China Outward Investment: Africa: South Africa data was reported at 353.900 USD mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 683.090 USD mn for 2022. China Outward Investment: Africa: South Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 317.359 USD mn from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2023, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.808 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of -814.910 USD mn in 2012. China Outward Investment: Africa: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OB: Outward Direct Investment: by Country.

In 2023, the total stock of FDI from China in South Africa amounted to about **** billion U.S. dollars. This was a decrease from **** billion U.S. dollars in the previous year.

China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Utilized: Africa: South Africa data was reported at 65.180 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.820 USD mn for 2016. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Utilized: Africa: South Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 16.050 USD mn from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2017, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 109.400 USD mn in 2004 and a record low of 1.310 USD mn in 1997. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Utilized: Africa: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OA: Foreign Direct Investment: Capital Utilized: by Country.

In 2023, the outflow of foreign direct investments from China to South Africa amounted to around ***** million U.S. dollars. This was a decrease from *** billion U.S. dollars in the previous year.

China Approved Outward Investment: NF: South Africa data was reported at 19.404 USD mn in 2005. This records a decrease from the previous number of 106.883 USD mn for 2004. China Approved Outward Investment: NF: South Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 12.770 USD mn from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2005, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 106.883 USD mn in 2004 and a record low of 1.648 USD mn in 2002. China Approved Outward Investment: NF: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OB: Approved Outward Direct Investment: Non Financial.

As of 2023, the stock of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) on the African continent was at its highest in South Africa, at over *** billion U.S. dollars. The Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigera followed with a total stock of roughly *** billion U.S. dollars and *** billion U.S. dollars, respectively. That same year, China's FDI capital stock in Africa reached approximately ** billion U.S. dollars.

China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Contract Value: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data was reported at 235.010 USD mn in Dec 2006. This records a decrease from the previous number of 278.970 USD mn for Dec 2005. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Contract Value: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data is updated quarterly, averaging 26.200 USD mn from Dec 1998 (Median) to Dec 2006, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 278.970 USD mn in Dec 2005 and a record low of 0.290 USD mn in Mar 2000. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Contract Value: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OA: Foreign Direct Investment: Value of Contract: by Country.

As of 2020, total flow of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in the African continent was at its highest in Kenya, at around *** million U.S. dollars. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Africa followed with a total flow of roughly *** million and *** million U.S. dollars, respectively. That same year, the flow of FDI from China to Africa reached about **** billion U.S. dollars.

China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Utilized: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data was reported at 25.600 USD mn in Dec 2008. This records a decrease from the previous number of 69.160 USD mn for Dec 2007. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Utilized: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data is updated quarterly, averaging 9.225 USD mn from Dec 1998 (Median) to Dec 2008, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 109.400 USD mn in Dec 2004 and a record low of 0.070 USD mn in Mar 2001. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Utilized: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OA: Foreign Direct Investment: Capital Utilized: by Country.

China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Number of Contract: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data was reported at 38.000 Unit in Dec 2007. This records a decrease from the previous number of 68.000 Unit for Dec 2006. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Number of Contract: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data is updated quarterly, averaging 28.000 Unit from Dec 1998 (Median) to Dec 2007, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 92.000 Unit in Dec 2003 and a record low of 2.000 Unit in Mar 1999. China (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment: Number of Contract: Year to Date: Africa: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OA: Foreign Direct Investment: No of Contract: by Country.

Between 2014 and 2018, ** percent of FDI into Africa originated from China. Chinese direct investment on the African continent represented the main source of FDI, whereas the United States and France held ***** percent of the total FDI, respectively.

In 2016, Southeast Asia was the largest foreign investment target in China's cement industry, accounting for 30.34 percent. Middle Asia was the second-largest with 16.85 percent share, followed by Southern Africa and East Africa. That year, Laos and Kyrgyzstan were the most popular investing countries for Chinese enterprises, American and European countries were the least favorable options. China's overseas cement investment was estimated to increase.

China ODI: Africa: Republic of South Sudan data was reported at -13.120 USD mn in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 12.210 USD mn for 2017. China ODI: Africa: Republic of South Sudan data is updated yearly, averaging 4.915 USD mn from Dec 2011 (Median) to 2018, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.080 USD mn in 2015 and a record low of -13.120 USD mn in 2018. China ODI: Africa: Republic of South Sudan data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OB: Outward Direct Investment: by Country.

This paper analyzes the risk-return characteristics of socially responsible investing by employing a time-varying capital gain and Sharpe ratio analysis for various investment horizons. We employ the MSCI ESG (environmental, social and governance) leaders indices in ten markets encompassing Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, UK, USA, China, India, Russia, and South Africa. Our sample ranges from 2007–2020. We document that ESG investments have very desirable return and hedging attributes for investors in these markets, and especially so in the USA and emerging markets.

China Outward Investment: accum: Africa: South Africa data was reported at 5.842 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.742 USD bn for 2022. China Outward Investment: accum: Africa: South Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 4.723 USD bn from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2023, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.473 USD bn in 2017 and a record low of 44.770 USD mn in 2003. China Outward Investment: accum: Africa: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OB: Outward Direct Investment: by Country.

Mali is highly dependent on foreign aid from many sources, most significantly from the World Bank, African Development Bank, and USAID. As of February 2011, Mali depended on foreign aid for almost 50 percent of its government expenditures. If foreign aid had increased as expected, this figure would have reached about 60 percent by 2015. However, many sources of foreign aid were cut following the recent coup in Mali and rebel activity in northern Mali.

The United States is the leading provider of emergency humanitarian aid in Mali and the region, having allocated over USD 445.9 million in humanitarian assistance to the Sahel region in FY2012 and FY2013 to date. Of this, USD 119.3 million has been provided for drought- and conflict-affected Malians. About USD 70.4 million in bilateral foreign assistance, in addition to the emergency humanitarian aid cited above, has either continued under existing legal authorities, or has been approved to resume. The U.S. Peace Corps program and all U.S. security assistance programs have been suspended in the country. Mali’s USD 461 million Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) compact, which focused on improving agricultural development along the Niger River and constructing a new international airport in Bamako, was terminated months before its stated completion.

The main sector for foreign direct investment (FDI) is in mining, with the largest investments coming from Australia, Canada, Great Britain, India, Japan, and South Africa. France, Germany, and China have made significant investments in the manufacturing and food processing sectors. In its 2011 World Investment Report, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reported that Mali received foreign direct investment (FDI) of USD 148 million in 2010, while total FDI stock for 2010 was USD 1.2 billion. FDI inflows to West Africa decreased in 2010 to USD 11.3 million from USD 12.6 million in 2009.

Mali is a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of West African States (UEMOA) which aims to introduce a common market and free trade in goods, labor, capital and services. Mali is also a member of the larger grouping of ECOWAS—the Economic Community of West African States—which aims to promote economic integration between member states such as by eliminating trade barriers. There is no free-trade zone in Mali, however there are bonded warehouses for goods in transit and export-zone status is granted to companies if all products are to be exported, which also qualifies them for tax-free status. Mali is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), which comprises 15 francophone African countries who have agreed to harmonize their business practices and laws, guaranteeing international arbitration in disputes.

China Approved Outward Investment: NF: Number of Enterprise: South Africa data was reported at 12.000 Unit in 2004. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.000 Unit for 2003. China Approved Outward Investment: NF: Number of Enterprise: South Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 11.000 Unit from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2004, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.000 Unit in 2000 and a record low of 2.000 Unit in 2001. China Approved Outward Investment: NF: Number of Enterprise: South Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Investment – Table CN.OB: Approved Outward Direct Investment: Non Financial: No of Enterprise.

The study, first of all, tested the hypothesis of “there is a relationship between democracy and FDI” to answer the research question raised at the beginning. The research sample was selected as BRICS-TM (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Türkiye, Mexico) countries that have come to the fore in the world economy in recent years and whose strategic importance and power are expected to increase in the upcoming years. These countries were preferred because of their potential to attract FDI. FDI (LNFDI) was modeled as the dependent variable in this study. The democracy variable (DEMOC) was fictionalized as the independent variable. In addition, inflation (INF) and per capita income (PGDP) variables affecting FDI were added to the model as control variables based on the literature. First of all, the data on the indices of "political rights" and "civil liberties", which are accepted as indicators of "democracy" in the literature, were collected from the Freedom House database, and then the means of these indices were included in the analysis as values ​​for the variable of democracy. The index takes a value between 1 and 7; 1 is the best state of the level of democracy and 7 is the worst state of the level of democracy. Index values were attached to the model by scaling so that the minimum was 0 and the maximum was 100 in case of problems in analyses, calculation, and interpretation. In this study, inflation and income per capita variables were preferred in terms of both being the most preferred variables in the literature (details are given in Literature Review) and being the variables that affect foreign direct capital as the most inclusive in terms of macroeconomics.

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Alternative Finance Market Size 2024-2028

The alternative finance market size is estimated to increase by USD 64.3 billion at a CAGR of 7.44% between 2023 and 2028. The key factor driving the market forward is the potential for higher returns for investors. Alternative finance channels offer significantly greater returns compared to traditional investment options like fixed deposits (FDs) or government bonds from conventional financial institutions. Another important contributor to market growth is the rapid expansion in the APAC region and the increasing focus on structured finance. Alternative finance platforms, such as P2P lending, crowdfunding, and invoice trading, are gaining traction in APAC, driven by the presence of numerous small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

What will be the Size of the Alternative Finance Market During the Forecast Period?

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Alternative Finance Market Segmentation

The alternative finance market research report provides comprehensive data (region wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD Billion' for the period 2024 to 2028, as well as historical data from 2018 to 2022 for the following segments.

Type Outlook 

  P2P lending
  Crowdfunding
  Invoice trading





End-User Outlook

  Individual
  Organization





Region Outlook

  North America

    The U.S.
    Canada





  Europe

    The U.K.
    Germany
    France
    Rest of Europe





  APAC

    China
    India


  South America

    Chile
    Argentina
    Brazil





  Middle East & Africa

    Saudi Arabia
    South Africa
    Rest of the Middle East & Africa

By Type

The alternative financing market share growth in the segment of P2P lending will be significant during the forecast period. The P2P consumer lending sub-segment holds a major share of the P2P lending segment due to the growth in the number of online consumer lending platforms and the increasing use of technology in financial transactions. Some popular P2P lending platforms include LendingClub, Zopa, Bondora Capital, Prosper Marketplace, and Upstart Network. However, P2P lending is associated with a high risk of defaults as the loans are unsecured. Therefore, large investors usually maintain a spread portfolio of their investments. P2P lending is also associated with challenges such as platform failures, the risk of fraud, hacking, and data theft. These factors are expected to augment the demand of the P2P lending segment hence driving the growth of the market in focus during the forecast period.

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The P2P lending segment was valued at USD 123.70 billion in 2018. In this segment, P2P lending is similar to credit obtained from financial institutions. However, the funds are raised from one or more independent investors. P2P borrowers must make weekly or monthly repayments of the principal amount with interest. P2P lending is usually carried out through online platforms. Investors directly select businesses to fund, or the lending platforms provide the terms of credit. Some variations in the model allow investors to bid on loan amounts and interest rates through an online auction. P2P lending is popular among individual borrowers and SMEs, as small to medium-scale loans can be obtained easily. Several individuals opt for P2P loans for debt consolidation, which allows them to pay debts accrued from credit cards or loans from financial institutions.

By Region

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North America is estimated to contribute 70% to the global alternative financing market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional market growth and trends that shape the market during the forecast period. The growth of P2P lending and crowdfunding has increased significantly in North America. The increasing number of students, growing awareness about clearing personal debt, rising Internet penetration, technological advances, the rise of online trading platforms and finance platforms, and the presence of prominent companies are the major factors driving the market in North America. The number of SMEs has grown significantly in North America. Therefore, a growing number of SMEs in this region are boosting the growth in North America.

Alternative Finance Market Dynamics

The market is reshaping the landscape traditionally dominated by conventional big banks and regulated banks. Instead of relying solely on traditional finance systems, entrepreneurs and investors are increasingly turning to alternative lenders and innovative financial services solutions. Online lenders offer streamlined access to capital, while reward-based crowdfunding and equity-based crowdfunding present opp

Egypt was the main recipient of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa in 2022. That year, the country attracted nearly 11.4 billion U.S. dollars of FDI, an impressive growth compared to the previous years. South Africa and Ethiopia followed, with FDI reaching a value of 9.05 billion and 3.67 billion U.S. dollars in 2021, respectively. Large part of the annual FDI inflows into the African continent comes from China.