Spain has a long history of Islamic tradition under its belt. From cuisine to architecture, the southern European country has been linked to the North of Africa through many common elements. At the end of 2023, there were approximately 2.41 million Muslims in Spain, most of them of Spanish and Moroccan nationality, with upwards of eight hundred thousand believers in both cases. With a Muslim population of more than 660,000 people, Catalonia was home to the largest Muslim community in Spain as of the same date.

The not so Catholic Spain

Believers of a religion other than Catholicism accounted for approximately 3 percent of the Spanish population, according to the most recent data. Although traditionally a Catholic country, Spain saw a decline in the number of believers over the past years. Compared to previous years, when the share of believers accounted for slightly over 70 percent of the Spanish population, the Catholic community lost ground, while still being the major religion for the foreseable future.

A Catholic majority, a practicing minority

Going to mass is no longer a thing in Spain, or so it would seem when looking at the latest statistics about the matter: 50 percent of those who consider themselves Catholics almost never attend any religious service in 2024. The numbers increased until 2019, from 55.5 percent of the population never attending religious services in 2011 to 63.1 percent in 2019. The share of population that stated to be practicing believers and go to mass every Sunday and on the most important holidays accounted for only 15.5 percent.

The Islamic necropolis discovered in Tauste (Zaragoza, Spain) is the only evidence that a large Muslim community lived in the area between the 8th and 10th centuries. A multi-isotope approach has been used to investigate the mobility and diet of this medieval Muslim population living in a shifting frontier region. Thirty-one individuals were analyzed to determine δ15N, δ13C, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr composition. A combination of strontium and oxygen isotope analysis indicated that most individuals were of local origin although three females and two males were non-local. The non-local males would be from a warmer zone whereas two of the females would be from a more mountainous geographical region and the third from a geologically-different area. The extremely high δ15N baseline at Tauste was due to bedrock composition (gypsum and salt). High individual δ15N values were related to the manuring effect and consumption of fish. Adult males were the most privileged members of society in the medieval Muslim world and, as isotope data reflected, consumed more animal proteins than females and young males.

Spain: Sunni Muslims as percent of the total population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Spain from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

Catholicism was the main religion in Spain as of 2022, with a total of **** million adherents. Islam followed second, with *** followers. Catalonia was the autonomous community with the largest number of Muslims in Spain.

In 2023, there were more than ******* Muslims with Spanish nationality in the Region of Valencia, followed by Muslims with Moroccan nationality with figures that reached over ****** individuals.

In early modern Spain, the Crown forces its subject minority Muslim population, the Mudejars, to convert to Catholicism (1501-1526) thus giving birth to the Moriscos. Alongside the forced conversions would come strict restrictions on Morisco cultural practice making even the use of Arabic language illegal. Therefore, an underground literature whose roots lie in hispanophone Mudejar Islam emerges defiant in the Morisco context for its Arabic script yet Spanish content. This hybrid literature known as Aljamiado inversely reflects a Morisco reality of Christian appearances on the surface yet Muslim loyalties within and accordingly aids the Moriscos in their struggle to survive as faithful Muslims in an increasingly hostile environment. This study undertakes a multi-disciplinary approach incorporating literary, historic and theoretical methods to explore Aljamiado literature as read by Mudejars and Moriscos alike as well as the subsequent influence of the Morisco experience on some of the greatest works of modern Spanish literature. As such, key Aljamiado texts including El poema de Yusuf, La leyenda de la doncella Carcayona, El breviario sunni and La tafsira, are considered for revealing the common themes of captivity, confinement, and above all resistance that characterized the Morisco condition for innovating creative strategies to maintain Islam relevant. Moreover, representations of the Morisco in popular culture such as the comedias of Amar después de la muerte and El Hamete de Toledo function as case studies of the ¨Morisco predicament¨ increasingly portrayed as the "other," further revealing the applicability of DuBois' theory of "double consciousness" to the Moriscos. Once expelled from Spain in the early 17th century, however, the Moriscos' memory endures in the works of Cervantes' Don Quijote de la Mancha as well as the comedy Los moriscos de Hornachos analysed here for their contrasting reactions towards the decision to expel Spain´s Morisco minority.

In the school year 2023/2024, Spain had 243 Muslim teachers hired. In that year, Andalusia was the community with the highest number of Muslim teachers hired with 95 teachers, followed by Murcia with 32 teachers.

Espagne: Sunni Muslims as percent of the total population: Pour cet indicateur, The Cline Center for Democracy fournit des données pour la Espagne de à . La valeur moyenne pour Espagne pendant cette période était de pour cent avec un minimum de pour cent en et un maximum de pour cent en .

In December 2006, Environics Research conducted a major national survey of Muslims and multiculturalism in Canada, as part of its ongoing syndicated FOCUS CANADA research program. The research consisted of two national telephone public opinion surveys: - National survey with a representative sample of 2,045 Canadians (18 years plus) - National survey with a representative sample of 500 Muslims living in Canada The focus of this research is on the presence and experience of Muslims in this country, and draws direct comparisons with similar research conducted in 13 other countries by the Pew Research Center (many of the same research questions were used to provide for direct country-to-country comparisons). The Pew research included Muslim over-samples in Great Britain, France, Germany and Spain. Some of the topics covered in this research: General Public: - General attitudes about immigration in Canada - Personal contact with different ethnic groups (including Muslims) - Perceived discrimination against ethnic groups - General attitudes towards Muslims - Concerns about Muslims and terrorism - Islamic identity and extremism among Muslims - Integration of Muslims and other ethnic minorities into Canadian society - Canadian foreign policy and the mission in Afghanistan Muslims - Experience of being Muslim in Canada - Concern about the future of Muslims in Canada - Self identification within the Muslim community - The role and rights of women in ethnic communities - Islamic identity and extremism among Muslims - Integration of Muslims and other ethnic minorities into Canadian society - Canadian foreign policy and the mission in Afghanistan Please note, the cases in this dataset are comprised only of Muslim respondents. Data from the other component of this survey - the survey of the general population - may be found in the dataset titled "EFC064." Environics Focus Canada - Survey of Muslims in Canada (Dec 2006) Study Overview: http://queensu.ca/cora/_files/Environics%20Muslims%20in%20Canada%20-%20Overview.pdf Environics Focus Canada - Survey of Muslims in Canada (Dec 2006) Methodology: http://queensu.ca/cora/_files/Methodology%20for%20Survey%20of%20Muslims.pdf Copyright (c) 2007 - Environics Research Group

In 2023, there were over than ******* Muslims with Spanish nationality in the Community of Madrid, followed by Muslims with Moroccan nationality with figures of about ***** individuals.

This statistic shows the estimated number of Muslims living in different European countries as of 2016. Approximately **** million Muslims were estimated to live in France, the most of any country listed. Germany and the United Kingdom also have large muslim populations with **** million and **** million respectively.

In 2023, there were almost 31,200 Muslims with Spanish nationality in Ceuta, followed by Muslims with Moroccan nationality with figures of about 4,400 individuals.

In 2023, there were around ******* Muslims with Moroccan nationality in the autonomous community of Catalonia, only behind Muslims with Spanish nationality with figures that exceeded ******* individuals.

This statistic presents the share of the Spanish population affiliated with a religious denomination in 2018, broken down by origin of the person. To that date, about ** percent of people born in Spain were affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, whereas only ** percent of those abroad were followers of this denomination. It is worth noting that Islam represented about ** percent of the population born abroad and almost ** percent had no affiliation.

In 2023, there were almost 26,800 Muslims with Moroccan nationality in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, followed by Muslims with Spanish nationality with figures of about 23,000 individuals.

This statistic presents the number of Muslims in Galicia in 2019, broken down by nationality. In that year, there were almost *** thousand Muslims with Moroccan nationality, followed by Muslims with Spanish nationality with a figure of about *** thousand individuals.

This statistic presents the number of Muslims in Cantabria in 2019, broken down by nationality. That year, there were more than 1.8 thousand Muslims with Moroccan nationality, followed by Muslims with Spanish nationality, with figures of about 1.4 thousand individuals.

In 2023, there were a total of approximately ******* Muslims in Andalusia, more than ****** of them with Spanish nationality. And ******* had Moroccan nationality, the second most common nationality of Muslims in the autonomous community.

In 2020, Indonesia recorded the largest population of Muslims worldwide, with around 239 million. This was followed with around 226.88 million Muslims in Pakistan and 213 million Muslims in India.

This statistic presents the number of Muslims in Aragon in 2019, broken down by nationality. That year, there were more than ** thousand Muslims with Spanish nationality in this autonomous community, followed by Muslims with a Moroccan nationality, with figures that exceeded ** thousand individuals.