In 2023, the average winter temperature in South Korea was around *** degrees Celsius, up more than two degrees Celsius compared to the previous year. The highest temperature since 2000 reached *** degrees Celsius in 2019, while the lowest temperature was **** degrees Celsius in 2012. Thus, the 2023 figure represents the second-highest average winter temperature in this century.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Incheon, South Korea was 16.5 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus 2.6 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Jeju, South Korea, was 17.5 degrees Celsius. The island's hottest month was August 2024, while February 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 5.2 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Busan, South Korea was 17.4 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past five years, while February 2025 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 2.9 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Gwangju, South Korea was 18.2 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 and February 2025 were the coldest, with an average temperature of 1.1 degrees Celsius.

In 2024, precipitation in Jeju in South Korea was the highest nationwide, with about 1928.9 millimeters. Gyeongnam followed with around 1713.6 millimeters.

In June 2025, the average temperature in South Korea was **** degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the hottest month in the past five years, with a mean of around **** degrees Celsius. In the same period, December 2022 was the coldest month, with an average temperature of minus *** degrees Celsius.

The daily minimum temperature record and the monthly heat sales record

For extreme temperature, we used climate extreme indices provided by CLIVAR (Climate and Ocean-Variability, Predictability, and Change) ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices). ETCCDI has provided 27 climate extreme indices not only with global reanalysis datasets but with CMIP5 simulations. The indices data are available on-line and the results with CMIP5 simulations were summarized by Sillmann et al. [2013]. For our analysis, we downloaded a monthly minimum of daily minimum surface air temperature (TNn) and a monthly maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXx). Among the CMIP5, 27 model results available on their website, we used 23 model results containing both of the TNn and TXx for all of the historical, RCP 4.5 and 8.5 experiments.

Since our focus is on boreal-winter extreme temperature, we selected the lowest TNn and highest TXx among the three months of December-January-February every year from 1861 to 2005 for the historical simulation and from 2006 to 2099 for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenario. Before the spatial averaging over the analysis domain (34°N-43°N in latitude and 124°E-131°E in longitude including the Korean Peninsula), we had remapped all of the simulation data onto a 1.5° x 1.5° horizontal resolution.

The time of unprecedented climate (TUC) for extreme temperature is defined in this study as the beginning year when the extreme temperature projected for the future climate scenarios exceed a critical value in all subsequent years during the RCP scenario runs.

In this study, the critical value for extreme temperatures is specified as a 50-year return level which is rather arbitrary but refers to a rough estimate for the social lifetime of a man. One may find the return level empirically from historical data, but this study estimates it using a Generalized Extreme Value distribution function as suggested by Kharin et al. [2007]. Based on the CMIP5 historical simulation data using R, we obtained three parameters determining a GEV distribution for each model, respectively for TNn and TXx. The GEV distribution for each model and variable has been verified using a Q-Q (quantile-quantile) plot if it adequately describes the CMIP5 historical data. All of the models showed the Q-Q plot within the 95% confidence range (Figure 1a for GFDL-ESM2G TXx for an instance). Then, we estimated the return level from the distribution and TUC from the RCP scenario runs for the wintertime TNn and TXx averaged over Korea.

The average temperature in South Korea in 2024 was **** degrees Celsius. The average temperature in South Korea has risen steadily over the years, which is shown in the graph. Extreme weather South Korea has a distinct four-season climate. Generally, summer in South Korea is humid and hot, while winter is dry and cold. However, the summer climate, which usually lasts from June to August, is getting longer and can last from May through to September. Especially in summer, extreme weather such as tropical nights, typhoons, and heatwaves occur. Recently, there was an increase in the consecutive days in which heatwaves reached temperatures above ** degrees. Greenhouse gas emissions South Korea is suffering from air pollution problems, such as yellow dust and fine dust, that have increased rapidly over recent years. In addition, as the carbon dioxide concentration has continued to rise, the average annual temperature has also risen steadily, resulting in abnormal climates, such as heatwaves in summer or extreme cold in winter. South Korea is one of the countries that produces a lot of greenhouse gases. Due to the manufacturing-oriented industrial structure, greenhouse gas emissions from energy use account for a large portion.

Heating Degree Days data was reported at 4,652.050 Degrees Celsius in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,555.900 Degrees Celsius for 2019. Heating Degree Days data is updated yearly, averaging 5,124.120 Degrees Celsius from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2020, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,701.040 Degrees Celsius in 1981 and a record low of 4,460.450 Degrees Celsius in 2015. Heating Degree Days data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s South Korea – Table KR.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Climate Risk. A heating degree day (HDD) is a measurement designed to track energy use. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is below 18°C (65°F). Daily degree days are accumulated to obtain annual values.;World Bank, Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org;;

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Borehole. The data include parameters of borehole with a geographic location of South Korea, Eastern Asia. The time period coverage is from 450 to -40 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

Spring mean temperatures were calculated by averaging daily temperatures from March to May, summer mean temperature from June to August, fall mean temperature from September to November, and winter mean temperature from December to February.23 climate variables: 19 bioclimate and 4 seasonal mean temperature variables considered in this study.

Understanding climatic effect on wildlife is essential to prediction and management of climate change’s impact on the ecosystem. The climatic effect can interact with other environmental factors. This study aimed to determine effects of climate and altitude on Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) activity in temperate forests of South Korea. We conducted camera trapping to investigate roe deer’s activity level from spring to fall. Logistic regressions were used to determine effects of diel period, temperature, rain, and altitude on the activity level. A negative relationship was noted between temperature and the activity level due to thermoregulatory costs. Roe deer activity exhibited nocturnal and crepuscular patterns during summer and the other seasons, respectively, possibly due to heat stress in summer. In addition, the effect of temperature differed between high- and low-altitude areas. In low-altitude areas, temperature affected negatively the activity level throughout the study..., The camera trapping method was used to observe temporal variations in roe deer capture (sampling days: September to October 2021 and April to August 2022). In the study area, a 5 × 6 grid design (interval = 600 m) was established, and one trail camera (Spec Ops Elite HP4; Browning Co., USA) was deployed corresponding to each cell of the grid. The study period was divided into five seasons, and further analyses were performed for each season: spring (15 April to 15 May, 960 trap-days), early summer (16 May to 30 June, 1380 trap-days), summer (1 July to 31 August, 1860 trap-days), early fall (September, 900 trap-days) and fall (October, 810 trap-days). The camera-plot altitudes were categorised into four classes: 600 (600–800 m asl, n = 3), 800 (800–1,000 m asl, n = 10), 1,000 (1,000–1,200 m asl, n = 11) and 1,200 (1,200–1,400 m asl, n = 6). We created a roedeer variable as presence/absence of observation per 2-h in each altitude class. In order to account for sampling effort depending on..., , This README file was generated on 2023-09-22 by Tae-Kyung Eom.

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Title of Dataset: Adaptive response of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) to climate and altitude in the temperate forests of South Korea

2. Author Information A. Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Tae-Kyung Eom Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea Email: xorud147@naver.com

   B. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Jae-Kang Lee Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

   Name: Dong-Ho Lee Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

   Name: Hyeongyu Ko Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

   Name: Shin-Jae Rhim Institution: Chung-Ang University Address: Ansung, South Korea

3. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): 2021-2022

4. Geographic location of data collection: Mt. Gariwang, Pyeo...

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Borehole. The data include parameters of borehole with a geographic location of South Korea, Eastern Asia. The time period coverage is from 450 to -39 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

The GPM Ground Validation SEA FLUX ICE POP dataset includes estimates of ocean surface latent and sensible heat fluxes, 10m wind speed, 10m air temperature, 10m air humidity, and skin sea surface temperature in support of the International Collaborative Experiments for Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (ICE-POP) field campaign in South Korea. The two major objectives of ICE-POP were to study severe winter weather events in regions of complex terrain and improve the short-term forecasting of such events. These data contributed to the Global Precipitation Measurement mission Ground Validation (GPM GV) campaign efforts to improve satellite estimates of orographic winter precipitation. This data file is available in netCDF-4 format from September 1, 2017 through April 30, 2018.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Seoul, South Korea was **** degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the hottest month in the city in the past six years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus *** degrees Celsius.

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Borehole. The data include parameters of borehole with a geographic location of South Korea, Eastern Asia. The time period coverage is from 450 to -42 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

North Korea Heating Degree Days data was reported at 7,311.600 Degrees Celsius in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 7,174.530 Degrees Celsius for 2019. North Korea Heating Degree Days data is updated yearly, averaging 7,933.810 Degrees Celsius from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2020, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,579.330 Degrees Celsius in 1984 and a record low of 7,174.530 Degrees Celsius in 2019. North Korea Heating Degree Days data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s North Korea – Table KP.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Climate Risk. A heating degree day (HDD) is a measurement designed to track energy use. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is below 18°C (65°F). Daily degree days are accumulated to obtain annual values.;World Bank, Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org;;

Climate Test Chamber Market Outlook

The global climate test chamber market size was valued at approximately USD 800 million in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly USD 1.3 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% from 2024 to 2032. The growth of this market is driven by the increasing demand for reliable and accurate climatic testing across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and pharmaceuticals.

One of the primary growth factors of the climate test chamber market is the rapid technological advancements in testing equipment. Innovations such as automated and remotely controlled test chambers have significantly enhanced the efficiency and precision of climatic tests. These advancements are crucial for industries like automotive and aerospace, where stringent testing standards are essential to ensure product reliability and safety. The trend towards miniaturization in electronics and the need for highly controlled testing environments also contribute to the market's expansion.

Another significant driver is the growing emphasis on regulatory compliance and quality assurance across different sectors. Industries are required to meet stringent regulatory standards related to climatic conditions, especially in pharmaceuticals and electronics. Climate test chambers play a vital role in ensuring that products meet these regulatory requirements by simulating various environmental conditions, thereby helping manufacturers maintain product quality and integrity. The increasing adoption of climate test chambers to comply with these regulations is anticipated to fuel market growth further.

The rising awareness of environmental sustainability and energy efficiency is also propelling the market. Companies are increasingly focused on developing eco-friendly testing solutions that minimize energy consumption and reduce environmental impact. Energy-efficient climate test chambers, which use advanced cooling and heating technologies, are gaining popularity. These chambers not only help companies reduce operational costs but also align with global efforts to combat climate change, thereby driving market growth.

The Constant Temperature and Humidity Chamber is a pivotal tool in the climate test chamber market, offering precise control over environmental conditions. These chambers are essential for industries that require consistent and stable testing environments to ensure product durability and performance. By maintaining a constant temperature and humidity level, these chambers facilitate accurate testing of materials and components, particularly in sectors such as electronics and pharmaceuticals. The ability to replicate specific climatic conditions with high precision makes these chambers invaluable for quality assurance and regulatory compliance. As industries continue to demand higher standards of product reliability, the role of constant temperature and humidity chambers becomes increasingly significant, driving innovation and market growth.

From a regional perspective, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period. The rapid industrialization and the increasing presence of automotive, electronics, and pharmaceutical manufacturing hubs in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea are major factors contributing to this growth. The supportive government policies and investments in research and development further bolster the demand for climate test chambers in this region.

Type Analysis

The climate test chamber market can be segmented by type into temperature and humidity chambers, thermal shock chambers, altitude chambers, and others. Temperature and humidity chambers hold a significant share of the market owing to their wide range of applications across various industries. These chambers are used to simulate different temperature and humidity conditions to test the durability and performance of products. With the growing demand for high-quality products, the need for precise and reliable temperature and humidity testing is increasing, driving the market for these types of chambers.

Thermal shock chambers are crucial for industries that require rapid temperature cycling to test the robustness and reliability of products. These chambers are predominantly used in the automotive and electronics industries, where products are exposed to extreme temperature variations. The increasing demand