This statistic shows the median household income in the United States from 1970 to 2020, by income tier. In 2020, the median household income for the middle class stood at 90,131 U.S. dollars, which was approximately a 50 percent increase from 1970. However, the median income of upper income households in the U.S. increased by almost 70 percent compared to 1970.

A more recent web map on this same topic is available for ArcGIS Online subscribers here.This map shows the socioeconomic status of each census tract. Data come from the US Census Bureau's 2011-2015 American Community Survey. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, over and above individual socioeconomic status, is a predictor of many health outcomes. The Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status (NSES) Index is on a scale from 0 to 100 with 50 being the national average around 2010. The Index incorporates the following indicators (fields in this layer's attribute table):Median Household Income (from Table B19013)Percent of individuals with income below the Federal Poverty Line (from Table S1701)The educational attainment of adults (age 25+) (from Table B15003)Unemployment Rate (from Table S2301)Percent of households with children under the age of 18 that are "female-headed" (no male present) (from Table B11005)NSES = log(median household income) + (-1.129 * (log(percent of female-headed households))) + (-1.104 * (log(unemployment rate))) + (-1.974 * (log(percent below poverty))) + .451*((high school grads)+(2*(bachelor's degree holders)))To learn more about how the NSES Index was developed, please explore this journal articleMiles, Jeremy and Weden, Margaret; Lavery, Diana; Escarce, José; Kathleen Cagney; Shih, Regina. 2016. “Constructing a Time-Invariant Measure of the Socio-Economic Status of U.S. Census Tracts.” Journal of Urban Health, vol. 93, issue no.1, pp. 213-232. or this PPT presentation presented at the University of Texas at San Antonio's Applied Demography Conference in 2014.

As of July 2024, roughly 40.4 percent of respondents claimed to belong to the middle class, followed by the lower class or poor at nearly 20 percent. Another 14 percent of respondents said they were lower middle class.

In 2019, most of Italians assumed to belong to the middle class. More specifically, 52 percent of individuals defined their social status as middle class. Moreover, 37 percent of Italians stated to be part of the lower social class. Data for social class perception suggested that the occupation with the highest share of upper-class people was being a student. At the same time, freelance professional was most popular job position among middle class citizens, while the majority of unemployed people felt to belong to the lower class.

How much do Italians earn on average?

From 2006 to 2015, gross household disposable income per capita in Italy was fluctuating with no precise pattern. In the next three years, however, gross income per capita steadily increased until peaking above 31 thousand U.S. dollars in 2018. This figure put Italy at the 17th place in the ranking of OECD countries with the gross disposable income per household.

Income inequalities in Italy

National average figures can be quite misleading. In Italy, substantial economic differences across regions and also due to gender can be observed. Inhabitants of the South and the Islands earn on average around ten thousand euros less annually than Italians from the North East. Moreover, female households’ average net income in 2017 was eight thousand euros smaller than male households’ income.

According to forecast data from Tellusant, approximately 66.8 percent of the Indonesian population in 2024 would earn at least the equivalent of the top 40 percent of global earners in 2022 constant purchasing power parity. Meanwhile, around 1.5 percent of the population were considered high-class consumers, earning the equivalent of the top ten percent of global earners in 2022 constant purchasing power parity.

Additional file of Development of the Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research’s socioeconomic status index for use in the network’s sites in low and lower middle-income countries

Association between socioeconomic status and irregular menstruation (N = 4,709).

According to a 2023 survey conducted in France, across different income demographics, at-home internet access was higher among users with a higher income. Among the lower income demographics, 81 percent reported having home internet connections, whereas 91 percent of people from the upper middle income accessed the internet at home.

The formation and stability of social hierarchies is a question of general relevance. Here, we propose a simple generalized theoretical model for establishing social hierarchy via pair-wise interactions between individuals and investigate its stability. In each interaction or fight, the probability of “winning” depends solely on the relative societal status of the participants, and the winner has a gain of status whereas there is an equal loss to the loser. The interactions are characterized by two parameters. The first parameter represents how much can be lost, and the second parameter represents the degree to which even a small difference of status can guarantee a win for the higher-status individual. Depending on the parameters, the resulting status distributions reach either a continuous unimodal form or lead to a totalitarian end state with one high-status individual and all other individuals having status approaching zero. However, we find that in the latter case long-lived intermediary distributions often exist, which can give the illusion of a stable society. As we show, our model allows us to make predictions consistent with animal interaction data and their evolution over a number of years. Moreover, by implementing a simple, but realistic rule that restricts interactions to sufficiently similar-status individuals, the stable or long-lived distributions acquire high-status structure corresponding to a distinct high-status class. Using household income as a proxy for societal status in human societies, we find agreement over their entire range from the low-to-middle-status parts to the characteristic high-status “tail”. We discuss how the model provides a conceptual framework for understanding the origin of social hierarchy and the factors which lead to the preservation or deterioration of the societal structure.

Influence of the national and regional income levels on perceived stress and experience of depression by gender and area of residence based on complex-sample multivariate logistic regression analysis.

As of November 2023, 66 percent of BeReal users in the United States were from high-income households. After BeReal, LinkedIn also saw a large share of users from high-income households in the United States, with 54 percent belonging to that economic group. Additionally, X (formerly Twitter) was also used more by users with higher incomes.

In the financial year 2021, a majority of Indian households fell under the aspirers category, earning between 125,000 and 500,000 Indian rupees a year. On the other hand, about three percent of households that same year, accounted for the rich, earning over 3 million rupees annually. The middle class more than doubled that year compared to 14 percent in financial year 2005.

Middle-class income group and the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic specifically during the lockdown in March 2020, loss of incomes hit the entire household income spectrum. However, research showed the severest affected groups were the upper middle- and middle-class income brackets. In addition, unemployment rates were rampant nationwide that further lead to a dismally low GDP. Despite job recoveries over the last few months, improvement in incomes were insignificant.

Economic inequality

While India maybe one of the fastest growing economies in the world, it is also one of the most vulnerable and severely afflicted economies in terms of economic inequality. The vast discrepancy between the rich and poor has been prominent since the last three decades. The rich continue to grow richer at a faster pace while the impoverished struggle more than ever before to earn a minimum wage. The widening gaps in the economic structure affect women and children the most. This is a call for reinforcement in in the country’s social structure that emphasizes access to quality education and universal healthcare services.

The second of 20 years of International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) surveys within New Zealand by Professor Philip Gendall, Department of Marketing, Massey University. A verbose rundown on topics covered follows.Judgement on social justice and social differences in the country. Social prestige of respondents and selected occupations. Most important prerequisites for personal success in society (scale); attitude to the welfare state and social differences (scale); chances to increase personal standard of living; importance of differentiated payment; higher payment with acceptance of increased responsibility; higher payment as incentive for additional qualification of workers.Avoidability of inequality of society; increased income expectation as motive for taking up studies; good profits for entrepreneurs as best prerequisite for increase in general standard of living; insufficient solidarity of the normal population as reason for the persistence of social inequalities; estimate of average annual income of selected occupational groups and information on a justified income for the members of these occupational groups from the point of view of the respondent.Judgement on the income differences in the country; reduction of income differences, employment guarantee, guaranteed minimum income and equal opportunities for children of poorer families in university admission as government task; attitude to a reduction of government tasks for those of low income; approval of government support for unemployed; judgement on total taxation for recipients of high, middle and low income.Perceived social conflicts in the country; self-classification on a top-bottom scale; social mobility; social origins; education status, responsibility accepted, span of control, family responsibility, good work performance or hard work as most important criteria for establishing work pay; income increase or income reduction of individual income in case of a hypothetical equalization of the total income of the population; personal self-employment and occupation at start of employment.Description of current condition of social pyramid as well as assessment of the situation 30 years ago as well as in 30 years; self-classification on a social prestige scale as well as classification of selected occupations; hours worked each week; employment in private or public sector; span of control; company size; personal union membership and membership of spouse; religiousness; self-classification of social class affiliation; party preference; party inclination; residential status; self-classification on a left-right scale; regional origins.

Number of operators per farm by income classes in the year prior to the census and by age from the Socioeconomic overview of the farm population.

Income classes of census and economic families on unincorporated farms by the sources of income in the year prior to the census from the Socioeconomic overview of the farm population.

ABSTRACT In this study, we analyze the relationship between the development of occupational structure and income inequality in Brazil and the U.S. While both Brazil and the U.S. face high levels of inequality, low socioeconomic development in Brazil notably reduces the proportion of total income that accrues in the bottom two quintiles of the income distribution. In the U.S., inequality is mostly due to unobserved differences within occupations and has grown in large part because of higher earnings among high-skilled workers. Our results highlight that the effects of occupational structure are generally more pronounced at lower levels of economic development. At the higher level of economic development found in the U.S., inequality appears to increase largely due to rising inequality among high-skilled employees, which may be a function of unobserved organizational variables such as firm productivity and market advantage.

Average weekly household expenditure on goods and services in the UK. Data are shown by region, age, income (including equivalised) group (deciles and quintiles), economic status, socio-economic class, housing tenure, output area classification, urban and rural areas (Great Britain only), place of purchase and household composition.

This table contains figures on the budgeted expenditures and income per task (policy area) according to region and size class in millions of euros and in euros per inhabitant. The presented figures are based on data that adhere to the definitions and classifications that municipalities themselves use in their administration. These data are supplied to Statistics Netherlands through the questionnaire called Information for Third Parties (Iv3). The directives for this questionnaire have been laid down in the Directive for Budgeting and Accounting for provinces and municipalities (BBV).

Data available from: 2017

Status of the figures: The figures in this table are provisional at the time of first publication. Upon the third publication one year later, the figures will become definitive.

Changes as of 18 March 2024: The provisional figures for 2024 have been added. The figures for 2023 have become definitive.

In 2023, changes to the Iv3 questionnaire were introduced. This has led to a break in the time series for the municipal tasks Public health, General provisions including district teams, Income arrangements, Participation, Individual social support, Individual services 18+, Individual services 18-, Escalated care 18+ and Escalated care 18-. For these municipal tasks, comparing 2023 figures with figures relating to earlier years is therefore difficult. The following changes were made as from 2023: - Expenditures and revenues related to Centres for Youth and Family must be registered under General provisions including district teams instead of Public health; - Expenditures and revenues related to tackling domestic violence must be registered under General provisions including district teams instead of Escalated care 18+; - Expenditures and revenues related to debt counselling must be registered under Income arrangements instead of Individual services 18+; - Expenditures and revenues related to housing and transport services must be registered under Individual social support instead of Individual services 18+; - Expenditures and revenues related to day care under the Social Support Act (WMO) must be registered under Individual services 18+ instead of Participation; - Expenditures and revenues related to the walk-in function mental health care facilities must be registered under Individual services 18+ instead of Escalated care 18+.

Because of the changes mentioned above, municipalities have had to adjust their financial administration. In this process, municipalities have also transferred amounts from Escalated care 18+ to other tasks, Individual services 18- in particular.

When will new figures be published? The new figures will be made available in the month of March of the financial year. The figures are subject to revision based on the availability of new or updated sources. In general these adjustments are limited in size and scope. The adjustments will be implemented when new annual figures are added to the series. Because of changes in the source material, Information for Third Parties (Iv3), the data are no longer completely comparable with data from earlier years as of the publication of the figures of the 2017 budgets. More information on these changes can be found in paragraph 3 under 'relevant tables'.

Attitudes and expectations of workers in view of a series of current social-political and national economic problems.

Topics: Judgement on economic development and personal situation (Katona questions); perceived signs of an economic down-turn; comparison of standard of living of selected countries; the one responsible for the economic miracle; attitude to the appeals for moderation by Erhard; preferred government interventions in the economic area; attitude to trade unions and their role as workers´ representative; assumed interests of trade union functionaries; perceived influence and success of trade unions; preferred mediation authority; attitude to strike and lock-out; personal participation in a ballot and voting for a strike; strike goals and strike outcomes; assessment of the worker and employer relationship; significance of social services in the choice of position; work satisfaction and satisfaction with income; wage equity; savings goals; judgement on the economic consequences of wage increases; understanding of the wage price spiral; assessment of the consequences of automation; attitude to the EEC; membership in a trade union; proportion of union members at work; company size.

Demography: marital status; occupation; religious denomination; age; school education; vocational training; income; household income; sex.

Interviewer rating: social class and willingness of respondent to cooperate; number of contact attempts; city size.

Mplus outputs of the sensitivity analyses of the third latent growth curve models with time-varying control variables (Models I–IV).