In terms of Soviet economic success in the mid-twentieth century, industrialization was generally the area that saw the most progress in terms of Stalin's five-year plans' targets. By 1940, almost 40 percent of the Soviet workforce was employed in the industrial and manufacturing sector, however, much of this progress was at the expense of the agricultural sector (the largest employment sector before the 1930s), which suffered as a result of this rapid, often mismanaged, transition.

Additionally, during this period, socialist policy focused on increasing the quality of life of Soviet citizens, and therefore placed a much stronger emphasis on tertiary sectors, including education and healthcare.

In 1940, almost 40 percent of Soviet workers were employed in the industrial sector, as the Soviet Union continued its rapid industrialization and urbanization process during the war. Agriculture, which was traditionally the largest employment sector before industrialization, employed just eight percent of the Soviet workforce in 1940, and had been overtaken by the transport and trade industries.

The data set outlines and describes the general geologic age and type of bedrock of the Former Soviet Union and selected adjacent areas. It also includes shoreline and inland water bodies.

One aim of the Soviet Union, and communist countries in general, was to achieve full employment. Official policy was designed to prevent unemployment, and the state stopped paying most unemployment benefits in the 1930s. Every citizen had the right (or requirement) to work, and jobs were allocated by the state, not competed for as they were in the west. People could apply for certain positions, based on their education, experience, or interests, but roles could often be distributed to meet employment demands, or preferential roles were distributed via nepotism. The socialist economic system removed job market competition, which provided increased job security but removed many of the incentives that boosted productivity (especially in later decades). In the 1970s and 1980s, average work weeks were under 35 hours long and people retired in their mid to late fifties. Compared to the U.S. in 1985, on average, work weeks were around four hours shorter in the USSR, and Soviet men retired five years earlier, while women retired nine years earlier than their American counterparts.

Wages In earlier years, wages had been tied to individual performance or output, however the de-Stalinization process of the 1960s introduced a more standardized system of payment; from this point onwards, base wages were more fixed, and bonuses had a larger impact on disposable income. Personal finances in the Soviet Union were very different from those in the west; wages were split into base salaries and bonuses, along with a social wage that was "paid" in the form of investments in housing, healthcare, education, and infrastructure, as well as subsidized vouchers for holidays and food. Many of these amenities were also provided by the state, which removed the individual costs that were required across the west and in post-Soviet states today. Overall, income and money in general had a much lower influence on daily life in the USSR than it did in the west, lessening factors such as financial stress and indebtedness, but restricting consumeristic freedom.

Gender differences A major difference between the East and West Blocs was the participation rate of women in the workforce. Throughout most of the USSR's history, women made up the majority of the workforce, with a 51.4 percent share in 1970, and 50.4 percent in 1989; in the U.S. figures for these years were 38 and 45 percent respectively. Although this was due to the fact that women also made up a larger share of the total population (around 53 percent in this period), Soviet women were possibly the most economically active in the world in these decades. When comparing activity rates of women aged between 40 and 44 across Europe in 1985, the USSR had a participation rate of 97 percent; this was the highest in the East Bloc (where rates ranged from 85 to 93 percent in other countries), and is much higher than rates in Northern Europe (71 percent), Western Europe (56 percent) and Southern Europe (37 percent).

In 1974, the Ministry of Geology of the U.S.S.R. published a mosaic series of 18 sheets at 1:2.5 million scale showing the residual magnetic intensity over the land mass of the U.S.S.R

Over the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet Union's GDP per capita rose from 1,218 U.S. dollars to 2,8334 U.S. dollars. There was a slight decrease between 1913 and 1929 due to the devastation caused by the First World War and Russian Revolution and the transition to a communist government and socialist economic structure. However, GDP per capita grew over the following three intervals, and the Soviet Union's relative isolation in the 1920s and 1930s meant that it was relatively untouched by the Great Depression in the 1930s. At the end of the recovery period after the Second World War, in 1950, GDP per capita had already exceeded pre-war levels by a significant margin, and the Soviet Union emerged as one of the two global superpowers, alongside the United States.

Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Russian Federation data was reported at 953.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 767.000 Person for 2016. Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Russian Federation data is updated yearly, averaging 164.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 953.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 69.000 Person in 1998. Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Russian Federation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Netherlands. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.G005: Number of Immigrants: by Country.

This data set was distributed by NSIDC until October, 2003, when it was withdrawn from distribution because it duplicates the NOAA National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) data set DSI-3720. The NCDC data set is revised and updated beyond what was distributed by NSIDC. This archive consists of monthly precipitation measurements from 622 stations located in the Former Soviet Union.

Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Soviet Union data was reported at 3,396.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,098.000 Person for 2016. Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Soviet Union data is updated yearly, averaging 2,787.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5,214.000 Person in 2001 and a record low of 1,864.000 Person in 1995. Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Soviet Union data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Netherlands. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.G005: Number of Immigrants: by Country.

In each half-decade between the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, there was a consistent decline in the growth rate of the Soviet Union's national income, industrial output, and agricultural production. In the early 1980s, national income and industrial output growth dropped below half of their respective rates in the late 1960s, while agricultural output fell to almost a quarter of its previous level.

Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Belarus data was reported at 77.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 76.000 Person for 2016. Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Belarus data is updated yearly, averaging 24.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 77.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 2.000 Person in 1995. Netherlands Number of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union: Belarus data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Netherlands. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.G005: Number of Immigrants: by Country.

How does authoritarian aid influence the durability of dictatorships? Western aid is thought to facilitate authoritarian durability because it can provide patronage. Authoritarian aid, by contrast, has received far less attention. This article examines both Soviet economic and military assistance, developing a theory of donor–recipient institutional complementarity to explain the impact of Soviet aid during the Cold War. The argument is developed through case studies of Vietnam and Ghana and a cross-national statistical analysis of Soviet economic aid and military assistance to developing countries from 1955 to 1991. Soviet economic aid was tied to the purchase of Soviet industrial equipment. When recipient states shared the Soviet Union's centrally planned economy, economic aid strengthened state infrastructural power by (1) enhancing fiscal capacity and (2) cultivating the dependency of the population on the state. Aid flows helped consolidate and maintain authoritarian institutions, promoting authoritarian durability. By contrast, while Soviet economic aid to noncommunist regimes provided some opportunities for patronage through employment in SOEs, the lack of institutional complementarity in planning institutions and overall lack of capacity of these institutions caused Soviet aid to contribute to inflation and fiscal crises. Economic problems, in turn, increased the vulnerability of noncommunist regimes to military coups, particularly when ideological splits emerged between pro-Soviet rulers and pro-Western militaries that undermined elite cohesion. The institutional subordination of the military to communist parties insulated communist regimes from the risk of coups.

This data set of state and regional boundaries was derived from the 1:3 million scale administrative boundaries (ESRI, 1998) for the land area of the Former Soviet Union. There are 162 administrative regions distinguished in this data set. The vector map of state and regional boundaries for the FSU is in ArcView shapefile format.

The data set outlines and describes the general geologic age and type of bedrock of the Former Soviet Union and selected adjacent areas. It also includes shoreline and inland water bodies. Drummer, T.D., 1998, Generalized Geology of the Former Soviet Union (geo1ec): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GUL0PQ.

This data set is a 1:15 million scale forest cover map for the land area of the Former Soviet Union. Twenty-two land cover classes are distinguished, of which 20 are forest cover classes. The source data were acquired by map digitization from the Atlas of Forests of the USSR (Anon. 1973) which was likely based on forestry data from the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.

This data set is the Former Soviet Union (FSU) portion of the Generalized World Forest Map (WCMC, 1998), a 1-kilometer resolution generalized forest cover map for the land area of the Former Soviet Union. There are five forest classes in the original global generalized map. Only two of those classes were distinguished in the geographical portion comprising the FSU.

This data set is a 1:2.5 million scale forest cover map for the land area of the Former Soviet Union that was completed in 1990 (Garsia 1990). There are forty-five classes distinguished in this data set, of which 38 are forest cover classes. The purpose of this map was to create a generalized and up-to-date map of forest cover for the USSR. This map should not be viewed as a detailed forest cover map but more like an economic forestry map. The most important tree species of a region are highlighted rather than the dominant trees species or tree cover. Very few tree species are defined. In many cases, of course, the dominant and the most important trees species are the same.

Netherlands Number of Emigrants: Former Soviet Union: Tajikistan data was reported at 12.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.000 Person for 2016. Netherlands Number of Emigrants: Former Soviet Union: Tajikistan data is updated yearly, averaging 1.000 Person from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of -1.000 Person in 2011. Netherlands Number of Emigrants: Former Soviet Union: Tajikistan data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Netherlands. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Netherlands – Table NL.G004: Number of Emigrants: by Country.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Soviet Union generally operated with a positive trade balance and current account. During these decades, the USSR was the most powerful economy in the communist sphere, exporting approximately 600 billion U.S. dollars worth of goods, almost one hundred billion more than all Europe's other COMECON members combined. The majority of the Soviet Union's trade was within the COMECON sphere. However, external influences, particularly conflict in the Middle East and its effect on oil prices, did impact the USSR economically.

Monthly river flow rates for Russia and former Soviet Union countries in RDA dataset ds553.1 are augmented with data from the Russian State Hydrological Institute (RSHI) and a few sites from the Global Hydroclimatic Data Network (GHCDN) . This compendium (v1.1 September 2001) includes 2458 gauges spanning all major river and oceanographic basins of the entire former Soviet Union. Exact dates vary by station. Records are generally long: mean length is 36.3 years and 1724 (70%) gauges have 25 or more years of data. 1373 gauges have data to 1985 and another 909 gauges also have some data from 1986-1995. 640 gauges represent watersheds of 10000 or more square kilometers, and 1055 gauges represent catchments of 1000-9999 square kilometers. The RSHI data additions have not been scrutinized as rigorously as for those in ds553.1.