In 2024, the population of the United Kingdom reached 69.3 million, compared with 68.5 million in 2023. The UK population has more than doubled since 1871 when just under 31.5 million lived in the UK and has grown by around 10.4 million since the start of the twenty-first century. For most of the twentieth century, the UK population steadily increased, with two noticeable drops in population occurring during World War One (1914-1918) and in World War Two (1939-1945). Demographic trends in postwar Britain After World War Two, Britain and many other countries in the Western world experienced a 'baby boom,' with a postwar peak of 1.02 million live births in 1947. Although the number of births fell between 1948 and 1955, they increased again between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, with more than one million people born in 1964. Since 1964, however, the UK birth rate has fallen from 18.8 births per 1,000 people to a low of just 10.2 in 2020. As a result, the UK population has gotten significantly older, with the country's median age increasing from 37.9 years in 2001 to 40.7 years in 2022. What are the most populated areas of the UK? The vast majority of people in the UK live in England, which had a population of 58.6 million people in 2024. By comparison, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland had populations of 5.5 million, 3.2 million, and 1.9 million, respectively. Within England, South East England had the largest population, at over 9.6 million, followed by the UK's vast capital city of London, at almost 9.1 million. London is far larger than any other UK city in terms of urban agglomeration, with just four other cities; Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Glasgow, boasting populations that exceed one million people.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the England population over the last 20 plus years. It lists the population for each year, along with the year on year change in population, as well as the change in percentage terms for each year. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population change of England across the last two decades. For example, using this dataset, we can identify if the population is declining or increasing. If there is a change, when the population peaked, or if it is still growing and has not reached its peak. We can also compare the trend with the overall trend of United States population over the same period of time.

Key observations

In 2023, the population of England was 2,441, a 0.12% decrease year-by-year from 2022. Previously, in 2022, England population was 2,444, a decline of 0.49% compared to a population of 2,456 in 2021. Over the last 20 plus years, between 2000 and 2023, population of England decreased by 549. In this period, the peak population was 3,011 in the year 2009. The numbers suggest that the population has already reached its peak and is showing a trend of decline. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Data Coverage:

• From 2000 to 2023

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column displays the data year (Measured annually and for years 2000 to 2023)
• Population: The population for the specific year for the England is shown in this column.
• Year on Year Change: This column displays the change in England population for each year compared to the previous year.
• Change in Percent: This column displays the year on year change as a percentage. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for England Population by Year. You can refer the same here

National and subnational mid-year population estimates for the UK and its constituent countries by administrative area, age and sex (including components of population change, median age and population density).

In the past four centuries, the population of the Thirteen Colonies and United States of America has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 346 million in 2025. While the fertility rate has now dropped well below replacement level, and the population is on track to go into a natural decline in the 2040s, projected high net immigration rates mean the population will continue growing well into the next century, crossing the 400 million mark in the 2070s. Indigenous population Early population figures for the Thirteen Colonies and United States come with certain caveats. Official records excluded the indigenous population, and they generally remained excluded until the late 1800s. In 1500, in the first decade of European colonization of the Americas, the native population living within the modern U.S. borders was believed to be around 1.9 million people. The spread of Old World diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to biologically defenseless populations in the New World then wreaked havoc across the continent, often wiping out large portions of the population in areas that had not yet made contact with Europeans. By the time of Jamestown's founding in 1607, it is believed the native population within current U.S. borders had dropped by almost 60 percent. As the U.S. expanded, indigenous populations were largely still excluded from population figures as they were driven westward, however taxpaying Natives were included in the census from 1870 to 1890, before all were included thereafter. It should be noted that estimates for indigenous populations in the Americas vary significantly by source and time period. Migration and expansion fuels population growth The arrival of European settlers and African slaves was the key driver of population growth in North America in the 17th century. Settlers from Britain were the dominant group in the Thirteen Colonies, before settlers from elsewhere in Europe, particularly Germany and Ireland, made a large impact in the mid-19th century. By the end of the 19th century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. It is also estimated that almost 400,000 African slaves were transported directly across the Atlantic to mainland North America between 1500 and 1866 (although the importation of slaves was abolished in 1808). Blacks made up a much larger share of the population before slavery's abolition. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily since 1900, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. Since WWII, the U.S. has established itself as the world's foremost superpower, with the world's largest economy, and most powerful military. This growth in prosperity has been accompanied by increases in living standards, particularly through medical advances, infrastructure improvements, clean water accessibility. These have all contributed to higher infant and child survival rates, as well as an increase in life expectancy (doubling from roughly 40 to 80 years in the past 150 years), which have also played a large part in population growth. As fertility rates decline and increases in life expectancy slows, migration remains the largest factor in population growth. Since the 1960s, Latin America has now become the most common origin for migrants in the U.S., while immigration rates from Asia have also increased significantly. It remains to be seen how immigration restrictions of the current administration affect long-term population projections for the United States.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the England population over the last 20 plus years. It lists the population for each year, along with the year on year change in population, as well as the change in percentage terms for each year. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population change of England across the last two decades. For example, using this dataset, we can identify if the population is declining or increasing. If there is a change, when the population peaked, or if it is still growing and has not reached its peak. We can also compare the trend with the overall trend of United States population over the same period of time.

Key observations

In 2022, the population of England was 2,441, a 0.49% decrease year-by-year from 2021. Previously, in 2021, England population was 2,453, a decline of 0.65% compared to a population of 2,469 in 2020. Over the last 20 plus years, between 2000 and 2022, population of England decreased by 549. In this period, the peak population was 3,011 in the year 2009. The numbers suggest that the population has already reached its peak and is showing a trend of decline. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Data Coverage:

• From 2000 to 2022

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column displays the data year (Measured annually and for years 2000 to 2022)
• Population: The population for the specific year for the England is shown in this column.
• Year on Year Change: This column displays the change in England population for each year compared to the previous year.
• Change in Percent: This column displays the year on year change as a percentage. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for England Population by Year. You can refer the same here

The population of Europe was estimated to be 745 million in 2024, an increase of around 4 million when compared with 2012. Over 35 years between 1950 and 1985, the population of Europe grew by approximately 157.8 million. But 35 years after 1985 it was estimated to have only increased by around 38.7 million. Since the 1960s, population growth in Europe has fallen quite significantly and was even negative during the mid-1990s. While population growth has increased slightly since the low of -0.07 percent in 1998, the growth rate for 2020 was just 0.04 percent. Which European country has the biggest population? As of 2024, the population of Russia was estimated to be approximately 144.8 million and was by far Europe's largest country in terms of population, with Turkey being the second-largest at over 87 million. While these two countries both have territory in Europe, however, they are both only partially in Europe, with the majority of their landmasses being in Asia. In terms of countries wholly located on the European continent, Germany had the highest population at 84.5 million, and was followed by the United Kingdom and France at 69.1 million and 66.5 million respectively. Characteristics of Europe's population There are approximately 384.6 million females in Europe, compared with 359.5 million males, a difference of around 25 million. In 1950, however, the male population has grown faster than the female one, with the male population growing by 104.7 million, and the female one by 93.6 million. As of 2024, the single year of age with the highest population was 37, at 10.6 million, while in the same year there were estimated to be around 136 thousand people aged 100 or over.

There were almost 4.8 million people aged between 30 and 34 in the United Kingdom in 2024, making it the most populous age group in that year. Those aged between 35 and 39 years comprised the next most numerous age group in this year, at over 4.78 million people. Millennials overtake Boomers as biggest generation Post-war demographic trends, particularly the 'baby boom' phenomenon, have significantly influenced the current age distribution in the UK. The postwar peak of live births in 1947 resulted in the dominance of the Baby Boomer generation for several decades, until 2020 when Millennials became the largest generational cohort, surpassing the Boomers for the first time. The following year, the UK Boomer population was then overtaken by Generation X, the generation born between Boomers and Millennials. Generation Z, remained smaller than the three generations that preceded it until 2024 when there were more Gen Zers than Boomers. Aging UK population poses challenges The median age of the UK population is projected to reach 44.5 years by 2050, compared to 34.9 years in 1950. This aging trend is indicative of broader global demographic shifts, with the median age of people worldwide forecasted to increase from 23.6 years in 1950 to 41.9 years by 2100. How countries like the UK manage their aging populations will be one of the key challenges of the next few decades. It is likely the UK's struggling National Health Service (NHS) will come under even more pressure in the coming years. There are also tough economic questions, in particular as more people enter retirement age and the UK's working population gets smaller in relation to it.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the England population by year. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population trend of England.

Content

The dataset constitues the following datasets

• England, AR Population Dataset: Yearly Figures, Population Change, and Percent Change Analysis

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

There were almost 34.2 million people employed in the United Kingdom in the three months to September 2025. In general, the number of people employed has consistently increased, with noticeable dips in employment occurring in 2008 due to the global financial crisis and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Labor market hot streak in 2022 Although there was a sharp increase in the UK's unemployment rate in the aftermath of COVID-19, the UK labor market bounced back forcefully after this sudden shock. By the middle of 2022, the UK's unemployment rate had recovered to pre-pandemic levels, while the number of job vacancies in the UK reached record highs. Wage growth was, by this point, growing at a much slower rate than inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. In the two years since this peak, the UK labor market has cooled slightly, with unemployment reaching 4.4 percent by December 2024 and the number of job vacancies falling to the lowest figures since May 2021. Characteristics of UK workers As of 2024, the majority of UK workers were working in the private sector, at over 27.6 million workers. In the same year, the size of the UK's public sector workforce stood at approximately 6.1 million, with over two million of these people working for the UK's National Health Service (NHS) and a further 1.66 million in the public education sector. In the UK's private sector, the industry sector that employed the most people was wholesale and retail, which had a workforce of over 4.9 million people, followed by administrative and support service roles at around 3.1 million.

This graph shows the resident population projection of elderly people in the United Kingdom from 2020 to 2050, by age group. There is expected to be an overall growth in the number of elderly people. It is expected that all age groups over the age of 60 are expected to increase in number; most substantially, those aged over 80 years.

This spreadsheet contains: the total number of net additional dwellings from all sources, Total number of dwellings, and Average dwelling size (persons per dwelling) Net additional dwellings includes conversions, change of use, and other reasons, minus demolitions and all dwellings estimates. The net additional data is by borough since 2004/05 and total dwellings estimate is since 2001. More information can be found on the CLG website. Data is from Tables 122 and 125. A figure of persons per dwelling has also been included using population estimates. This release takes annual figures on net housing supply in England from two data sources: 1) information submitted to Communities and Local Government (CLG) by local authorities in all regions except London through the Housing Flows Reconciliation (HFR) form; and 2) information collected by the Greater London Authority (GLA) for London Boroughs. From 2000-01 to 2003-04, all local authorities submitted data to Communities and Local Government through the HFR form. Between 2004-05 and 2008-09, Communities and Local Government worked jointly with Regional Planning Bodies in some regions on joint returns to ensure consistency between the net housing supply figures reported at various geographical levels. In 2010 the abolition of Regional Planning Bodies prompted a return to submission through the HFR for all local authorities outside London. Because of the unique status of the GLA, London Boroughs continue to supply their data through the GLA. Users should note that the London figures are provisional at this stage and may be subject to change before they are reported in the GLA’s Annual Monitoring Report in February 2011. Local authorities have until early September, five months after the end of the financial year, to complete the HFR form. This change to the data collection process has enabled Communities and Local Government (DCLG) to publish the net supply of housing statistical release for 2009-10 four months earlier than in previous years. DCLG also publish house building statistics by local authority (Table 253), but the GLA prefer to use Net Additional Dwellings because they are more complete in terms of borough coverage, and comprehensive, as they cover more than just new build. Dwellings estimate is at 31 March Figures from 2001 and 2011 are census figures. All figures from 2002 to 2011 have been revised following the release of the dwelling count from the 2011 census. Data from 2003, 2003 and 2004 contains a number of imputed and adjusted values and should not be considered as robust as subsequent years. Average dwelling size (persons per dwelling) using population estimate (ONS) divided by number of dwellings. Population data is from ONS mid year estimates and projections. External links: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-net-supply-of-housing https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-dwelling-stock-including-vacants

Annual UK and constituent country figures for births, deaths, marriages, divorces, civil partnerships and civil partnership dissolutions.

Data on teenage conceptions at ward level has been analysed by quintiles and are presented as maps to illustrate the variation whilst avoiding the risk of disclosing information on individuals. Under 18 conception rates at ward level were produced by aggregating the number of conceptions to all girls aged under 18 over three year periods (2000-2002 and 2001-2003) and calculating the rate as the number of conceptions per 1,000 women aged 15-17 resident in the area using the mid year ward population estimates. Quintiles were then produced by ranking ward level under 18 conceptions rates from the lowest to highest at National level and then allocating wards to one of five equal groups based on the total number of wards. Quintile 1 therefore includes wards with the lowest rates, whilst quintile 5 includes wards with the highest rates in England and Wales. Source: Office for National Statistics (ONS) Publisher: Neighbourhood Statistics Geographies: Ward, Local Authority District (LAD) Geographic coverage: England and Wales Time coverage: 2000-2002, 2001-2003 Type of data: Administrative data

In the year to June 2025, approximately 898,000 people migrated to the United Kingdom, while 693,000 people migrated from the country, resulting in a net migration figure of 204,000. There have consistently been more people migrating to the United Kingdom than leaving it since 1993 when approximately 1,000 more people left the country than arrived. Although migration from the European Union has declined since the Brexit vote of 2016, migration from non-EU countries accelerated rapidly from 2021 onwards. In the year to June 2023, 968,000 people from non-EU countries migrated to the UK, compared with 129,000 from EU member states. Immigration and the 2024 election Since late 2022, immigration, along with the economy and healthcare, has consistently been seen by UK voters as one of the top issues facing the country. Despite a pledge to deter irregular migration via small boats, and controversial plans to send asylum applicants to Rwanda while their claims are being processed, Rishi Sunak's Conservative government lost the trust of the public on this issue. On the eve of the last election, 20 percent of Britons thought the Labour Party would be the best party to handle immigration, compared with 13 percent who thought the Conservatives would handle it better. Sunak and the Conservatives went on to lose this election, suffering their worst defeat in modern elections. Historical context of migration The first humans who arrived in the British Isles, were followed by acts of conquest and settlement from Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and Normans. In the early modern period, there were also significant waves of migration from people fleeing religious or political persecution, such as the French Huguenots. More recently, large numbers of people also left Britain. Between 1820 and 1957, for example, around 4.5 million people migrated from Britain to America. After World War Two, immigration from Britain's colonies and former colonies was encouraged to meet labour demands. A key group that migrated from the Caribbean between the late 1940s and early 1970s became known as the Windrush generation, named after one of the ships that brought the arrivals to Britain.

Abstract

1. A pioneering, quantitative study published in the Journal of Animal Ecology in 1966 on freshwater mussel populations in the River Thames, UK, continues to be cited extensively as evidence of the major contribution that mussels make to benthic biomass and ecosystem functioning in global river ecosystems.
2. Ecological alteration, as well as declines in freshwater mussel populations elsewhere, suggest that changes to mussel populations in the River Thames are likely to have occurred over the half century since this study.
3. We resurveyed the site reported in Negus (1966) and quantified the changes in mussel population density, species composition, growth patterns and productivity.
4. We found large declines in population density for all unionid species. The duck mussel Anodonta anatina decreased to 1.1% of 1964 density. The painter’s mussel Unio pictorum fell to 3.2% of 1964 density. The swollen river mussel Unio tumidus showed statistically non-significant declines. In contrast to 1964, in 2020 we found no living specimens of the depressed river mussel Pseudanodonta complanata (classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List) but found new records of the invasive, non-native zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and Asian clam Corbicula fluminea. Additionally, we found strong decreases in size-at-age for all species, which now grow to 65-90% of maximum lengths in 1964. As a result of reduced density and size, estimated annual biomass production fell to 7.5% of 1964 levels.
5. Since mussels can be important to ecosystem functioning, providing key regulating and provisioning services, the declines we found imply substantial degradation of freshwater ecosystem services in the River Thames, one of the UK’s largest rivers. Our study also highlights the importance to conservationists and ecologists of updating and validating assumptions and data about wild populations, which in the present era of anthropogenic ecosystem alteration are undergoing significant and rapid changes. Regular population surveys of key species are essential to maintain an accurate picture of ecosystem health and to guide management.

Data collection

Sampling was conducted on 22 September 2020 in the River Thames adjacent to Wokingham Waterside Centre (51°27'35.7"N 0°56'34.3"W). The Thames is a 346km river with a densely populated catchment covering the southeast of England, comprising both tidal and non-tidal stretches and with 45 navigation locks and associated weirs. The study area was located in the non-tidal stretch, approximately 152km downstream of the source, and directly downstream of the city of Reading. Mean flow for the study area is 37.9 m3s-1 (data from the UK National River Flow Archive). By consulting maps published in Mann (1965) and Negus (1966) we were able to resurvey the identical locality to that surveyed in 1964, a 250m stretch of river varying in width from 50 to 65m.

Data collection

Sampling was designed to replicate as closely as possible the methods employed by Negus (1966). Consultation of the original paper was supplemented by in-person discussions with the original author. We sampled across four depth zones: 0-1m (n=32), 1-2m (n=32), 2-3m (n=14) and 3-4m (n=15), for a total of 93 samples, compared with a total of 24 samples conducted by Negus. We took equal numbers of replicates from each side of the river for each depth zone and allocating sampling effort proportionally to the different microhabitats present. Sampling in the 0-1m and 1-2m depth zones was conducted using randomly-placed 1m2 quadrats, with all live unionids within the quadrat area collected and transported to the lab for measurement. Sampling in the 2-3m and 3-4m zones was conducted by dredging (dredge width 45cm, mesh size 15mm) from a boat along replicate 20m-long upriver transects. Since dredge transects covered a greater area than the quadrats in shallower zones, we conducted fewer replicates for these deeper zones. The dredges used in 1964 and the present study were similar in design and conformed to the National Rivers Authority (1996) and Environment Agency (present) specifications, including a rectangular frame and angled blade to enable sampling from sediments including gravel, silt and mud. The dredges were also operated in a similar way, with samples collected by towing from a motor boat. The total area dredged was 580m2, compared with a total dredged sample area of 23.22m2 in 1964. All live mussels and all unionid shells were identified to species and recorded. For live unionids, we measured the length (longest anterior-to-posterior axis), height (dorsal-ventral axis) and width (left-right axis) using digital callipers. We additionally measured the length of each shell annulus (along its longest anterior-to-posterior axis). These are distinctive dark bands on the shell formed during periods of temporary growth cessation and have been confirmed to be annual (Rypel et al., 2008), including for populations in the Thames (Negus, 1966). They can therefore be used as a reliable measure of a mussel’s yearly growth (Aldridge, 1999).
We dissected a subset of 50 mussels, distributed across species, sampling depths and sizes, to measure shell wet mass and total wet mass separately in order to calculate an estimate of biomass production, following the method reported by Negus. To limit the extent of destructive sampling, we regressed wet mass on length and used this to interpolate total and shell wet mass for the remaining individuals. We report these equations for future reference in Table S1. Data for mussel populations in 1964 were obtained from Negus (Negus, 1966) and extracted from graphs using the software DataThief III (Tummers, 2006). Data used for comparison were those reported from ‘1964, unheated’ surveys. Additional surveys reported from 1963 and from heated effluents near the now-closed Earley Power Station offered less complete and less comparable data and were excluded. Water quality monitoring data were obtained from the Environment Agency for the River Thames at Caversham Weir monitoring point (sampling point ID: TH-PTHR0080), approximately 2km upstream of our sampling location. Data from 2000-present are publicly available (Environment Agency, 2021) and data for 1972 – 1999 were obtained via a Freedom of Information request. This study did not require ethical approval and no licences were required for the collection of mussels.

Each year, the Greater Manchester Travel Diary Survey (TRADS) collects detailed transport and travel information from every member (aged five or older) of 2,000 Greater Manchester households. Respondents provide details about all the trips they make in a 24-hour period. TRADS focuses on the specifics of the trips and the characteristics of the people making them, rather than attitudes to, and satisfaction with, travel. The survey sample is designed to be representative of each Greater Manchester (GM) district based on resident demographics. The survey runs throughout the year, from the beginning of February to the end of the following January. The only days when surveys aren’t conducted are Christmas Day and any days following a bank holiday. The data collected from 2,000 GM households equates to more than 4,500 residents and around 10,000 trips. The key information captured by the survey includes trip origins and destinations, travel times, travel methods, and journey purposes. Surveying is carried out face-to-face by experienced interviewers. The response rate was 58% for both 2017-19 and 2024. The survey’s annual sample - a random probability sample stratified by district - provides confidence intervals of +/- 1% to 2% at the GM household level, and +/- 7% to 8% at the district household level. Before the pandemic, trip estimates were based on data collected over three years, providing confidence intervals of +/- 1% at the GM household level, and +/- 3% to 4% at the district household level. However, since 2020, travel habits have been too unstable for this approach, so estimates from 2021 onwards are based on single-year data. The survey data is weighted/expanded to the GM population based on each district’s population by age, gender, and Acorn Category. The weights are small, with high weighting efficiency. Between 2019 and 2022, the weighting methodology was updated to better account for population growth. In 2019, data was expanded to the Census 2011 population levels, while 2024 data is expanded to the 2023 mid-year population estimates. This change has most notably impacted districts with significant population growth, such as Manchester and Salford, where the estimated number of trips has increased despite a decrease in the average trip rate per person. In 2023, the questionnaire was updated to include new travel modes (eg distinguishing between electric and combustion engine car drivers) and new demographic questions (eg sexual orientation, gender identity). These updates remain in place for 2024. Changes were also made in 2023 to better capture commute and business trips, reflecting the working habits of GM residents, resulting in more commute trips and fewer business trips being recorded. For the 2024 survey, business trips and commute trips were combined into one 'Business and Commuting' category, due to very few business trips being recorded overall. The report includes data estimates for 2019 and 2024. While overall estimates at the district household level have confidence intervals of +/- 7% to 8%, caution is advised when interpreting sub-group estimates (eg commute trips, short trips, age, hour, and purpose) due to larger confidence intervals. Before the pandemic, TRADS estimates closely aligned with key variables and other data sources (eg census data, ticket sales, Google Environment Insight Explorer). And generally, TRADS trip estimates show remarkable year-on-year stability, even for smaller modes and journey purposes. For example, the number of taxi trips has consistently been around 100,000 daily since 2017. Note: totals in tables may not sum precisely due to rounding to the nearest 1,000. If you would like more details of the surveying methodology, our technical notes can be made available on request. For more information about TRADS or for further analysis, please contact insight@tfgm.com.

The population of the United Kingdom in 2024 was estimated to be approximately 69.3 million, with over 9.6 million people living in South East England. London had the next highest population, at almost 9.1 million people, followed by the North West England at 7.7 million. With the UK's population generally concentrated in England, most English regions have larger populations than the constituent countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which had populations of 5.5 million, 3.2 million, and 1.9 million respectively. English counties and cities The United Kingdom is a patchwork of various regional units, within England the largest of these are the regions shown here, which show how London, along with the rest of South East England had around 18 million people living there in this year. The next significant regional units in England are the 47 metropolitan and ceremonial counties. After London, the metropolitan counties of the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, and West Yorkshire were the biggest of these counties, due to covering the large urban areas of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds respectively. Regional divisions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The smaller countries that comprise the United Kingdom each have different local subdivisions. Within Scotland these are called council areas, whereas in Wales the main regional units are called unitary authorities. Scotland's largest Council Area by population is that of Glasgow City at over 650,000, while in Wales, it was the Cardiff Unitary Authority at around 384,000. Northern Ireland, on the other hand, has eleven local government districts, the largest of which is Belfast with a population of approxiamtely 352,000.