Spain's average temperature usually peaks in the summer months of July and August, and reaches its lowest values in December of each year. In January 2024, the mean temperature in Spain stood at 8.4 degrees Celsius, up from 2.5 degrees Celsius in the same month of the previous year. During the period in consideration, the Mediterranean country registered its warmest average temperature in July 2020, at 26 degrees Celsius. Meanwhile, mean temperatures reached a record low in January 2021, at just over five degrees Celsius.

The average temperature in Spain stood at 15.2 degrees Celsius in 2023. This represented a slight decrease from the previous year. During the period in consideration, average temperatures in the Mediterranean country reached a record high in 2017, at some 16.2 degrees Celsius.

Throughout 2023, Spain reached its warmest average temperature in the month of August, at 24.8 degrees Celsius. Meanwhile, January was the coldest month that year, with a recorded mean temperature of 5.9 degrees Celsius.

Temperature in Spain decreased to 15.15 celsius in 2023 from 15.16 celsius in 2022. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Spain Average Temperature.

Average rainfall in Spain amounted to some 536.6 millimeters in 2023. During the period in consideration, Spain's wettest year was 2018, when the average precipitation reached a record high of 808 millimeters. Since then, rainfall in the Mediterranean country has seen a continual annual decline.

Project: High-resolution Climate Data for a High-altitude Region in Southern Spain: Sierra Nevada - Climate data at very-high resolution (1 km spatial resolution) for Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain region in the Iberian Peninsula located in southeastern Andalusia (Spain) https://smartecomountains.lifewatch.dev/. The use of very high resolution simulations allows a more adequate characterisation of the climate in regions with complex orography such as the Sierra Nevada, since at this resolution the convection is resolved by the model and is not parameterised. Summary: Climate data at very-high resolution (1 km spatial resolution) for Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain region in the Iberian Peninsula located in southeastern Andalusia (Spain). Data obtained using the Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model v4.3.3 (Skamarock et al., 2021) driven by the ERA5 reanalysis (Hersbach et al., 2018). The PBL was fixed to the Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2, Pleim, 2007). Both, long- and short-wave radiation were parametrized using the Community Atmosphere Model 3.0 (CAM3.0, Collins et al., 2004). The microphysics scheme was the WRF single-moment 7-class (WSM7, Bae et al., 2019), and the land surface model the NOAH MP (Niu et al., 2011). The convection scheme was deactivated.

Regardless of whether the rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain, the truth is annual precipitations in the Mediterranean country experienced a downward trend in recent years, with around 536 millimeters of rainfall recorded in 2023. For instance, March – one of Spain's wettest months – registered just over 21 millimeters of rain in 2023, down from a record high of 163 millimeters in March 2018. Spain: Europe’s suntrapMany picture Spain as a dream summer holiday destination – Mediterranean cuisine in the form of tapas, great beaches, and what many visit the country for – its warm climate and sweet sunshine. This enthusiasm for the European country is then not too surprising, since most of its sunniest areas exceeded 3,000 hours of sunshine according to data provided by the Spanish Statistics Institute. Tourism constitutes an essential industry for the Spanish economic systemTravel and tourism have become one of the leading engines of growth for the Spanish economy, featuring an ongoing increase in the GDP contribution over the last years – despite a drop due to the COVID-19 pandemic – and is projected to reach nearly 165 billion euros in 2023.

Spain Cooling Degree Days data was reported at 1,010.310 Degrees Celsius in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,022.440 Degrees Celsius for 2019. Spain Cooling Degree Days data is updated yearly, averaging 844.150 Degrees Celsius from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2020, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,183.220 Degrees Celsius in 2017 and a record low of 409.330 Degrees Celsius in 1977. Spain Cooling Degree Days data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Climate Risk. A cooling degree day (CDD) is a measurement designed to track energy use. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is above 18°C (65°F). Daily degree days are accumulated to obtain annual values.;World Bank, Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org;;

Contains data from the World Bank's data portal. There is also a consolidated country dataset on HDX.

Climate change is expected to hit developing countries the hardest. Its effects—higher temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and more frequent weather-related disasters—pose risks for agriculture, food, and water supplies. At stake are recent gains in the fight against poverty, hunger and disease, and the lives and livelihoods of billions of people in developing countries. Addressing climate change requires unprecedented global cooperation across borders. The World Bank Group is helping support developing countries and contributing to a global solution, while tailoring our approach to the differing needs of developing country partners. Data here cover climate systems, exposure to climate impacts, resilience, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy use. Other indicators relevant to climate change are found under other data pages, particularly Environment, Agriculture & Rural Development, Energy & Mining, Health, Infrastructure, Poverty, and Urban Development.

Spain Climate Change Adaptation: Tax Revenue: % of Total Tax Revenue: Energy data was reported at 0.034 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.000 % for 2021. Spain Climate Change Adaptation: Tax Revenue: % of Total Tax Revenue: Energy data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.034 % in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 % in 2021. Spain Climate Change Adaptation: Tax Revenue: % of Total Tax Revenue: Energy data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.ESG: Environmental: Environmentally Related Tax Revenue: Cross Cutting Domains: OECD Member: Annual.

Global Temperature: Daily Temperature Departure from Normal: Spain: Daroca data was reported at -2.350 Degrees Celsius in 23 Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.450 Degrees Celsius for 22 Mar 2025. Global Temperature: Daily Temperature Departure from Normal: Spain: Daroca data is updated daily, averaging 1.400 Degrees Celsius from Nov 2023 (Median) to 23 Mar 2025, with 489 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.450 Degrees Celsius in 06 Apr 2024 and a record low of -6.550 Degrees Celsius in 15 Mar 2025. Global Temperature: Daily Temperature Departure from Normal: Spain: Daroca data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Climate Prediction Center. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.CPC.GT: Environmental: Global Temperature: Daily Temperature Departure from Normal.

Annual WorldClim climate variables (https://www.worldclim.org/data/bioclim.html) with interest over mountain regions.

This repository is for the datasets of “Resilience of Spanish forests to recent droughts and climate change” (Khoury and Coomes, 2020, GCB). The datasets include Satellite data, climate variables and elevation, all extracted and pre-processed in Google Earth Engine. They include species distribution maps and protect areas shapefiles used in the study. The code for the analyses done in R are available upon request. The datasets alongside the code can be used to reproduce the results of the paper. Please cite Khoury and Coomes (2020) or acknowledge this dataset 10.6084/m9.figshare.12612416.

extreme in precipitation computed with hourly values.

Fagus sylvatica forests are considered to be of Community interest according to Directive 92/43/EEC. Climate change predictions for Spain point to a warming scenario, coupled with decreasing rainfall, which may have an impact on their future distribution particularly at the extremes of its distribution area. Species distribution models incorporating bioclimatic, topographic and phytogeographic variables were used as predictors to assess their habitat suitability under current conditions and a climate change projection. Ten single models were generated and an ensemble-forecasting model was subsequently built by computing a consensus of single-model projections. The results revealed that ombrothermic indices are the main factors controlling the distribution of Spanish beech forests. They are highly vulnerable to climate change and could suffer a decline in their habitat suitability if climate trends observed are maintained in the future. The least favoured areas for them will be located close to the limit between the Temperate and Mediterranean climates, where they could suffer a loss of habitat suitability. Conversely, suitable new areas could be found mainly in western areas of the Cantabrian Range and in the Central Pyrenees.

The Spain Satellite-Based Earth Observation Market is Segmented by Type (Earth Observation Data, Value Added Services), by Satellite Orbit (Low Earth Orbit, Medium Earth Orbit, Geostationary Orbit), and by End-Use(Urban Development and Cultural Heritage, Agriculture, Climate Services, Energy and Raw Materials, Infrastructure). The Market Sizes and Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD) for all the Above Segments.

Stone fruit production has enormous economic importance in Spain. Cultivation locations for these fruit species (i.e., peach, apricot, plum, and sweet cherry) cover wide and climatically diverse geographical areas within the country. Climate change is already producing an increase in average temperatures with special intensity in certain areas like the Mediterranean ones. These changes lead to a decrease in the accumulated chill, which can have a profound impact on the phenology of Prunus species like stone fruits due to, e.g., difficulties to cover the chilling requirements to break endodormancy, the occurrence of late frost events, or abnormal early high temperatures. All these factors can severely affect fruit production and quality and therefore provoke very negative consequences from the socio-economic point of view in the incumbent regions. Thus, characterization of current cultivation areas in terms of agroclimatic variables (e.g., chill and heat accumulation and probabilities of frost and early abnormal heat events), based on data from 270 weather stations for the past 20 years, is carried out in this work to produce an informative picture of the current situation. Besides, future climatic projections from different global climate models (data retrieved from the Meteorological State Agency of Spain—AEMET) up to 2065 for two Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (i.e., RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) are also analyzed. Using the current situation as a baseline and considering the future scenarios, information on the current and future adaptive suitability of the different species/cultivars to the different growing areas can be inferred. This information could be the basis of a decision support tool to help the different stakeholders to take optimal decisions regarding current and future stone fruit or other temperate species cultivation in Spain.

Spain Climate Change: Tax Revenue: % of GDP data was reported at 1.320 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.529 % for 2021. Spain Climate Change: Tax Revenue: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.549 % from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.805 % in 1999 and a record low of 1.304 % in 2012. Spain Climate Change: Tax Revenue: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.ESG: Environmental: Environmentally Related Tax Revenue: by Environmental Domain: OECD Member: Annual.

Trends in the seasonal and annual values of precipitation, temperature and combined daily indices have been assessed from 1970 to 2007. The dataset consists of precipitation and temperature for 113 grid points in southeast Iberian Peninsula, with a resolution of 0.2�� both daily and monthly basis. It was developed from main AEMET stations in Spain using kriging algortihms (Herrera, S., Guti��rrez, J. M., Ancell, R., Pons, M. R., Fr��as, M. D., and Fern��ndez, J. (2012). Development and analysis of a 50���year high���resolution daily gridded precipitation dataset over Spain (Spain02). International Journal of Climatology, 32(1), 74-85). This work allowed discovering distinct local/regional signals in SE Spain. Some of these climatic changes seem partially linked to important land use and land cover changes undergone in the region and should have had significant impacts on ecosystems functioning.

This dataset was used to collect and analyze data for the MPhil Thesis, "Lithic Technological Change and Behavioral Responses to the Last Glacial Maximum Across Southwestern Europe." This dataset contains the raw data collected from published literature, and the R code used to run correspondence analysis on the data and create graphical representations of the results. It also contains notes to aid in interpreting the dataset, and a list detailing how variables in the dataset were grouped for use in analysis. The file "Diss Data.xlsx" contains the raw data collected from publications on Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites in France, Spain, and Italy. This data is the basis for all other files included in the repository. The document "Diss Data Notes.docx" contains detailed information about the raw data, and is useful for understanding its context. "Revised Variable Groups.docx" lists all of the variables from the raw data considered "tool types" and the major categories into which they were sorted for analysis. "Group Definitions.docx" provides the criteria considered to make the groups listed in the "Revised Variable Groups" document. "r_diss_data.xlsx" contains only the variables from the raw data that were considered for correspondence analysis carried-out in RStudio. The document "ca_barplot.R" contains the RStudio code written to perform correspondence analysis and percent composition analysis on the data from "R_Diss_Data.xlsx". This file also contains code for creating scatter plots and bar graphs displaying the results from the CA and Percent Comp tests. The RStudio packages used to carry out the analysis and to create graphical representations of the analysis results are listed under "Software/Usage Instructions." "climate_curve.R" contains the RStudio code used to create climate curves from NGRIP and GRIP data available open-access from the Neils Bohr Institute Center of Ice and Climate. The link to access this data is provided in "Related Resources" below.