Raw radio tracking data used to determine the precise distance to Venus (and improve knowledge of the Astronomical Unit) from the Galileo flyby on 10 February 1990.

The “Fused Image dataset for convolutional neural Network-based crack Detection” (FIND) is a large-scale image dataset with pixel-level ground truth crack data for deep learning-based crack segmentation analysis. It features four types of image data including raw intensity image, raw range (i.e., elevation) image, filtered range image, and fused raw image. The FIND dataset consists of 2500 image patches (dimension: 256x256 pixels) and their ground truth crack maps for each of the four data types.

The images contained in this dataset were collected from multiple bridge decks and roadways under real-world conditions. A laser scanning device was adopted for data acquisition such that the captured raw intensity and raw range images have pixel-to-pixel location correspondence (i.e., spatial co-registration feature). The filtered range data were generated by applying frequency domain filtering to eliminate image disturbances (e.g., surface variations, and grooved patterns) from the raw range data [1]. The fused image data were obtained by combining the raw range and raw intensity data to achieve cross-domain feature correlation [2,3]. Please refer to [4] for a comprehensive benchmark study performed using the FIND dataset to investigate the impact from different types of image data on deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) performance.

If you share or use this dataset, please cite [4] and [5] in any relevant documentation.

In addition, an image dataset for crack classification has also been published at [6].

References:

[1] Shanglian Zhou, & Wei Song. (2020). Robust Image-Based Surface Crack Detection Using Range Data. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 34(2), 04019054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000873

[2] Shanglian Zhou, & Wei Song. (2021). Crack segmentation through deep convolutional neural networks and heterogeneous image fusion. Automation in Construction, 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103605

[3] Shanglian Zhou, & Wei Song. (2020). Deep learning–based roadway crack classification with heterogeneous image data fusion. Structural Health Monitoring, 20(3), 1274-1293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921720948434

[4] Shanglian Zhou, Carlos Canchila, & Wei Song. (2023). Deep learning-based crack segmentation for civil infrastructure: data types, architectures, and benchmarked performance. Automation in Construction, 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104678

5 Shanglian Zhou, Carlos Canchila, & Wei Song. (2022). Fused Image dataset for convolutional neural Network-based crack Detection (FIND) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6383044

[6] Wei Song, & Shanglian Zhou. (2020). Laser-scanned roadway range image dataset (LRRD). Laser-scanned Range Image Dataset from Asphalt and Concrete Roadways for DCNN-based Crack Classification, DesignSafe-CI. https://doi.org/10.17603/ds2-bzv3-nc78

This dataset consists of mathematical question and answer pairs, from a range of question types at roughly school-level difficulty. This is designed to test the mathematical learning and algebraic reasoning skills of learning models.

## Example questions

 Question: Solve -42*r + 27*c = -1167 and 130*r + 4*c = 372 for r.
 Answer: 4
 
 Question: Calculate -841880142.544 + 411127.
 Answer: -841469015.544
 
 Question: Let x(g) = 9*g + 1. Let q(c) = 2*c + 1. Let f(i) = 3*i - 39. Let w(j) = q(x(j)). Calculate f(w(a)).
 Answer: 54*a - 30

It contains 2 million (question, answer) pairs per module, with questions limited to 160 characters in length, and answers to 30 characters in length. Note the training data for each question type is split into "train-easy", "train-medium", and "train-hard". This allows training models via a curriculum. The data can also be mixed together uniformly from these training datasets to obtain the results reported in the paper. Categories:

• algebra (linear equations, polynomial roots, sequences)
• arithmetic (pairwise operations and mixed expressions, surds)
• calculus (differentiation)
• comparison (closest numbers, pairwise comparisons, sorting)
• measurement (conversion, working with time)
• numbers (base conversion, remainders, common divisors and multiples, primality, place value, rounding numbers)
• polynomials (addition, simplification, composition, evaluating, expansion)
• probability (sampling without replacement)

File name definitions:

'...v_50_175_250_300...' - dataset for velocity ranges [50, 175] + [250, 300] m/s

'...v_175_250...' - dataset for velocity range [175, 250] m/s

'ANNdevelop...' - used to perform 9 parametric sub-analyses where, in each one, many ANNs are developed (trained, validated and tested) and the one yielding the best results is selected

'ANNtest...' - used to test the best ANN from each aforementioned parametric sub-analysis, aiming to find the best ANN model; this dataset includes the 'ANNdevelop...' counterpart

Where to find the input (independent) and target (dependent) variable values for each dataset/excel ?

input values in 'IN' sheet

target values in 'TARGET' sheet

Where to find the results from the best ANN model (for each target/output variable and each velocity range)?

open the corresponding excel file and the expected (target) vs ANN (output) results are written in 'TARGET vs OUTPUT' sheet

Check reference below (to be added when the paper is published)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328849817_11_Neural_Networks_-_Max_Disp_-_Railway_Beams

Overview:

The Hindi Mathematics Reasoning and Problem-Solving Dataset is designed to advance the capabilities of language models in understanding and solving mathematical problems presented in the Hindi language. The dataset covers a comprehensive range of question types, including logical reasoning, numeric calculations, translation-based problems, and complex mathematical tasks typically seen in competitive exams. This dataset is intended to fill a critical gap by focusing on numeric reasoning and mathematical logic in Hindi, offering high-quality prompts that challenge models to handle both linguistic and mathematical complexity in one of the world’s most widely spoken languages.

Key Features:

-**Diverse Range of Mathematical Problems**: The dataset includes questions from areas such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physics, and number theory, all expressed in Hindi.

-**Logical and Reasoning Tasks**: Includes logic-based problems requiring pattern recognition, deduction, and reasoning, often seen in competitive exams like IIT JEE, GATE, and GRE.

-**Complex Numerical Calculations in Hindi**: Numeric expressions and their handling in Hindi text, a common challenge for language models, are a major focus of this dataset. Questions require models to accurately interpret and solve mathematical problems where numbers are written in Hindi words (e.g., "पचासी हजार सात सौ नवासी" for 85789).

-**Real-World Application Scenarios**: Paragraph-based problems, puzzles, and word problems that mirror real-world scenarios and test both language comprehension and problem-solving capabilities.

-**Culturally Relevant Questions**: Carefully curated questions that avoid regional or social biases, ensuring that the dataset accurately reflects the linguistic and cultural nuances of Hindi-speaking regions.

Dataset Breakdown:

-**Logical and Reasoning-based Questions**: Questions testing pattern recognition, deduction, and logical reasoning, often seen in IQ tests and competitive exams.

• Calculation-based Problems: Includes numeric operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, presented in Hindi text.

-**Translation-based Mathematical Problems**: Questions that involve translating between numeric expressions and Hindi word forms, enhancing model understanding of Hindi numerals.

-**Competitive Exam-style Questions**: Sourced and inspired by advanced reasoning and problem-solving questions from exams like GATE, IIT JEE, and GRE, providing high-level challenge.

-**Series and Sequence Questions**: Number series, progressions, and pattern recognition problems, essential for logical reasoning tasks.

-**Paragraph-based Word Problems**: Real-world math problems described in multiple sentences of Hindi text, requiring deeper language comprehension and reasoning.

-**Geometry and Trigonometry**: Includes geometry-based problems using Hindi terminology for angles, shapes, and measurements.

-**Physics-based Problems**: Mathematical problems based on physics concepts like mechanics, thermodynamics, and electricity, all expressed in Hindi.

-**Graph and Data Interpretation**: Interpretation of graphs and data in Hindi, testing both visual and mathematical understanding.

-**Olympiad-style Questions**: Advanced math problems, similar to those found in math Olympiads, designed to test high-level reasoning and problem-solving skills.

Preprocessing and Quality Control:

-**Human Verification**: Over 30% of the dataset has been manually reviewed and verified by native Hindi speakers. Additionally, a random sample of English-to-Hindi translated prompts showed a 100% success rate in translation quality, further boosting confidence in the overall quality of the dataset.

-**Dataset Curation**: The dataset was generated using a combination of human-curated questions, AI-assisted translations from existing English datasets, and publicly available educational resources. Special attention was given to ensure cultural sensitivity and accurate representation of the language.

-**Handling Numeric Challenges in Hindi**: Special focus was given to numeric reasoning tasks, where numbers are presented in Hindi words—a well-known challenge for existing language models. The dataset aims to push the boundaries of current models by providing complex scenarios that require a deep understanding of both language and numeric relationships.

Usage:

This dataset is ideal for researchers, educators, and developers working on natural language processing, machine learning, and AI models tailored for Hindi-speaking populations. The dataset can be used for:

• Fine-tuning language models for improved understanding of mathematical reasoning in Hindi.
• Training question-answering systems for educational tools that cater to Hindi-speaking students.
• Developing AI systems for competitive exam preparati...

Studies utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry rarely result in 100% fix success rates (FSR). Many assessments of wildlife resource use do not account for missing data, either assuming data loss is random or because a lack of practical treatment for systematic data loss. Several studies have explored how the environment, technological features, and animal behavior influence rates of missing data in GPS telemetry, but previous spatially explicit models developed to correct for sampling bias have been specified to small study areas, on a small range of data loss, or to be species-specific, limiting their general utility. Here we explore environmental effects on GPS fix acquisition rates across a wide range of environmental conditions and detection rates for bias correction of terrestrial GPS-derived, large mammal habitat use. We also evaluate patterns in missing data that relate to potential animal activities that change the orientation of the antennae and characterize home-range probability of GPS detection for 4 focal species; cougars (Puma concolor), desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus ssp. nelsoni) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Part 1, Positive Openness Raster (raster dataset): Openness is an angular measure of the relationship between surface relief and horizontal distance. For angles less than 90 degrees it is equivalent to the internal angle of a cone with its apex at a DEM location, and is constrained by neighboring elevations within a specified radial distance. 480 meter search radius was used for this calculation of positive openness. Openness incorporates the terrain line-of-sight or viewshed concept and is calculated from multiple zenith and nadir angles-here along eight azimuths. Positive openness measures openness above the surface, with high values for convex forms and low values for concave forms (Yokoyama et al. 2002). We calculated positive openness using a custom python script, following the methods of Yokoyama et. al (2002) using a USGS National Elevation Dataset as input. Part 2, Northern Arizona GPS Test Collar (csv): Bias correction in GPS telemetry data-sets requires a strong understanding of the mechanisms that result in missing data. We tested wildlife GPS collars in a variety of environmental conditions to derive a predictive model of fix acquisition. We found terrain exposure and tall over-story vegetation are the primary environmental features that affect GPS performance. Model evaluation showed a strong correlation (0.924) between observed and predicted fix success rates (FSR) and showed little bias in predictions. The model's predictive ability was evaluated using two independent data-sets from stationary test collars of different make/model, fix interval programming, and placed at different study sites. No statistically significant differences (95% CI) between predicted and observed FSRs, suggest changes in technological factors have minor influence on the models ability to predict FSR in new study areas in the southwestern US. The model training data are provided here for fix attempts by hour. This table can be linked with the site location shapefile using the site field. Part 3, Probability Raster (raster dataset): Bias correction in GPS telemetry datasets requires a strong understanding of the mechanisms that result in missing data. We tested wildlife GPS collars in a variety of environmental conditions to derive a predictive model of fix aquistion. We found terrain exposure and tall overstory vegetation are the primary environmental features that affect GPS performance. Model evaluation showed a strong correlation (0.924) between observed and predicted fix success rates (FSR) and showed little bias in predictions. The models predictive ability was evaluated using two independent datasets from stationary test collars of different make/model, fix interval programing, and placed at different study sites. No statistically significant differences (95% CI) between predicted and observed FSRs, suggest changes in technological factors have minor influence on the models ability to predict FSR in new study areas in the southwestern US. We evaluated GPS telemetry datasets by comparing the mean probability of a successful GPS fix across study animals home-ranges, to the actual observed FSR of GPS downloaded deployed collars on cougars (Puma concolor), desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus ssp. nelsoni) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Comparing the mean probability of acquisition within study animals home-ranges and observed FSRs of GPS downloaded collars resulted in a approximatly 1:1 linear relationship with an r-sq= 0.68. Part 4, GPS Test Collar Sites (shapefile): Bias correction in GPS telemetry data-sets requires a strong understanding of the mechanisms that result in missing data. We tested wildlife GPS collars in a variety of environmental conditions to derive a predictive model of fix acquisition. We found terrain exposure and tall over-story vegetation are the primary environmental features that affect GPS performance. Model evaluation showed a strong correlation (0.924) between observed and predicted fix success rates (FSR) and showed little bias in predictions. The model's predictive ability was evaluated using two independent data-sets from stationary test collars of different make/model, fix interval programming, and placed at different study sites. No statistically significant differences (95% CI) between predicted and observed FSRs, suggest changes in technological factors have minor influence on the models ability to predict FSR in new study areas in the southwestern US. Part 5, Cougar Home Ranges (shapefile): Cougar home-ranges were calculated to compare the mean probability of a GPS fix acquisition across the home-range to the actual fix success rate (FSR) of the collar as a means for evaluating if characteristics of an animal’s home-range have an effect on observed FSR. We estimated home-ranges using the Local Convex Hull (LoCoH) method using the 90th isopleth. Data obtained from GPS download of retrieved units were only used. Satellite delivered data was omitted from the analysis for animals where the collar was lost or damaged because satellite delivery tends to lose as additional 10% of data. Comparisons with home-range mean probability of fix were also used as a reference for assessing if the frequency animals use areas of low GPS acquisition rates may play a role in observed FSRs. Part 6, Cougar Fix Success Rate by Hour (csv): Cougar GPS collar fix success varied by hour-of-day suggesting circadian rhythms with bouts of rest during daylight hours may change the orientation of the GPS receiver affecting the ability to acquire fixes. Raw data of overall fix success rates (FSR) and FSR by hour were used to predict relative reductions in FSR. Data only includes direct GPS download datasets. Satellite delivered data was omitted from the analysis for animals where the collar was lost or damaged because satellite delivery tends to lose approximately an additional 10% of data. Part 7, Openness Python Script version 2.0: This python script was used to calculate positive openness using a 30 meter digital elevation model for a large geographic area in Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah. A scientific research project used the script to explore environmental effects on GPS fix acquisition rates across a wide range of environmental conditions and detection rates for bias correction of terrestrial GPS-derived, large mammal habitat use.

Study information

The sample included in this dataset represents five children who participated in a number line intervention study. Originally six children were included in the study, but one of them fulfilled the criterion for exclusion after missing several consecutive sessions. Thus, their data is not included in the dataset.

All participants were currently attending Year 1 of primary school at an independent school in New South Wales, Australia. For children to be able to eligible to participate they had to present with low mathematics achievement by performing at or below the 25th percentile in the Maths Problem Solving and/or Numerical Operations subtests from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016). Participants were excluded from participating if, as reported by their parents, they have any other diagnosed disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, developmental language disorder, cerebral palsy or uncorrected sensory disorders.

The study followed a multiple baseline case series design, with a baseline phase, a treatment phase, and a post-treatment phase. The baseline phase varied between two and three measurement points, the treatment phase varied between four and seven measurement points, and all participants had 1 post-treatment measurement point.

The number of measurement points were distributed across participants as follows:

Participant 1 – 3 baseline, 6 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 3 – 2 baseline, 7 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 5 – 2 baseline, 5 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 6 – 3 baseline, 4 treatment, 1 post-treatment

Participant 7 – 2 baseline, 5 treatment, 1 post-treatment

In each session across all three phases children were assessed in their performance on a number line estimation task, a single-digit computation task, a multi-digit computation task, a dot comparison task and a number comparison task. Furthermore, during the treatment phase, all children completed the intervention task after these assessments. The order of the assessment tasks varied randomly between sessions.

Measures

Number Line Estimation. Children completed a computerised bounded number line task (0-100). The number line is presented in the middle of the screen, and the target number is presented above the start point of the number line to avoid signalling the midpoint (Dackermann et al., 2018). Target numbers included two non-overlapping sets (trained and untrained) of 30 items each. Untrained items were assessed on all phases of the study. Trained items were assessed independent of the intervention during baseline and post-treatment phases, and performance on the intervention is used to index performance on the trained set during the treatment phase. Within each set, numbers were equally distributed throughout the number range, with three items within each ten (0-10, 11-20, 21-30, etc.). Target numbers were presented in random order. Participants did not receive performance-based feedback. Accuracy is indexed by percent absolute error (PAE) [(number estimated - target number)/ scale of number line] x100.

Single-Digit Computation. The task included ten additions with single-digit addends (1-9) and single-digit results (2-9). The order was counterbalanced so that half of the additions present the lowest addend first (e.g., 3 + 5) and half of the additions present the highest addend first (e.g., 6 + 3). This task also included ten subtractions with single-digit minuends (3-9), subtrahends (1-6) and differences (1-6). The items were presented horizontally on the screen accompanied by a sound and participants were required to give a verbal response. Participants did not receive performance-based feedback. Performance on this task was indexed by item-based accuracy.

Multi-digit computational estimation. The task included eight additions and eight subtractions presented with double-digit numbers and three response options. None of the response options represent the correct result. Participants were asked to select the option that was closest to the correct result. In half of the items the calculation involved two double-digit numbers, and in the other half one double and one single digit number. The distance between the correct response option and the exact result of the calculation was two for half of the trials and three for the other half. The calculation was presented vertically on the screen with the three options shown below. The calculations remained on the screen until participants responded by clicking on one of the options on the screen. Participants did not receive performance-based feedback. Performance on this task is measured by item-based accuracy.

Dot Comparison and Number Comparison. Both tasks included the same 20 items, which were presented twice, counterbalancing left and right presentation. Magnitudes to be compared were between 5 and 99, with four items for each of the following ratios: .91, .83, .77, .71, .67. Both quantities were presented horizontally side by side, and participants were instructed to press one of two keys (F or J), as quickly as possible, to indicate the largest one. Items were presented in random order and participants did not receive performance-based feedback. In the non-symbolic comparison task (dot comparison) the two sets of dots remained on the screen for a maximum of two seconds (to prevent counting). Overall area and convex hull for both sets of dots is kept constant following Guillaume et al. (2020). In the symbolic comparison task (Arabic numbers), the numbers remained on the screen until a response was given. Performance on both tasks was indexed by accuracy.

The Number Line Intervention

During the intervention sessions, participants estimated the position of 30 Arabic numbers in a 0-100 bounded number line. As a form of feedback, within each item, the participants’ estimate remained visible, and the correct position of the target number appeared on the number line. When the estimate’s PAE was lower than 2.5, a message appeared on the screen that read “Excellent job”, when PAE was between 2.5 and 5 the message read “Well done, so close! and when PAE was higher than 5 the message read “Good try!” Numbers were presented in random order.

Variables in the dataset

Age = age in ‘years, months’ at the start of the study

Sex = female/male/non-binary or third gender/prefer not to say (as reported by parents)

Math_Problem_Solving_raw = Raw score on the Math Problem Solving subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

Math_Problem_Solving_Percentile = Percentile equivalent on the Math Problem Solving subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

Num_Ops_Raw = Raw score on the Numerical Operations subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

Math_Problem_Solving_Percentile = Percentile equivalent on the Numerical Operations subtest from the WIAT III (WIAT III A & NZ, Wechsler, 2016).

The remaining variables refer to participants’ performance on the study tasks. Each variable name is composed by three sections. The first one refers to the phase and session. For example, Base1 refers to the first measurement point of the baseline phase, Treat1 to the first measurement point on the treatment phase, and post1 to the first measurement point on the post-treatment phase.

The second part of the variable name refers to the task, as follows:

DC = dot comparison

SDC = single-digit computation

NLE_UT = number line estimation (untrained set)

NLE_T= number line estimation (trained set)

CE = multidigit computational estimation

NC = number comparison

The final part of the variable name refers to the type of measure being used (i.e., acc = total correct responses and pae = percent absolute error).

Thus, variable Base2_NC_acc corresponds to accuracy on the number comparison task during the second measurement point of the baseline phase and Treat3_NLE_UT_pae refers to the percent absolute error on the untrained set of the number line task during the third session of the Treatment phase.

This dataset contains three archives. The first archive, full_dataset.zip, contains geometries and free energies for nearly 44,000 solute molecules with almost 9 million conformers, in 42 different solvents. The geometries and gas phase free energies are computed using density functional theory (DFT). The solvation free energy for each conformer is computed using COSMO-RS and the solution free energies are computed using the sum of the gas phase free energies and the solvation free energies. The geometries for each solute conformer are provided as ASE_atoms_objects within a pandas DataFrame, found in the compressed file dft coords.pkl.gz within full_dataset.zip. The gas-phase energies, solvation free energies, and solution free energies are also provided as a pandas DataFrame in the compressed file free_energy.pkl.gz within full_dataset.zip. Ten example data splits for both random and scaffold split types are also provided in the ZIP archive for training models. Scaffold split index 0 is used to generate results in the corresponding publication. The second archive, refined_conf_search.zip, contains geometries and free energies for a representative sample of 28 solute molecules from the full dataset that were subject to a refined conformer search and thus had more conformers located. The format of the data is identical to full_dataset.zip. The third archive contains one folder for each solvent for which we have provided free energies in full_dataset.zip. Each folder contains the .cosmo file for every solvent conformer used in the COSMOtherm calculations, a dummy input file for the COSMOtherm calculations, and a CSV file that contains the electronic energy of each solvent conformer that needs to be substituted for "EH_Line" in the dummy input file.

The project lead for the collection of this data was Erin Zulliger. Elk (11 adult females, 3 adult males) were captured and equipped with GPS collars (Litetrack/Pinpoint Iridium collars, Lotek Wireless Inc., Newmarket, Ontario, Canada or Vectronic Aerospace) transmitting data from 2019-2023. The West Goose Lake herd migrates between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges, and migration corridors, migration stopovers, and winter ranges were modeled separately for this herd, but were not a part of this analysis. Annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas. GPS locations were fixed at 1-6 hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set, the GPS data locations fixed in 2D space and visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst were removed.The methodology used for this migration analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd’s annual range. Brownian bridge movement models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 14 elk, including 44 annual home range sequences, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper. BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of less than 27 hours. Home range is visualized as the 50th percentile contour (high use) and the 99th percentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution. Annual home range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample.

The project lead for the collection of this data was Carrington Hilson. Elk (9 adult females) were captured and equipped with GPS collars (Lotek Iridium) transmitting data from 2023-2024. The Potter-Redwood Valley herd does not migrate between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges. Therefore, annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas in lieu of modeling the specific winter ranges commonly seen in other ungulate analyses in California. GPS locations were fixed at 6.5 hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set, all points with DOP values greater than 5 and those points visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst were removed. The methodology used for this migration analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd's home range. Brownian bridge movement models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 8 elk, including 15 annual home range sequences, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper. BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of less than 27 hours and a fixed motion variance of 1000. Home range is visualized as the 50th percentile contour (high use) and the 99th percentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution. Home range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample.

Neighborhood contribution analysis on BeiBei and Tmall datasets. This table illustrates the impact of different neighborhood hops (1-hop, 1+2-hop, 1+2+3-hop) on HR@10 and NDCG@10 for both datasets.

The project lead for the collection of this data was Erin Zulliger. Elk (12 adult females) were captured and equipped with GPS collars (Litetrack/Pinpoint Iridium collars, Lotek Wireless Inc., Newmarket, Ontario, Canada or Vectronic Aerospace) transmitting data from 2016-2023. The East Shasta Valley herd migrates between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges, and migration corridors, migration stopovers, and winter ranges were modeled separately for this herd, but are not a part of this analysis. Annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas. GPS locations were fixed at 1-13 hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set, the GPS data locations fixed in 2D space and visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst were removed.The methodology used for this migration analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd’s annual range. Brownian bridge movement models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 12 elk, including 36 annual home range sequences, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper. BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of less than 27 hours. Home range is visualized as the 50th percentile contour (high use) and the 99th percentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution. Annual home range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample.

GLAH05 Level-1B waveform parameterization data include output parameters from the waveform characterization procedure and other parameters required to calculate surface slope and relief characteristics. GLAH05 contains parameterizations of both the transmitted and received pulses and other characteristics from which elevation and footprint-scale roughness and slope are calculated. The received pulse characterization uses two implementations of the retracking algorithms: one tuned for ice sheets, called the standard parameterization, used to calculate surface elevation for ice sheets, oceans, and sea ice; and another for land (the alternative parameterization). Each data granule has an associated browse product.

The project lead for the collection of this data was Erin Zulliger. Elk (11 adult females) were captured and equipped with GPS collars (Litetrack/Pinpoint Iridium collars, Lotek Wireless Inc., Newmarket, Ontario, Canada or Vectronic Aerospace) transmitting data from 2016-2023. The Long Prairie herd does not migrate between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges. Therefore, annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas in lieu of modeling the specific winter ranges commonly seen in other ungulate analyses in California. GPS locations were fixed at 1-13 hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set, the GPS data locations fixed in 2D space and visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst were removed.The methodology used for this migration analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd's annual range. Brownian bridge movement models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 11 elk, including 34 annual home range sequences, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper. BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of less than 27 hours. Home range is visualized as the 50th percentile contour (high use) and the 99th percentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution. Annual home range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample.

Welcome to the Urdu Chain of Thought prompt-response dataset, a meticulously curated collection containing 3000 comprehensive prompt and response pairs. This dataset is an invaluable resource for training Language Models (LMs) to generate well-reasoned answers and minimize inaccuracies. Its primary utility lies in enhancing LLMs' reasoning skills for solving arithmetic, common sense, symbolic reasoning, and complex problems.

Dataset Content

This COT dataset comprises a diverse set of instructions and questions paired with corresponding answers and rationales in the Urdu language. These prompts and completions cover a broad range of topics and questions, including mathematical concepts, common sense reasoning, complex problem-solving, scientific inquiries, puzzles, and more.

Each prompt is meticulously accompanied by a response and rationale, providing essential information and insights to enhance the language model training process. These prompts, completions, and rationales were manually curated by native Urdu people, drawing references from various sources, including open-source datasets, news articles, websites, and other reliable references.

Our chain-of-thought prompt-completion dataset includes various prompt types, such as instructional prompts, continuations, and in-context learning (zero-shot, few-shot) prompts. Additionally, the dataset contains prompts and completions enriched with various forms of rich text, such as lists, tables, code snippets, JSON, and more, with proper markdown format.

Prompt Diversity

To ensure a wide-ranging dataset, we have included prompts from a plethora of topics related to mathematics, common sense reasoning, and symbolic reasoning. These topics encompass arithmetic, percentages, ratios, geometry, analogies, spatial reasoning, temporal reasoning, logic puzzles, patterns, and sequences, among others.

These prompts vary in complexity, spanning easy, medium, and hard levels. Various question types are included, such as multiple-choice, direct queries, and true/false assessments.

Response Formats

To accommodate diverse learning experiences, our dataset incorporates different types of answers depending on the prompt and provides step-by-step rationales. The detailed rationale aids the language model in building reasoning process for complex questions.

These responses encompass text strings, numerical values, and date and time formats, enhancing the language model's ability to generate reliable, coherent, and contextually appropriate answers.

Data Format and Annotation Details

This fully labeled Urdu Chain of Thought Prompt Completion Dataset is available in JSON and CSV formats. It includes annotation details such as a unique ID, prompt, prompt type, prompt complexity, prompt category, domain, response, rationale, response type, and rich text presence.

Quality and Accuracy

Our dataset upholds the highest standards of quality and accuracy. Each prompt undergoes meticulous validation, and the corresponding responses and rationales are thoroughly verified. We prioritize inclusivity, ensuring that the dataset incorporates prompts and completions representing diverse perspectives and writing styles, maintaining an unbiased and discrimination-free stance.

The Urdu version is grammatically accurate without any spelling or grammatical errors. No copyrighted, toxic, or harmful content is used during the construction of this dataset.

Continuous Updates and Customization

The entire dataset was prepared with the assistance of human curators from the FutureBeeAI crowd community. Ongoing efforts are made to add more assets to this dataset, ensuring its growth and relevance. Additionally, FutureBeeAI offers the ability to gather custom chain of thought prompt completion data tailored to specific needs, providing flexibility and customization options.

License

The dataset, created by FutureBeeAI, is now available for commercial use. Researchers, data scientists, and developers can leverage this fully labeled and ready-to-deploy Urdu Chain of Thought Prompt Completion Dataset to enhance the rationale and accurate response generation capabilities of their generative AI models and explore new approaches to NLP tasks.

The project lead for the collection of this data was Erin Zulliger. Elk (3 adult females) were captured and equipped with GPS collars (Litetrack/Pinpoint Iridium collars, Lotek Wireless Inc., Newmarket, Ontario, Canada or Vectronic Aerospace) transmitting data from 2021-2023. The Scott Valley herd does not migrate between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges. Therefore, annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas in lieu of modeling the specific winter ranges commonly seen in other ungulate analyses in California. GPS locations were fixed at 1-6 hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set, the GPS data locations fixed in 2D space and visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst were removed.The methodology used for this migration analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd’s annual range. Brownian bridge movement models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 3 elk, including 4 annual home range sequences, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper. BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of less than 27 hours. Home range is visualized as the 50th percentile contour (high use) and the 99th percentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution. Annual home range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample.

Dataset Card for NuminaMath 1.5

  Dataset Summary

This is the second iteration of the popular NuminaMath dataset, bringing high quality post-training data for approximately 900k competition-level math problems. Each solution is formatted in a Chain of Thought (CoT) manner. The sources of the dataset range from Chinese high school math exercises to US and international mathematics olympiad competition problems. The data were primarily collected from online exam paper PDFs… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/AI-MO/NuminaMath-1.5.

The project lead for the collection of this data was Carrington Hilson. Elk (2 adult females) were captured and equipped with GPS collars (Lotek Iridium) transmitting data from 2022-2023. The Wilson herd does not migrate between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges. Therefore, annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas in lieu of modeling the specific winter ranges commonly seen in other ungulate analyses in California. GPS locations were fixed between 1-7 hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set as per Bjørneraas et al. (2010), the GPS data were filtered prior to analysis to remove locations which were: i) further from either the previous point or subsequent point than an individual pronghorn is able to travel in the elapsed time, ii) forming spikes in the movement trajectory based on outgoing and incoming speeds and turning angles sharper than a predefined threshold , or iii) fixed in 2D space and visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst. The methodology used for this migration analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd’s home range. Brownian bridge movement models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 2 elk, including 2 annual home range sequence, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper. BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of less then 27 hours. Home range is visualized as the 50th percentile contour (high use) and the 99th percentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution. Home range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample.

The project leads for the collection of this data were Josh Bush and Tom Batter. Elk (5 adult females, 7 adult males) from the Lake Pillsbury herd were captured and equipped with Lotek GPS collars (LifeCycle 800 GlobalStar, Lotek Wireless, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada), transmitting data from 2017-2022. The study area was within the Lake Pillsbury Elk Management Unit, north of Clear Lake and located entirely within the Mendocino National Forest. The Lake Pillsbury herd contains short distance, elevation-based movements likely due to seasonal habitat conditions, but this herd does not migrate between traditional summer and winter seasonal ranges. Instead, much of the herd displays a residential pattern, slowly moving up or down elevational gradients. Therefore, annual home ranges were modeled using year-round data to demarcate high use areas in lieu of modeling the specific winter ranges commonly seen in other ungulate analyses in California. GPS locations were fixed at 13-hour intervals in the dataset. To improve the quality of the data set as per Bjørneraas et al. (2010), the GPS data were filtered prior to analysis to remove locations which were: i) further from either the previous point or subsequent point than an individual elk is able to travel in the elapsed time, ii) forming spikes in the movement trajectory based on outgoing and incoming speeds and turning angles sharper than a predefined threshold , or iii) fixed in 2D space and visually assessed as a bad fix by the analyst. The methodology used for this analysis allowed for the mapping of the herd’s annual range based on a small sample. Brownian Bridge Movement Models (BBMMs; Sawyer et al. 2009) were constructed with GPS collar data from 11 elk in total, including 36 year-long sequences, location, date, time, and average location error as inputs in Migration Mapper to assess annual range. Annual range BBMMs were produced at a spatial resolution of 50 m using a sequential fix interval of les than 27 hours. Population-level annual range designations for this herd may expand with a larger sample, filling in some of the gaps between high-use annual range polygons in the map. Annual range is visualized as the 50th percentile contour (high use) and the 99th percentile contour of the year-round utilization distribution.