About

Various statistics from European Central Bank.

Downloading

Material is available via web interface at:

• http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/

'Selected euro area statistics and national breakdowns' available at:

• http://www.ecb.eu/stats/services/escb/html/index.en.html

There are also several zipped CSV files available at:

• http://www.ecb.eu/stats/services/downloads/html/index.en.html

Openness

From disclaimer:

Copyright © for the entire content of this website: European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Subject to the exception below, users of the ECB's website may make free use of the information obtained directly from it subject to the following conditions:

1. When such information is distributed or reproduced, it must appear accurately and the ECB must be cited as the source.
2. Where the information is incorporated in documents that are sold (regardless of the medium), the natural or legal person publishing the information must inform buyers, both before they pay any subscription or fee and each time they access the information taken from the ECB's website, that the information may be obtained free of charge through the ECB's website.
3. If the information is transformed by the user (e.g. by seasonal adjustment of statistical data, calculation of growth rates) this must be stated explicitly.
4. When linking to the ECB's website from business sites or for promotional purposes, the ECB's website must be the sole element of the browser's window (i.e. must not appear within another website's frame).

As an exception to the above, any reproduction, publication or reprint, in whole or in part, of documents that bear the name of their author(s), such as ECB Working Papers and ECB Occasional Papers, in the form of a different publication, whether printed or produced electronically is permitted only with the explicit prior written authorisation of the ECB or the author(s).

The Balance of Payments is the statistical statement that systematically summarises transactions between residents and non-residents. It consists of the goods and services account, the primary income account, the secondary income account, the capital account and the financial account (BPM6 – 2.12) The financial account shows net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities The financial account indicates the functional categories, sectors, instruments, and maturities used for net international financing transactions. (BPM6 – 8.1). Five functional categories of investment are distinguished in the international accounts: a) direct investment, b) portfolio investment, c) financial derivatives and employee stock options, d) other investment and e) reserve assets. (BPM6 – 6.1). Source of euro area data: European Central Bank (ECB).

The product has been discontinued since: 02 Feb 2018.

The Euro-national currency exchange rate represents the equivalent of one euro expressed in national currency. For example, the euro-dollar exchange rate is the equivalent of one euro expressed in United States dollars. Monthly data are the average of the observed business day rates. Data are presented in raw form. Source: European Central Bank (ECB)

The AMECO database is compiled by the DG-ECFIN in the European Commission. It contains annual macro-economic time series submitted by the Member States and “filtered” by the Commission. These data are used in the forecast exercises done two times per year (Spring and Autumn). It is the official source for some variables, especially those related to public finances. Since 2018 there is only a limited interim forecast concerning GDP growth and inflation and as coincidence the Winter forecast data will not be introduced in AMECO anymore. Current vintage: Spring 2025; more information can be found on DG-ECFIN website:

European Economic Forecast - Spring 2025 Economic forecasts AMECO database

The benchmark interest rate In the Euro Area was last recorded at 2.15 percent. This dataset provides - Euro Area Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Analysis of ‘Daily Exchange Rates per Euro 1999-2021’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/lsind18/euro-exchange-daily-rates-19992020 on 29 August 2021.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

21+ years of the euro € 💶

04 Jan 1999 - 26 Mar 2021

It wasn't until 1999 that the euro really began its journey, when 11 countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain) fixed their exchange rates and created a new currency with monetary policy passed to the European Central Bank. Today euro is 20+ years old.

Content

Reference rates are euro foreign exchange rates observed on major foreign exchange trading venues at a certain point in time = they are the price of one currency in terms of another currency. The rates are usually updated around 16:00 CET on every working day, except on TARGET closing days.

Dataset contains date and Euro rate corresponding to Australian dollar, Bulgarian lev, Brazilian real, Canadian dollar, Swiss franc, Chinese yuan renminbi, Cypriot pound, Czech koruna, Danish krone, Estonian kroon, UK pound sterling, Greek drachma, Hong Kong dollar, Croatian kuna, Hungarian forint, Indonesian rupiah, Israeli shekel, Indian rupee, Iceland krona, Japanese yen, Korean won, Lithuanian litas, Latvian lats, Maltese lira, Mexican peso, Malaysian ringgit, Norwegian krone, New Zealand dollar, Philippine peso, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Russian rouble, Swedish krona, Singapore dollar, Slovenian tolar, Slovak koruna, Thai baht, Turkish lira, US dollar, South African rand.

• Some currency in the list doesn't exist anymore; it was replaced by the Euro €: Cypriot pound (2007), Estonian kroon (2011), Greek drachma (2002), Lithuanian litas (2015), Latvian lats (2014), Maltese lira (2008), Slovenian tolar (2007), Slovak koruna (2009).
• Bulgarian lev since 2002 is pegged to the Euro: 1 € = 1.9558 leva.

Acknowledgements

All data provided by European Central Bank Statistical Data WareHouse, EXR - Exchange Rates.
Dataset is versioned and stays on weekly update.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The ECB wage tracker is the result of a Eurosystem partnership currently comprising the European Central Bank and seven euro area National Central Banks: Deutsche Bundesbank, Bank of Greece, Banco de España, Banque de France, Banca d’Italia, De Nederlandsche Bank, and Osterreichische Nationalbank. It is based on a highly granular database of active collective bargaining agreements for Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Austria. Netherlands, and Austria. The wage tracker should be considered as only one of many possible sources that can help to assess wage pressures in the euro area. These are not wage growth forecasts, as they only indicate wage pressures that mechanically arise from the collective bargaining agreements already in place. The Eurosystem and ECB staff macroeconomic projections remain the most comprehensive assessment of the wage outlook for the euro area.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented other cuts in the first half of 2025, setting the rate at 2.15 percent in June 2025. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

Exchange rates for the euro. Data sources are the European Central Bank, the German Bundesbank or for some candidate countries there is a direct transmission.

Countries participate in many multilateral organisations, for example the United Nations, World Bank or NATO. These organisations are (partially) funded via contributions from each member country. To fulfil their duties, these organisations buy services and products from companies all over the world. On https://openmultilaterals.org/ we show which countries and companies reap the benefits of these transactions.

The datasets are available as open data and are thus free for everyone to download and use. See the about page for more information on how we retrieved the data.

Fields available in all four datasets

• year: The year in which the contract/order was awarded
• vendor_country: The country where the vendor organization is located
• vendor_name: The name of the vendor organization
• amount: The amount in dollars awarded for the contract/order; NATO values were in euros so they have been converted to dollars using these exchange rates (Set 'Transformation' to 'Annual Frequency' to get the annual averages)
• description: Description of the contract/order

All datasets have other fields available as well, but they are often specific to each dataset. Regarding the World Bank data: we combined both the corporate procurement contract award and major contract awards data in the chart and table at the home page of this website. Some of the columns are unique to each dataset and are thus empty in the table. Award Date, Commodity Category, WBG Organization, Selection Number, Fund Source, VPU description, Contract Award Type are unique to the corporate procurement contract awards dataset. The field Supplier Country Code is common to both. The rest of the fields are unique to the major contract awards dataset.

A system is in development to provide monthly balance of payments to the European Central Bank (ECB) for the purposes of monetary policy and foreign exchange operations in the Euro area.

Source agency: Office for National Statistics

Designation: Experimental Official Statistics

Language: English

Alternative title: Monly BoP

From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024, and the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to two percent by June 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of December 2024, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.59 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

Analysis of ‘Statistics on issues of debt securities - New issues’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/ecb-debt-securities-new-issues on 08 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Statistics on debt securities issues are broken down into short-term securities and long-term securities.This dataset covers gross issues of short-term and long-term debt securities issued by monetary financial institutions, non-financial corporations, general government and by financial corporations other than monetary financial institutions.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Analysis of ‘Statistics on issues of debt securities - Net issues’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/ecb-debt-securities-net-issues on 12 November 2021.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Statistics on debt securities issues are broken down into short-term securities and long-term securities.This dataset covers net issues of short-term and long-term debt securities issued by monetary financial institutions, non-financial corporations, general government and by financial corporations other than monetary financial institutions.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Analysis of ‘Statistics on issues of debt securities - Stocks’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/ecb-debt-securities-stocks on 07 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Statistics on debt securities issues are broken down into short-term securities and long-term securities.This dataset covers outstanding amounts of short-term and long-term debt securities issued by monetary financial institutions, non-financial corporations, general government and by financial corporations other than monetary financial institutions.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The Balance of Payments is the statistical statement that systematically summarises transactions between residents and non-residents. It consists of the goods and services account, the primary income account, the secondary income account, the capital account and the financial account (BPM6 – 2.12) The financial account shows net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities The financial account indicates the functional categories, sectors, instruments, and maturities used for net international financing transactions. (BPM6 – 8.1). Five functional categories of investment are distinguished in the international accounts: a) direct investment, b) portfolio investment, c) financial derivatives and employee stock options, d) other investment and e) reserve assets. (BPM6 – 6.1). Source of euro area data: European Central Bank (ECB).

Euro-zone series: Until December 1998 it is an aggregate of interbank deposit bid rates weighted by country GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Thereafter the rate is the EONIA (Euro OverNight Index Average), the effective overnight reference rate for the euro, computed as a weighted average of all overnight unsecured lending transactions in the interbank market, initiated within the euro area by the contributing panel banks. EONIA is computed with the help of the European Central Bank. EU15 series: Until December 1998, this is a theoretical rate based on an aggregation of day-to-day rates weighted by country GDP. Thereafter the rate is an average of the EONIA and the rates of the non-euro-zone countries, weighted by country GDP. National series: broadly speaking, these are day-to-day interbank rates. Source: European Central Bank.

Analysis of ‘Investment funds statistics broken down by investment policy - Growth rates’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/ecb-investment-funds-investment-policy-growth-rates on 12 November 2021.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Investment funds can be distinguished by investment policy (equity funds, bond funds, mixed funds, real estate funds, hedge funds, other funds). This dataset covers annual percentage changes.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The monthly data on registrations of new vehicles inform about the number of new passenger cars registered by country. The source of the registrations data is the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA). Note that registrations of new passenger cars include both cars registered by private households and cars registered by businesses. The ECB data set contains new passenger car registrations; the provision of commercial vehicle registrations was discontinued. In addition to country data received from ACEA, ECOS calculates euro area aggregates, also in seasonally adjusted form.For details on the change in naming conventions, you can find a one-to-one correspondence between the new and old naming conventions in the STS mapping file.