchanged since 1972 to facilitate time-trend studies as well as replication of earlier findings.

The purpose of the study: to investigate the attitudes of Lithuanian population about the most important political, social and economic issues during the rapid transformation of society and state. Major investigated questions: respondents were asked how A. M. Brazauskas performs the duties of the President, and Č. Juršėnas and A. Šleževičius hold the respective positions of the Speaker of the Seimas and the Prime Minister. Opinions were sought on how the activities of the Seimas and the Government correspond to the interests of the people. Respondents were asked to assess the current economic situation in Lithuania and what respondents think will be the economic situation in Lithuania after 12 months. Also, the respondents assessed their current economic situation (their family) and the material situation of the respondents (their family) after 12 months respectively. It was asked which political party or movement respondents sympathized with and which party, according to the respondents, would receive the most votes. After asking a block of questions, it was wanted to know what actions respondents would take to help the political party they sympathize with. The LDDP's economic and social policy was further evaluated. After listing all the Prime Ministers, respondents were asked to answer who of them was or is most suitable for this position. Residents of Lithuania who participated in the survey were asked to answer whether they read newspaper "Echo of Lithuania" and whether they intend to participate in the events when Pope John Paul II arrive in Lithuania. They were asked whether they had personally received or expected to receive land under current Lithuanian property restitution laws. The amount of taxes paid by private entrepreneurs to the state was assessed. At the end of the survey, respondents were asked to express their attitude towards abortion and to evaluate their health condition. Socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, nationality, country of birth, education, work status, employment, occupation, average monthly income of respondent, monthly family income per one family member, place of residence.

This file contains all of the cases and variables that are in the original 2014 General Social Survey, but is prepared for easier use in the classroom. Changes have been made in two areas. First, to avoid confusion when constructing tables or interpreting basic analysis, all missing data codes have been set to system missing. Second, many of the continuous variables have been categorized into fewer categories, and added as additional variables to the file.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. This data file has all cases and variables asked on the 2014 GSS. There are a total of 3,842 cases in the data set but their initial sampling years vary because the GSS now contains panel cases. Sampling years can be identified with the variable SAMPTYPE.

To download syntax files for the GSS that reproduce well-known religious group recodes, including RELTRAD, please visit the "/research/syntax-repository-list" Target="_blank">ARDA's Syntax Repository.