Abstract

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey covering over 20 nations. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators.

In the second round, the survey covers over 20 nations and employs the most rigorous methodologies. It is funded via the European Commission's 5th Framework Programme, the European Science Foundation, and national funding bodies in each country. It involves strict random probability sampling, a minimum target response rate of 70% and rigorous translation protocols. The hour-long face-to-face interview includes (amongst others) questions on family, work and well-being, health and economic morality.

Geographic coverage

1) European Union countries - Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. 2) Non-European Union countries - Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

All persons aged 15 and over, resident within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship, language or legal status, in participating countries.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling procedure varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how sampling was conducted in each of the 20 countries.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Austria - structured questionnaires in German Belgium - structured questionnaires in Dutch and French Czech Republic - structured questionnaires in Czech Denmark - structured questionnaires in Danish Estonia - structured questionnaires in Estonian and Russian Finland - structured questionnaires in Finnish and Swedish France - structured questionnaires in French Germany - structured questionnaires in German Greece - structured questionnaires in Greek Hungary - structured questionnaires in Hungarian Iceland - structured questionnaires in Icelandic Ireland - structured questionnaires in English Italy - structured questionnaires in Italian Luxembourg - structured questionnaires in French, German, Luxembourgish, Portuguese, English Netherlands - structured questionnaires in Dutch Norway - structured questionnaires in Norwegian and English Poland - structured questionnaires in Polish Portugal - structured questionnaires in Portuguese Slovakia - structured questionnaires in Slovak and Hungarian Slovenia - structured questionnaires in Slovenian Spain - structured questionnaires in Spanish and Catalan Sweden - structured questionnaires in Swedish Switzerland - structured questionnaires in Swiss German, French, and Italian Turkey - structured questionnaires in Turkish Ukraine - structured questionnaires in Ukrainian and Russian United Kingdom - structured questionnaires in English

Response rate

Response rate varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on the response rate in each of the 20 countries.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. This data file has all cases and variables asked on the 2022 GSS.

The 2022 cross-sectional General Social Survey has been updated to Release Version 3a as of May 2024. This Release includes the addition of an oversample of minorities (based on the AmeriSpeak® Panel), household composition and respondent selection data, and post-stratified weights for all years of the GSS.

To download syntax files for the GSS that reproduce well-known religious group recodes, including RELTRAD, please visit the "/research/syntax-repository-list" Target="_blank">ARDA's Syntax Repository.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) were designed as part of a data diffusion project in 1972. The GSS replicated questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. The latest survey, GSS 2012, includes a cumulative file that merges all 29 General Social Surveys into a single file containing data from 1972 to 2012. The items appearing in the surveys are one of three types: Permanent questions that occur on each survey, rotating questions that appear on two out of every three surveys (1973, 1974, and 1976, or 1973, 1975, and 1976), and a few occasional questions such as split ballot experiments that occur in a single survey. The 2012 surveys included seven topic modules: Jewish identity, generosity, workplace violence, science, skin tone, and modules for experimental and miscellaneous questions. The International Social Survey Program (ISSP) module included in the 2012 survey was gender. The data also contain several variables describing the demographic characteristics of the respondents.

The China GSS is an annual or biannual questionnaire survey of China's urban and rural households aiming to monitor systematically the changing relationship between social structure and quality of life in urban and rural China. The objectives of the China GSS are: (1) to gather longitudinal data on social trends; (2) to address issues of theoretical and practical significance; and (3) to serve as a global resource for the international scholarly community. Includes: labour force activity, demographic variables, household size and composition, ethnicity of R and parents, mobility, dwelling, income, expenditures and facilities, education, military service, etc. 1 data file (1,000 logical records) & accompanying documentation (5 pdf files) in both English and Chinese characters.

Full edition for scientific use. The Social Survey Austria (SSÖ) is a survey representative of the Austrian population and has been conducted since 1986 in an inter-university research cooperative by sociologists from the universities of Graz, Linz, Salzburg, and Vienna. The Social Survey Austria 2023 is the 7th survey in which, in addition to an Austria-specific part, country-comparative survey modules of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) are also collected. In the SSÖ 2023, questions from two ISSP-modules, the module "Family and Changing Gender Roles V" (2022) and the module "National Identity & Citizenship" (2023), as well as questions on current social challenges in Austria were asked. Therefore, the first part of the questionnaire focused on questions about the employment of mothers, the division of care work, housework and parental leave in partnerships as well as family relationships. The second part of the questionnaire dealt with attitudes towards patriotism and nationalism, immigration to Austria and satisfaction with democracy in Austria. The SSÖ 2023 was financed by the Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research and conducted within the framework of the project "Digitize! Computational Social Sciences in the Digital and Social Transformation" (project lead: University of Vienna) for the first time in a push-to-web design.

Abstract

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey, which has been administered in over 30 countries to date. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators.

In the seventh round, the survey covers 22 countries and employs the most rigorous methodologies. From Round 7 it is funded by the Members, Observers and Guests of ESS European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ESS ERIC) who represent national governments. Participating countries directly fund the central coordination costs of the ESS ERIC, as well the costs of fieldwork and national coordination in their own country.

The survey involves strict random probability sampling, a minimum target response rate of 70% and rigorous translation protocols. The hour-long face-to-face interview includes questions on a variety of core topics repeated from previous rounds of the survey and also two modules developed for Round 7 covering Social Inequalities in Health and their Determinants and Attitudes towards Immigration and their Antecedents (the latter is a partial repeat of a module from round 1).

Geographic coverage

1) European Union countries - Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. 2) Non-European Union countries: Israel, Norway, Switzerland.

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

All persons aged 15 and over, residing within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship, language or legal status, in participating countries.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling procedure varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how sampling was conducted in each of the 22 countries.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Austria - structured questionnaires in German Belgium - structured questionnaires in Dutch , French Czech Republic - structured questionnaires in Czech, Slovak (from the respondent's side - exceptional) Denmark - structured questionnaires in Danish Estonia - structured questionnaires in Estonian, Russian Finland - structured questionnaires in Finnish, Swedish, English France - structured questionnaires in French Germany - structured questionnaires in German Hungary - structured questionnaires in Hungarian Ireland - structured questionnaires in English Israel - structured questionnaires in Hebrew, Arabic and Russian Lithuania - structured questionnaires in Lithuanian and Russian Netherlands - structured questionnaires in Dutch Norway - structured questionnaires in Norwegian and English Poland - structured questionnaires in Polish Portugal - structured questionnaires in Portuguese Slovenia - structured questionnaires in Slovenian Spain - structured questionnaires in Spanish and Catalan Sweden - structured questionnaires in Swedish Switzerland - structured questionnaires in German/Swiss-German, French, Italian United Kingdom - structured questionnaires in English

Cleaning operations

Sampling procedure varied slightly by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how data entry and editing was conducted in each of the 22 countries.

Response rate

Response rate varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on the response rate in each of the 22 countries.

Since 1972, the General Social Survey (GSS) has been monitoring societal change and studying the growing complexity of American society. The GSS aims to gather data on contemporary American society in order to monitor and explain trends and constants in attitudes, behaviors, and attributes; to examine the structure and functioning of society in general as well as the role played by relevant subgroups; to compare the United States to other societies in order to place American society in comparative perspective and develop cross-national models of human society; and to make high-quality data easily accessible to scholars, students, policy makers, and others, with minimal cost and waiting. GSS questions include such items as national spending priorities, marijuana use, crime and punishment, race relations, quality of life, and confidence in institutions. Since 1988, the GSS has also collected data on sexual behavior including number of sex partners, frequency of intercourse, extramarital relationships, and sex with prostitutes. In 1985 the GSS co-founded the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The ISSP has conducted an annual cross-national survey each year since then and has involved 58 countries and interviewed over one million respondents. The ISSP asks an identical battery of questions in all countries; the U.S. version of these questions is incorporated into the GSS. The 2016 GSS added in new variables covering information regarding social media use, suicide, hope and optimism, arts and culture, racial/ethnic identity, flexibility of work, spouses work and occupation, home cohabitation, and health. The arts and culture module was funded by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA). These data are an extract from the General Social Survey, 1972-2016 [Cumulative File], (ICPSR 36797).

The East Asian Social Survey (EASS) is a biennial social survey project that serves as a cross-national network of the following four General Social Survey type surveys in East Asia: Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), Japanese General Social Survey (JGSS), Korean General Social Survey (KGSS), Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), and comparatively examines diverse aspects of social life in these regions. Survey information in this module focuses on family dynamics and includes demographic variables such as the number of family members, the number of younger and older siblings, the number of sons and daughters, and whether family members are alive or deceased. Respondents were also queried about specific information pertaining to family members and children not co-residing with them, such as, sex and birth order, age, marital status, residence status, contact frequency, employment status, and relation to the respondent. Other information collected includes attitudes toward financial support from family members and how frequently financial and personal support was provided. Questions also include opinions regarding household chores, lifestyle preferences, health of respondent and parents, as well as family obligations. Quality of life questions addressed how satisfied respondents were as well as overall marital happiness. Demographic information specific to the respondent and their spouse includes age, sex, marital status, education, employment status and hours worked, occupation, earnings and income, religion, class, size of community, and region.

The National Data Program for the Social Sciences (General Social Survey) is both a data diffusion project and a program of social indicator research. Its data collection instrument, the General Social Survey (GSS), was fielded for the 29th time in 2012. Previously an annual survey, the GSS became biennial in 1994. The questionnaire contains a standard core of demographic and attitudinal variables, plus certain topics of special interest selected for rotation (called "topical modules"). Items that appeared on national surveys between 1973 and 1975 are replicated. The exact wording of these questions is retained to facilitate time trend studies as well as replications of earlier findings.

The Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) is the Korean version of the General Social Survey (GSS) , closely replicating the original GSS of the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. The KGSS comprises four parts: The first part includes replicating core questions that cover the core content of Korean society. The second part is the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) module, which is a cross-national survey of 43 countries from all over the world. The third part is the East Asian Social Survey (EASS) module. The EASS is a joint survey of four East Asian countries (Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan) conducting a GSS-type social survey. The last part contains modules proposed by researchers. This data collection is the cumulative version of the previous 18 years of survey data from 2003 to 2021 (not including 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020). This dataset contains a total of 20,841 cases across 3,215 variables. Respondents were asked for their opinions about Korean society, economic conditions, government performance, politics and political conditions. Additional questions were asked regarding the health care system, respondents' health behaviors, human rights, attitudes toward aging and the elderly, household composition, household income, education, occupation, environmental issues, international migration and so on. Demographic information collected includes age, sex, education level, household income, employment status, religious preference, political party affiliation, and political philosophy.

The 2020 GSS on Social Identity interviewed individuals 15 years and over in Canada's ten provinces and was conducted from August 2020 to February 2021. The interviews were conducted via self-assisted electronic questionnaire (respondent EQ, or rEQ) and by telephone via interviewer-assisted electronic questionnaire (interviewer EQ, or iEQ, formerly known as Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)). Data are subject to both sampling and non-sampling errors. These topics are discussed in detail in this guide. The 2020 SI survey is the fourth cycle of the GSS to collect data on social identity, social engagement, and social networks. The previous iteration of the survey (Cycle 27 - Social Identity) was collected in 2013, the second was Cycle 22 - Social Networks in 2008, and the first was Cycle 17 - Social Engagement in 2003.

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuing annual programme of cross-national collaboration on surveys covering topics important for social science research. It brings together pre-existing national social science projects and co-ordinates research goals, thereby adding a cross-national, cross-cultural perspective to the individual, national studies. Formed in 1983, the programme develops topical modules dealing with important areas of social science as supplements to regular national surveys. Every survey includes questions about general attitudes toward various social issues such as the legal system, gender, and the economy. Special topics have included the environment, the role of government, social inequality, social support, family and gender issues, work orientation, the impact of religious background, behaviour, and beliefs on social and political preferences, and national identity. Participating countries vary for each topical module. In Great Britain, the ISSP is run by NatCen Social Research as part of the British Social Attitudes survey.

Further information can be found on the NatCen ISSP webpage and the main ISSP website.

The International Social Survey Programme, 2020: Attitudes to the Environment dataset represents the Great Britain data collected for the ISSP 2020 module on attitudes to the environment. The questionnaire is designed in collaboration with all 43 member countries of the ISSP and the national ISSP surveys are fielded in the participating countries.

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about individual health and the health care system.

The General Social Survey (GSS) conducts basic scientific research on the structure and development of American society with a data-collection program designed to both monitor societal change within the United States and to compare the United States to other nations. Begun in 1972, the GSS contains a standard 'core' of demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal questions, plus topics of special interest. Many of the core questions have remained unchanged since 1972 to facilitate time-trend studies as well as replication of earlier findings.

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about social inequality.

As in 1972 and 1973, the 1974 interview includes items selected by the NORC staff and an advisory panel of sociologists as "mainstream" interests of academic sociology. In addition to standard personal data items, the 1974 survey covers such areas of interest as the family, socio-economic status, social mobility, and morale. About two-thirds of the questionnaire probed for attitudes and opinions concerning qualities of a job, satisfaction with life, roles of women, birth control and abortion, sex relations, race relations, social control issues, and civil liberties. The data were collected by the National Opinion Research Center as the third in a five-year series of general social surveys. The survey was administered in March 1974 to a national cross-section sample of adults 18 years of age or older. The data was obtained from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research.

This file contains all of the cases and variables that are in the original 2014 General Social Survey, but is prepared for easier use in the classroom. Changes have been made in two areas. First, to avoid confusion when constructing tables or interpreting basic analysis, all missing data codes have been set to system missing. Second, many of the continuous variables have been categorized into fewer categories, and added as additional variables to the file.

The General Social Surveys (GSS) have been conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) annually since 1972, except for the years 1979, 1981, and 1992 (a supplement was added in 1992), and biennially beginning in 1994. The GSS are designed to be part of a program of social indicator research, replicating questionnaire items and wording in order to facilitate time-trend studies. This data file has all cases and variables asked on the 2014 GSS. There are a total of 3,842 cases in the data set but their initial sampling years vary because the GSS now contains panel cases. Sampling years can be identified with the variable SAMPTYPE.

To download syntax files for the GSS that reproduce well-known religious group recodes, including RELTRAD, please visit the "/research/syntax-repository-list" Target="_blank">ARDA's Syntax Repository.

The Social Survey is a series of surveys on the economic and social situation of students in Germany that has been in existence since 1951. Every three to four years, a cross-section of students is surveyed on aspects of access to higher education, structural features of study, social and economic situation, including income and cost of living, employment, housing situation, as well as socio-demographic characteristics, partnership status and parenthood. The data package includes data from the 13th Social Survey (1991), which included students in the new Länder for the first time. An additional questionnaire included questions on the situation of students with children.

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

Full edition for scientific use. The Social Survey Austria (SSÖ) is a representative survey of the Austrian population that has been conducted since 1986 by sociologists from the Universities of Graz, Linz, Salzburg, and Vienna in an inter-university research cooperation. The SSÖ 2024 is the eighth survey in which, in addition to an Austria-specific part, country-comparative survey modules of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) are collected. In the SSÖ 2024, questions from two ISSP modules were asked: the module "Health and Health Care" (2021) and the module "Digital Societies" (2024). In addition, questions were asked about current social challenges in Austria. Thus, the first part of the questionnaire concerns attitudes towards technologies, internet access, digital skills, digital behavior (including communication, media consumption, and political participation), attitudes towards digital surveillance by government and private companies, and attitudes towards chatbots and AI. The final section of the questionnaire covers attitudes towards the healthcare system, health behaviors and well-being, and mental health. The SSÖ 2024 was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research and conducted for the second time in a push-to-web design.

Full edition for scientific use. This is the dataset of the sixth wave of the Austrian Social Survey that investigates changes in the social structure, living conditions, social attitudes and values of the residential population of Austria. In addition to the Austrian questionnaire part, the dataset includes the modules ISSP-2019 "Social Inequality V" and ISSP-2020 "Environment IV".