Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

The 2014 Town and Community Profiles bring together information on more than 1000 Victorian communities from a wide variety of sources, both internal and external to the Department of Health and Department of Human Services. The Profiles include information on population, geography, services and facilities, and social, cultural and demographic characteristics of each suburb, town and rural catchment in Victoria.

The aim of this document is to describe the socio-demographic, environmental and health-related profile of the population in the Frankston - Mornington Peninsula region, an area south-east of Melbourne, Australia. This population profile serves as an important information source for understanding the context for the National Centre for Healthy Ageing (NCHA) Data Platform. It is also a guide to the types of demographic and spatial data that are available, for potential linkage with electronic health records (EHR) data held within the Healthy Ageing Data Platform and provides context for researchers using data from the Data Platform.

The Australian senior living market, valued at $6.03 billion in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.17% from 2025 to 2033. This significant expansion is driven by several key factors. The aging Australian population, with a rising proportion of individuals aged 65 and over requiring assisted living arrangements, is a primary driver. Increased disposable incomes among older Australians and a growing preference for high-quality, amenity-rich retirement communities further fuel market demand. Government initiatives aimed at supporting aged care and improving access to senior living facilities also contribute to market growth. The market is segmented by property type (Assisted Living, Independent Living, Memory Care, Nursing Care) and location, with significant demand across major cities like Melbourne, Perth, and regional areas such as the Sunshine Coast and Hobart. Competition is intense, with established players like Aveo, RSL LifeCare, and Stockland vying for market share alongside smaller, specialized operators. The market's future trajectory is influenced by several trends. The increasing demand for specialized care, particularly for individuals with dementia or Alzheimer's disease, is driving growth in the memory care segment. Technological advancements, such as telehealth and smart home technology, are being integrated into senior living facilities to enhance resident care and independent living capabilities. Furthermore, a growing focus on sustainability and environmentally friendly practices within the industry is shaping future developments. While the market faces challenges, including rising construction costs and labor shortages, the overall outlook remains positive, driven by the long-term demographic trends and increasing demand for high-quality senior living options. The projected market size in 2033, extrapolated from the provided data, indicates a considerable expansion opportunity for both existing and new market entrants. This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the booming Australian senior living market, encompassing the period from 2019 to 2033. With a focus on the estimated year 2025 and a forecast extending to 2033, this study offers invaluable insights for investors, operators, and stakeholders navigating this dynamic sector. We delve deep into market size, segmentation, trends, and future growth potential, considering key players like Aveo, RSL LifeCare, and Stockland, among others. This report utilizes data from the historical period (2019-2024) and establishes a robust base year of 2025. Recent developments include: August 2023: Aware Super has invested an undisclosed amount to acquire the remaining 30% it does not own in Oak Tree Retirement Villages. This senior housing platform owns 48 complexes along Australia's Eastern seaboard., February 2023: Lendlease 'Grove' extension will deliver 45 new two- and three-bedroom independent villas with internal garage access and private covered alfresco entertaining. The project will also include a separate 124-bed residential aged care facility delivered by Arcare Aged Care, offering a continuum of care in high demand in the Ngunnawal region.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Aging Population4.; Increased Longevity. Potential restraints include: 4., Inadequate Staffing. Notable trends are: Increasing Senior Population and Life Expectancy driving the market.

The common myna (Acridotheres tristis) is one of the most invasive bird species in the world, yet its colonisation history is only partly understood. We identified the introduction history and population structure, and quantified the genetic diversity of myna populations from the native range in India and the introduced populations in New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, and South Africa, based on thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in 814 individuals. We were able to identify the source population of mynas in several invasive locations: mynas from Fiji and Melbourne, Australia, were likely founded by individuals from a subpopulation in Maharashtra, India, while mynas in Hawaii and South Africa were likely independently founded by individuals from other localities in India. Our findings suggest that New Zealand mynas were founded by individuals from Melbourne, which, in turn, were founded by individuals from Maharashtra. We identified two genetic clusters among New Zealand mynas, divided by New Zealand’s North Island’s axial mountain ranges, confirming previous observations that mountains and thick forests may form barriers to myna dispersal. Our study provides a foundation for other population and invasion genomic studies and provides useful information for the management of this invasive species. Methods A total of 183 myna tissue samples in ethanol from India, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Hawaii and Fiji between 1975–1989 were received from the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM). A further 193 euthanized mynas were obtained from myna control programs from contributors in New Zealand between 2017–2020, and muscle tissue was subsampled from each individual. DNA was extracted from the ROM tissue samples using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's protocols. DNA was extracted from the New Zealand tissue samples using the Monarch Genomic DNA Purification Kit (NEB) following the manufacturer's protocols. DNA concentration was measured using a Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). DNA was diluted to standardized concentrations of 50–100 ng/μL, and sent to Diversity Arrays Technology Pty Ltd company (DArT P/L) for further processing. Samples from 363 individuals were successfully sequenced, including 13 duplicate samples, using the proprietary Diversity Arrays Technology platform and protocol (DArTseq). We included 13 duplicate samples. DArTseq also includes internal replicates of samples as part of its protocol. This dataset consists of raw reads generated from this study (363 individuals, 13 replicates, and 64 DArT internal replicates, totaling 440 files). The raw reads generated from this study were processed and co-analysed with the DArTseq data from 451 mynas from Australia from the Ewart et al. (2019) study (mynas sampled in 2014–2015). Files containing variants called using the BCFtools, STACKS, and DArTsoft14 pipelines can also be found here (See README.md and article supplementary information Appendix S2 for more details).

Due to Australia’s size and relatively low population density, domestic travel for a holiday, business, or visiting family and friends often involves long hours of driving or a domestic airline flight. Nevertheless, in the year ended December 2024, Australians spent millions of nights away from home on domestic travel trips, with the strongest accommodation preference being staying with friends or relatives. The second most popular choice of accommodation was at a hotel, resort, motel, or motor inn. Urban centers and surfing spots dominate While Australians enjoy diverse accommodation options, their choice of destinations focuses on major cities and beloved coastal areas. Sydney emerged as the top destination for domestic overnight visitors in 2024, attracting over **** million people. Melbourne and Brisbane also proved popular, along with renowned beach and surfing locations along New South Wales' North and South Coast. Interestingly, Melbourne outpaced Sydney in terms of visitor expenditure, with domestic overnight tourists spending over **** billion Australian dollars in the Victorian capital compared to **** billion in Sydney. Domestic travel motivations The primary motivation for domestic overnight travel in Australia was to go on holiday, accounting for almost ** million trips in 2024. The city of Melbourne snatched Sydney's crown for the second year running as the most popular holiday or leisure destination, with Sydney the previous winner in 2022. Visiting family or friends was the next most common reason for domestic overnight travel, with around ** million trips taken. Business trips came in third, followed by uncategorized visit purposes.

The Sewerage and Drainage Services industry has had limited expansion opportunities due to stunted price increases across the country. Regulatory controls and difficult economic conditions for downstream service users have forced businesses to limit price growth over the past five years, causing revenue to stagnate. Industry revenue is expected to decline at an annualised 1.1% over the five years through 2025-26, to total $12.8 billion, including a 1.3% decline anticipated in the current year. However, strong profit margins due to a lack of direct competition between service providers have limited the impact on bottom lines. Numerous service providers have also been working on futureproofing their wastewater networks by investing heavily in infrastructure upgrades. These initiatives aim to accommodate future population growth and renew ageing sewerage infrastructure. This focus on infrastructure investment can be seen in the merger of City West Water and Western Water to form Greater Western Water in Victoria. The merger led to a $1.7 billion commitment towards capital investment for western metropolitan suburbs in Melbourne, where population growth is rapid. Rising prices and demand growth are forecast to drive revenue growth over the next five years. The completion of several new and upgraded wastewater treatment plants will also enhance the industry's capability to support a growing population. Moreover, government policies and environmental challenges are set to shift the focus to initiatives like wastewater recycling. The Water Infrastructure for Sustainable and Efficient Regions (WISER) initiative will also support small-scale water infrastructure projects across regional Australia. This initiative will aid many rural sewerage and drainage service providers in significantly improving their water infrastructure to ensure longevity. Overall, revenue is projected to rise at an annualised 1.2% through the end of 2030-31, to $13.7 billion. However, profit margins are forecast to decline marginally over the period due to rising wage costs.

The University and Other Higher Education industry is grappling with the post-pandemic landscape. The COVID-19 outbreak significantly shifted the industry's demand and delivery methods. Social distancing requirements and operational constraints caused most universities to pivot online. Remote learning has remained embedded into teaching post-pandemic, providing convenience for students and profitability benefits for universities. A heightened focus on research during the pandemic offset revenue lost from declines in tuition fees. This trend has been slowing and is under additional threat from a US Government that appears intent on reducing its funding for foreign-based research, to the detriment of Australian institutions. The industry's labour market has been volatile as the pandemic pushed universities to increasingly casualise their workforces. Controversies over underpayment have led to reputational damage and strikes among major Australian universities. Melbourne University's enforceable agreement with the Fair Work Ombudsman to pay more than $72.0 million to over 25,000 staff highlights the magnitude of these disputes. Economic and demographic factors have aided the industry's post-pandemic recovery despite these pressures. A depreciating Australian dollar has benefited returning international students, while growth in the population of people aged 18 to 25 has bolstered domestic enrolments. Lower secondary school retention rates, slipping during the pandemic, are dampening this growth. Overall, revenue is expected to drop at an annualised 1.9% to an estimated $38.8 billion over the five years through 2024-25. This trend includes a 0.6% drop in revenue anticipated for 2024-25. The outlook for the industry is promising, driven by changing labour market conditions and demographic trends. Stricter visa requirements to control migration will pose challenges. However, the industry will face these constrictions by constructing new student accommodation facilities, allowing institutions to enrol international students beyond their designated cap. The consolidation of the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia into Adelaide University in 2026 will intensify competition for enrolments, particularly from international students, given its ambitious ranking goals. These factors mean revenue is forecast to climb at an annualised 2.1% to $43.1 billion through the end of 2029-30.

Negotiating the Life Course (NLC) is a longitudinal study undertaken by the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, Australian National University and the School of Social Science, University of Queensland. It is designed to study the changing life courses and decision-making processes of Australian men and women as the family and society move from male breadwinner orientation in the direction of higher levels of gender equity. The project has six aims; to extend the theories of human capital and new home economics in explaining women's and men's labour force participation; to map women's and men's work trajectories over their life course, from career entry into retirement, and to develop explanatory models of career trajectories; to identify those aspects of the family-household system and the labour market that facilitate or impede women's involvement with the labour market; to investigate the interrelationships between labour force decisions about family formation and household arrangements; to identify the portfolio of resources that women and men draw upon throughout their lives when making decisions about career and family; and to assess the policy implications of the findings of the project for the institutions of the welfare state, the labour market and the family.

Variables included relationship and fertility histories, household work, child care arrangements, future objectives, attitudes to work, promotion, children and relationships. Background variables included parental country of birth, employment, occupation and education, respondent's and spouse's place of residence, education, income, housing, religion, health status, birthplace, marital status and household composition.

Detailed information is gathered relating to lifetime experiences of paid employment, education and training, relationships and childbearing. Considerable information is also gathered in relation to current employment and training, child care, household division of labour, caring and voluntary work, and a range of attitudes, values and expectations. In addition, standard socio-demographic descriptors are obtained.

NLC is a national random telephone survey using the electronic white pages as its sample frame. It is set up as an indefinite life, panel survey. In the first wave of the NLC project, 2231 people took part. Participants were from all around Australia. The larger states had a larger number of participants. The response rates were highest in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, intermediate in Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and in New South Wales and Victoria outside of Sydney and Melbourne. Sydney and Melbourne had lower response rates with Sydney being particularly low – this was put down to language problems due to large numbers of non-English speakers in these cities, and suggests the need for translation facilities in the future. Despite concerns about the response rate, the 1997 study seems broadly representative of the Australian population.

Because only one person per household was interviewed, the unweighted sample under-represents households with more than one eligible respondent relative to households where there is only one eligible respondent. A weighting factor has been provided to take account of this bias in the unweighted sample when population estimates are being made. Weighting makes no difference to the distribution by sex. The main impact of weighting is in the distribution of the sample by living arrangement. Weighting shifts about five percent of respondents 'not in a relationship' to 'married'.

The data is available on the Australian Data Archive (ADA) in a variety of formats.

The above description draws upon Peter McDonald, et al, The Negotiating the Life Course Survey Experience (Paper prepared for the Panel Data and Policy Conference, Rydges Canberra: 1-3 May 2000).

The statistic depicts Australia's gross domestic product (GDP) from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, GDP in Australia amounted to about 1.8 trillion US dollars. See global GDP for a global comparison. Australia’s economy and population Australia’s gross domestic product has been growing steadily, and all in all, Australia and its economic key factors show a well-set country. Australia is among the countries with the largest gross domestic product / GDP worldwide, and thus one of the largest economies. It was one of the few countries not severely stricken by the 2008 financial crisis; its unemployment rate, inflation rate and trade balance, for example, were hardly affected at all. In fact, the trade balance of Australia – a country’s exports minus its imports – has been higher than ever since 2010, with a slight dip in 2012. Australia mainly exports wine and agricultural products to countries like China, Japan or South Korea. One of Australia’s largest industries is tourism, which contributes a significant share to its gross domestic product. Almost half of approximately 23 million Australian residents are employed nowadays, life expectancy is increasing, and the fertility rate (the number of children born per woman) has been quite stable. A look at the distribution of the world population by continent shows that Australia is ranked last in terms of population and population density. Most of Australia's population lives at the coast in metropolitan areas, since parts of the continent are uninhabitable. Unsurprisingly, Australia is known as a country with very high living standards, four of its biggest cities – Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Perth – are among the most livable cities worldwide.

Domestic coffee consumption in Australia reached around **** million sixty-kilogram bags in the 2025 financial year. Between 2017 and 2019, domestic coffee consumption in the country had steadily increased, followed by a slight decrease in 2020, where the national consumption rate fell to **** million sixty-kilogram bags before recovering in 2021. Individually, Australians had an average at-home coffee consumption of *** kilograms each during 2025. Australia’s deep-rooted love for coffee Coffee is a staple on café menus across Australia, with a strong coffee culture deeply ingrained in the daily lives of the population. From the flat white, whose origin is disputed between Australia and New Zealand, to cappuccinos and lattes, a wide variety of coffee beverages are consumed in the country, with cappuccinos emerging as the favorite. The coffee market in Australia has experienced substantial growth recently, with revenue reaching around **** billion U.S. dollars in 2025 and forecasted to increase by a further approximately *** billion U.S. dollars by 2029. The market’s revenue is primarily driven by roast coffee, with the instant coffee segment comparably smaller. Budding café scene: from international to domestic chains Australia’s extensive coffee shop landscape is reflective of the nation’s affinity for the hot beverage, with over ****** café and restaurant establishments in operation across the country in the 2024 financial year. The majority of these establishments are concentrated in New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland, with Melbourne dubbed the coffee capital of Australia due to its eclectic café and roastery scene. The prevalence of domestic coffee franchises like The Coffee Club, which boasts over *** locations in Queensland alone, alongside international chains, including McCafé, which holds the highest number of locations among popular coffee franchises in Australia, further evidences the country’s flourishing coffee industry. Nevertheless, consumption trends indicate that Australians are not only avid coffee consumers at cafés, but are also increasingly investing in coffee machines for homemade brews due to rising menu prices.

The rent price index in Australia in the first quarter of 2025 was *****, marking an increase from the same quarter of the previous year. Rent prices had decreased in 2020; in Melbourne and Sydney, this was mainly attributed to the absence of international students during the coronavirus outbreak. The current state of the rental market in Australia The rental market in Australia has been marked by varying conditions across different regions. Among the capital cities, Sydney has long been recognized for having some of the highest average rents. As of March 2025, the average weekly rent for a house in Sydney was *** Australian dollars, which was the highest average rent across all major cities in Australia that year. Furthermore, due to factors like population growth and housing demand, regional areas have also seen noticeable increases in rental prices. For instance, households in the non-metropolitan area of New South Wales’ expenditure on rent was around ** percent of their household income in the year ending June 2024. Housing affordability in Australia Housing affordability remains a significant challenge in Australia, contributing to a trend where many individuals and families rent for prolonged periods. The underlying cause of this issue is the ongoing disparity between household wages and housing costs, especially in large cities. While renting offers several advantages, it is worth noting that the associated costs may not always align with the expectation of affordability. Approximately one-third of participants in a recent survey stated that they pay between ** and ** percent of their monthly income on rent. Recent government initiatives, such as the 2024 Help to Buy scheme, aim to make it easier for people across Australia to get onto the property ladder. Still, the multifaceted nature of Australia’s housing affordability problem requires continued efforts to strike a balance between market dynamics and the need for accessible housing options for Australians.

Australia's café and restaurant landscape has shown consistent growth in recent years. Over 55,700 cafés and restaurants were in operation across the country at the end of the 2024 financial year, up from approximately 41,570 in 2017. Australia's coffee shop network Not only has the number of cafés and restaurants trended upwards nationwide in recent years, the annual revenue of these venues reached a new peak in 2024. The states of New South Wales and Victoria are home to the majority of Australia's food service establishments, owing to their higher population densities. International café chains such as McCafé and Jack's Café, alongside domestic coffee franchise The Coffee Club, boast the highest number of locations across popular coffee shops in Australia. Still, they rank below cafés like Donut King, Zarraffa's, and Gloria Jean's in terms of overall customer satisfaction. Australia's most beloved beverage Coffee is deeply rooted in the everyday lives of Australians, with the hot beverage coming in as the country's most regularly consumed beverage in a 2024 survey. Several Australians consume the beverage every day or, in some cases, multiple times a day, and the annual domestic consumption of coffee has remained above two million sixty-kilogram bags for the past four years. In particular, cappuccinos and lattes enjoy a high popularity among Australians. Nonetheless, although the country observes high coffee consumption levels, cost-of-living pressures have led to a desire to reduce spending on takeout coffee and the rising intention to consume coffee at home instead of in cafés.