According to the 2021 Census, London was the most ethnically diverse region in England and Wales – 63.2% of residents identified with an ethnic minority group.

Number of people belonging to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.' The visible minority population consists mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean and Japanese.

In 2011, 87.2 percent of the total population of the United Kingdom were white British. A positive net migration in recent years combined with the resultant international relationships following the wide-reaching former British Empire has contributed to an increasingly diverse population. Varied ethnic backgrounds Black British citizens, with African and/or African-Caribbean ancestry, are the largest ethnic minority population, at three percent of the total population. Indian Britons are one of the largest overseas communities of the Indian diaspora and make up 2.3 percent of the total UK population. Pakistani British citizens, who make up almost two percent of the UK population, have one of the highest levels of home ownership in Britain. Racism in the United Kingdom Though it has decreased in comparison to the previous century, the UK has seen an increase in racial prejudice during the first decade and a half of this century. Racism and discrimination continues to be part of daily life for Britain’s ethnic minorities, especially in terms of work, housing, and health issues. Moreover, the number of hate crimes motivated by race reported since 2012 has increased, and in 2017/18, there were 3,368 recorded offenses of racially or religiously aggravated assault with injury, almost a thousand more than in 2013/14.

T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples) is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium which seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. T2D-GENES Project 1 is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from 14 cohorts that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. Sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study does not have a sub study, as it is not consented to be deposited in dbGAP. Table 1. T2D-GENES Whole Exome Sequencing Studies Ancestry Study Countries of Origin # Cases # Controls African American Jackson Heart Study US 502 527 African American Wake Forest School of Medicine Study US 518 532 East Asian Korea Association Research Project Korea 526 561 East Asian Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program Singapore (Chinese) 486 592 European Ashkenazi US, Israel 506 352 European Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM) Finland 484 498 European Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study Finland 472 476 European Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) Germany 97 90 European UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D) UK 322 320 European Malmö-Botnia Study Finland, Sweden 478 443 Hispanic San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component US 272 219 Hispanic Starr County, Texas US 749 704 South Asian London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) UK (Indian Asian) 530 538 South Asian Singapore Indian Eye Study Singapore (Indian Asian) 563 585 The London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) contributed 530 cases and 538 controls to T2D-GENES Project 1.

The South East London Community Health (SELCoH) study aims to examine the impact socioeconomic factors such as income or education have on people’s health, as well to understand if other demographic factors such as age, culture, ethnicity and/or residence make a difference for people’s wellbeing. The population of Southwark and Lambeth is highly diverse in terms of ethnicity and wealth, ensuring that the study encompasses as wide a range of health service users as possible.

The study is a community survey of psychiatric and physical morbidity of 1,698 adults, aged 16 years and over from 1,075 randomly selected households in the south London boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth. In the two boroughs, there is higher deprivation than the England average, but similar proportions of economically active and inactive residents in comparison to greater London. The boroughs are also ethnically diverse, with a greater number of Black Caribbean residents but fewer South Asian residents than other areas of London. The SELCoH sample resided in a community setting served by South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust (SLaM), and the partnership between King's College London and SLaM allows this and other research to inform and benefit clinical treatment.

39.8% of workers from the Indian ethnic group were in 'professional' jobs in 2021 – the highest percentage out of all ethnic groups in this role.

🇬🇧 United Kingdom English This dataset shows different breakdowns of London's resident population by their nationality. Data used comes from ONS' Annual Population Survey (APS). The APS has a sample of around 320,000 people in the UK (around 28,000 in London). As such all figures must be treated with some caution. 95% confidence interval levels are provided. Numbers have been rounded to the nearest thousand and figures for smaller populations have been suppressed. Two files are available to download: Nationality - Borough: Shows nationality estimates in their broad groups such as European Union, South East Asia, North Africa, etc. broken down to borough level. Detailed Nationality - London: Shows nationality estimates for specific countries such as France, Bangladesh, Nigeria, etc. available for London as a whole. A Tableau visualisation tool is also available. Country of Birth data can be found here: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/country-of-birth Nationality refers to that stated by the respondent during the interview. Country of birth is the country in which they were born. It is possible that an individual’s nationality may change, but the respondent’s country of birth cannot change. This means that country of birth gives a more robust estimate of change over time.

Between 2019 and 2023, people living in households in the Asian and ‘Other’ ethnic groups were most likely to be in persistent low income before and after housing costs

This includes variant calls (single nucleotide variants and small insertions/deletions) from 8086 (mostly British Pakistani/British Bangladeshi) individuals from the following studies:

1. 5236 British Pakistani/British Bangladeshi adults from East London Genes and Health (ELGH)
2. 2624 British South Asian mothers from Born in Bradford (mostly Pakistani) (BiB)
3. 1061 British South Asian adults from Birmingham (mostly Pakistani) (Birm)

All of the Birmingham and most of the Born in Bradford samples were previously sequenced as part of PMID: 26940866.

In the sample list file, the columns of interest to most people will be: vcf.id - sample ID from the vcf cohort - which cohort they're in sex.assigned - sex inferred from coverage on the X and Y chromosomes. Individuals for whom this did not match their reported sex have been discarded total, chrX and chrY - coverage within bait regions across all chromosomes, chrX and chrY respectively

Mapping was done with bwa-mem and variant calling was carried out with GATK HaplotypeCaller. We removed variant sites for which the following was true: SNPs: "QD < 2.0 || FS > 30 || MQ < 40.0 || MQRankSum < -12.5 || ReadPosRankSum < -8.0" Indels: "QD < 2.0 || FS > 30 || ReadPosRankSum < -20.0"

M-Male; F-Female; W-White; B-Black; A-Asian; O-Other ethnicities; ‘-’—no significant difference. Shown gender is associated with higher recorded rates per diagnosis. Ethnicities mentioned in capitals have relative count for the diagnosis above the average across all 4 ethnicities, while lower case letters represent ethnicities with relative count below the average.

BackgroundBioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) has the potential to be used widely as a method of assessing body fatness and composition, both in clinical and community settings. BIA provides bioelectrical properties, such as whole-body impedance which ideally needs to be calibrated against a gold-standard method in order to provide accurate estimates of fat-free mass. UK studies in older children and adolescents have shown that, when used in multi-ethnic populations, calibration equations need to include ethnic-specific terms, but whether this holds true for younger children remains to be elucidated. The aims of this study were to examine ethnic differences in body size, proportions and composition in children aged 5 to 11 years, and to establish the extent to which such differences could influence BIA calibration.MethodsIn a multi-ethnic population of 2171 London primary school-children (47% boys; 34% White, 29% Black African/Caribbean, 25% South Asian, 12% Other) detailed anthropometric measurements were performed and ethnic differences in body size and proportion were assessed. Ethnic differences in fat-free mass, derived by deuterium dilution, were further evaluated in a subsample of the population (n = 698). Multiple linear regression models were used to calibrate BIA against deuterium dilution.ResultsIn children <11 years of age, Black African/Caribbean children were significantly taller, heavier and had larger body size than children of other ethnicities. They also had larger waist and limb girths and relatively longer legs. Despite these differences, ethnic-specific terms did not contribute significantly to the BIA calibration equation (Fat-free mass = 1.12+0.71*(height2/impedance)+0.18*weight).ConclusionAlthough clear ethnic differences in body size, proportions and composition were evident in this population of young children aged 5 to 11 years, an ethnic-specific BIA calibration equation was not required.

Patient counts and true population rates in subgroups stratified by gender and ethnicity.

Les objectifs de cette partie du projet étaient d’identifier l’importance relative de la crise des réfugiés dans trois quotidiens anglo-saxons, The New York Times, The Globe and Mail, and The Times of London et d’identifier quels mots étaient employés pour décrire la population déplacée. Ces données ont permis la production d’une analyse, Sickert Sophie, Klos Hannah, “Media Representations,” Boat People History, 2020, https://boatpeoplehistory.com/rp/media-repr/ The objectives of this part of the research project were to identify the relative importance of the Southeast Asian refugee crisis in three English-language dailies, The New York Times, The Globe and Mail, and The Times of London and to identify which words were used to describe the displaced population. Research results based on this data have appeared in Sickert Sophie, Klos Hannah, “Media Representations,” Boat People History, 2020, https://boatpeoplehistory.com/rp/media-repr/

IntroductionMaternal immunization against Group B Streptococcus (GBS) has the potential to significantly reduce the burden of neonatal GBS infections. Population genetics of GBS from maternal carriage can offer key insights into vaccine target distribution.MethodsIn this study we characterized the population structure of GBS isolates from maternal carriage (n = 535) in an ethnically diverse community in London, using whole genome sequencing.ResultsThe isolates clustered into nine clonal complexes (CCs) but the majority (95%) belonged to five lineages: CC1 (26%), CC19 (26%), CC23 (20%), CC17 (13%) and CC8/10 (10%). Nine serotypes were identified, the most common were serotypes III (26%), V (21%), II (19%) and Ia (19%). Other serotypes (Ib, IV, VI, VII, IX) represented less than 10% of all isolates each. Intra-lineage serotype diversity was observed in all major CCs but was highest in CC1, which revealed nine serotypes. Nearly all isolates (99%) carried at least one of the four alpha family protein genes (alpha, alp1, alp23, and rib). All isolates were susceptible to penicillin. We found 21% and 13% of isolates to be resistant to clarithromycin and clindamycin, respectively. Prevalence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance genes was 22% and they were most common in CC19 (37%) and CC1 (28%), and isolates with serotypes V (38%) and IV (32%). We identified some associations between maternal ethnicity and GBS population structure. Serotype Ib was significantly less common among the South Asian compared to Black women (S. Asian: 3/142, Black: 15/135, p = 0.03). There was also a significantly lower proportion of CC1 isolates among the White other (24/142) in comparison to Black (43/135) and S. Asian (44/142) women (p = 0.04). We found a significantly higher proportion of CC17 isolates among the White other compared to S. Asian women (White other: 32/142, S. Asian: 10/142, p = 0.004).ConclusionOur study showed high prevalence of GBS vaccine targets among isolates from pregnant women in London. However, the observed serotype diversity in CC1 and high prevalence of MLSB resistance genes in CC19 demonstrates presence of high risk lineages, which might act as a reservoir of non-vaccine strains and antimicrobial resistance determinants.

Multivariate analysis of demographic and clinical factors associations with recorded HIV diagnosis.

BackgroundMental health professionals play a crucial role in promoting the physical well-being of people with mental illness. Awareness of HIV status can enable professionals in mental health services to provide more comprehensive care. However, it remains uncertain whether mental health professionals consistently document HIV status in mental health records.AimsTo investigate the extent to which mental health professionals document previously established HIV diagnoses of people with mental illness in mental health records, and to identify the clinical and demographic factors associated with documentation or lack thereof.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using an established data linkage between routinely collected clinical data from secondary mental health services in South London, UK, and national HIV surveillance data from the UK Health Security Agency. Individuals with an HIV diagnosis prior to their last mental health service contact were included. Documented HIV diagnosis in mental health records was assessed.ResultsAmong the 4,032 individuals identified as living with HIV, 1,281 (31.8%) did not have their diagnosis recorded in their mental health records. Factors associated with the absence of an HIV diagnosis included being of Asian ethnicity, having certain primary mental health diagnoses including schizophrenia, being older, being with a mental health service for longer, having more clinical mental health appointments, and living in a less deprived area.ConclusionsA significant number of individuals living with HIV who are receiving mental healthcare in secondary mental health services did not have their HIV diagnosis documented in their mental health records. Addressing this gap could allow mental healthcare providers to support those living with HIV and severe mental illness to manage the complexity of comorbidities and psychosocial impacts of HIV. Mental health services should explore strategies to increase dialogue around HIV in mental health settings.

IRR, incidence rate ratio (XLSX)