The National Health Survey of Spain 2017 (ENSE 2017), carried out by the Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare with the collaboration of the National Institute of Statistics, collects health information related to the population residing in Spain in 23,860 households. It is a five-yearly survey that allows knowing numerous aspects of the health of citizens at a national and regional level, and planning and evaluating actions in health matters. It consists of 3 questionnaires, household, adult and minor, which address 4 large areas: sociodemographic, health status, use of health services and health determinants.

Different countries have different health outcomes that are in part due to the way respective health systems perform. Regardless of the type of health system, individuals will have health and non-health expectations in terms of how the institution responds to their needs. In many countries, however, health systems do not perform effectively and this is in part due to lack of information on health system performance, and on the different service providers. The aim of the WHO World Health Survey is to provide empirical data to the national health information systems so that there is a better monitoring of health of the people, responsiveness of health systems and measurement of health-related parameters. The overall aims of the survey is to examine the way populations report their health, understand how people value health states, measure the performance of health systems in relation to responsiveness and gather information on modes and extents of payment for health encounters through a nationally representative population based community survey. In addition, it addresses various areas such as health care expenditures, adult mortality, birth history, various risk factors, assessment of main chronic health conditions and the coverage of health interventions, in specific additional modules. The objectives of the survey programme are to: 1. develop a means of providing valid, reliable and comparable information, at low cost, to supplement the information provided by routine health information systems. 2. build the evidence base necessary for policy-makers to monitor if health systems are achieving the desired goals, and to assess if additional investment in health is achieving the desired outcomes. 3. provide policy-makers with the evidence they need to adjust their policies, strategies and programmes as necessary.

Distribution of selected characteristics for participants by region of origin: Spanish National Health Survey, 2017.

Prevalence Ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for region of origin on the cardiovascular disease risk factors, Spanish National Health Survey 2017.

Abstract

Different countries have different health outcomes that are in part due to the way respective health systems perform. Regardless of the type of health system, individuals will have health and non-health expectations in terms of how the institution responds to their needs. In many countries, however, health systems do not perform effectively and this is in part due to lack of information on health system performance, and on the different service providers.

The aim of the WHO World Health Survey is to provide empirical data to the national health information systems so that there is a better monitoring of health of the people, responsiveness of health systems and measurement of health-related parameters.

The overall aims of the survey is to examine the way populations report their health, understand how people value health states, measure the performance of health systems in relation to responsiveness and gather information on modes and extents of payment for health encounters through a nationally representative population based community survey. In addition, it addresses various areas such as health care expenditures, adult mortality, birth history, various risk factors, assessment of main chronic health conditions and the coverage of health interventions, in specific additional modules.

The objectives of the survey programme are to: 1. develop a means of providing valid, reliable and comparable information, at low cost, to supplement the information provided by routine health information systems. 2. build the evidence base necessary for policy-makers to monitor if health systems are achieving the desired goals, and to assess if additional investment in health is achieving the desired outcomes. 3. provide policy-makers with the evidence they need to adjust their policies, strategies and programmes as necessary.

Geographic coverage

The survey sampling frame must cover 100% of the country's eligible population, meaning that the entire national territory must be included. This does not mean that every province or territory need be represented in the survey sample but, rather, that all must have a chance (known probability) of being included in the survey sample.

There may be exceptional circumstances that preclude 100% national coverage. Certain areas in certain countries may be impossible to include due to reasons such as accessibility or conflict. All such exceptions must be discussed with WHO sampling experts. If any region must be excluded, it must constitute a coherent area, such as a particular province or region. For example if ¾ of region D in country X is not accessible due to war, the entire region D will be excluded from analysis.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The WHS will include all male and female adults (18 years of age and older) who are not out of the country during the survey period. It should be noted that this includes the population who may be institutionalized for health reasons at the time of the survey: all persons who would have fit the definition of household member at the time of their institutionalisation are included in the eligible population.

If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized short-term (e.g. a 3-day stay at a hospital) the interviewer must return to the household when the individual will have come back to interview him/her. If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized long term (e.g. has been in a nursing home the last 8 years), the interviewer must travel to that institution to interview him/her.

The target population includes any adult, male or female age 18 or over living in private households. Populations in group quarters, on military reservations, or in other non-household living arrangements will not be eligible for the study. People who are in an institution due to a health condition (such as a hospital, hospice, nursing home, home for the aged, etc.) at the time of the visit to the household are interviewed either in the institution or upon their return to their household if this is within a period of two weeks from the first visit to the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING GUIDELINES FOR WHS

Surveys in the WHS program must employ a probability sampling design. This means that every single individual in the sampling frame has a known and non-zero chance of being selected into the survey sample. While a Single Stage Random Sample is ideal if feasible, it is recognized that most sites will carry out Multi-stage Cluster Sampling.

The WHS sampling frame should cover 100% of the eligible population in the surveyed country. This means that every eligible person in the country has a chance of being included in the survey sample. It also means that particular ethnic groups or geographical areas may not be excluded from the sampling frame.

The sample size of the WHS in each country is 5000 persons (exceptions considered on a by-country basis). An adequate number of persons must be drawn from the sampling frame to account for an estimated amount of non-response (refusal to participate, empty houses etc.). The highest estimate of potential non-response and empty households should be used to ensure that the desired sample size is reached at the end of the survey period. This is very important because if, at the end of data collection, the required sample size of 5000 has not been reached additional persons must be selected randomly into the survey sample from the sampling frame. This is both costly and technically complicated (if this situation is to occur, consult WHO sampling experts for assistance), and best avoided by proper planning before data collection begins.

All steps of sampling, including justification for stratification, cluster sizes, probabilities of selection, weights at each stage of selection, and the computer program used for randomization must be communicated to WHO

STRATIFICATION

Stratification is the process by which the population is divided into subgroups. Sampling will then be conducted separately in each subgroup. Strata or subgroups are chosen because evidence is available that they are related to the outcome (e.g. health, responsiveness, mortality, coverage etc.). The strata chosen will vary by country and reflect local conditions. Some examples of factors that can be stratified on are geography (e.g. North, Central, South), level of urbanization (e.g. urban, rural), socio-economic zones, provinces (especially if health administration is primarily under the jurisdiction of provincial authorities), or presence of health facility in area. Strata to be used must be identified by each country and the reasons for selection explicitly justified.

Stratification is strongly recommended at the first stage of sampling. Once the strata have been chosen and justified, all stages of selection will be conducted separately in each stratum. We recommend stratifying on 3-5 factors. It is optimum to have half as many strata (note the difference between stratifying variables, which may be such variables as gender, socio-economic status, province/region etc. and strata, which are the combination of variable categories, for example Male, High socio-economic status, Xingtao Province would be a stratum).

Strata should be as homogenous as possible within and as heterogeneous as possible between. This means that strata should be formulated in such a way that individuals belonging to a stratum should be as similar to each other with respect to key variables as possible and as different as possible from individuals belonging to a different stratum. This maximises the efficiency of stratification in reducing sampling variance.

MULTI-STAGE CLUSTER SELECTION

A cluster is a naturally occurring unit or grouping within the population (e.g. enumeration areas, cities, universities, provinces, hospitals etc.); it is a unit for which the administrative level has clear, nonoverlapping boundaries. Cluster sampling is useful because it avoids having to compile exhaustive lists of every single person in the population. Clusters should be as heterogeneous as possible within and as homogenous as possible between (note that this is the opposite criterion as that for strata). Clusters should be as small as possible (i.e. large administrative units such as Provinces or States are not good clusters) but not so small as to be homogenous.

In cluster sampling, a number of clusters are randomly selected from a list of clusters. Then, either all members of the chosen cluster or a random selection from among them are included in the sample. Multistage sampling is an extension of cluster sampling where a hierarchy of clusters are chosen going from larger to smaller.

In order to carry out multi-stage sampling, one needs to know only the population sizes of the sampling units. For the smallest sampling unit above the elementary unit however, a complete list of all elementary units (households) is needed; in order to be able to randomly select among all households in the TSU, a list of all those households is required. This information may be available from the most recent population census. If the last census was >3 years ago or the information furnished by it was of poor quality or unreliable, the survey staff will have the task of enumerating all households in the smallest randomly selected sampling unit. It is very important to budget for this step if it is necessary and ensure that all households are properly enumerated in order that a representative sample is obtained.

It is always best to have as many clusters in the PSU as possible. The reason for this is that the fewer the number of respondents in each PSU, the lower will be the clustering effect which

We asked Spanish consumers about "Prevalence of health conditions" and found that *************************************************************** takes the top spot, while ************************************************* is at the other end of the ranking.These results are based on a representative online survey conducted in 2025 among 2,736 consumers in Spain.

BackgroundThe purposes of this study were: firstly, to estimate time trends in the prevalence of prescription antibiotic consumption between 2003 and 2014; secondly, to identify the factors associated with the probability of consuming antibiotics during this period in elderly persons in Spain.MethodsWe analyzed data collected from the Spanish National Health Survey in 2003 (n = 21,650), 2006 (n = 29,478), and 2012 (n = 20,007) and from the European Health Interview Survey for Spain in 2009 (n = 22,188) and 2014 (n = 22,842). Antibiotic consumption was the dependent variable. We also analyzed sociodemographic features, self-perceived health status, lifestyle habits, comorbid diseases, and disabilities using logistic regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of antibiotic consumption increased from 2003 to 2014 in both sexes. The variables that predicted antibiotic consumption (men; women) were secondary education (OR 1.38; OR 1.31), visits to a general practitioner (OR 2.05; OR 2.15), hospitalization (OR 1.91; OR 1.83), therapy with > 4 non-antibiotic drugs (OR 3.36; OR 5.84), instrumental activities of daily living (OR 1.50; OR 1.24), and activities of daily living (OR 1.39; OR 1.35). In contrast, age > 85 years was associated with low antibiotic consumption in both men (OR 0.81) and women (OR 0.88).ConclusionsThe prevalence of antibiotic prescription has increased in Spain in the last decade. Our study identified several factors that appear to affect antibiotic consumption in elderly persons, with potential implications for healthcare providers.

Between ***percent and ** percent of the population above the age of 65 years needed some sort of either technical or personal help to carry out daily basic daily activities in Spain in 2023, according to the National Health survey. Women in this age group need slightly more help on average than men in the same age group.

Abstract (en): The purpose of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is to obtain information about the amount and distribution of illness, its effects in terms of disability and chronic impairments, and the kinds of health services people receive. Implementation of a redesigned NHIS, consisting of a basic module, a periodic module, and a topical module, began in 1997 (see NATIONAL HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY, 1997 [ICPSR 2954]). The 2004 NHIS contains the Household, Family, Person, Sample Adult and Sample Child files from the basic module. Each record in the Household-level File (Part 1) contains data on type of living quarters, number of families in the household responding and not responding, and the month and year of the interview for each sampling unit. The Family-level File (Part 2) is made up of reconstructed variables from the person-level data of the basic module and includes information on sex, age, race, marital status, Hispanic origin, education, veteran status, family income, family size, major activities, health status, activity limits, and employment status, along with industry and occupation. As part of the basic module, the Person-level File (Part 3) provides information on all family members with respect to health status, limitation of daily activities, cognitive impairment, and health conditions. Also included are data on years at current residence, region variables, height, weight, bed days, doctor visits, hospital stays, and health care access and utilization. A randomly-selected adult in each family was interviewed for the Sample Adult File (Part 4) regarding respiratory conditions, use of nasal spray, renal conditions, AIDS, joint symptoms, health status, limitation of daily activities, and behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. The Sample Child File (Part 5) provides information from an adult in the household on medical conditions of one child in the household, such as respiratory problems, seizures, allergies, and use of special equipment like hearing aids, braces, or wheelchairs. Also included are variables regarding child behavior, the use of mental health services, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as well as responses to the SDQ-EX, which is the extended version of Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire on child mental health. Several changes have occurred in the 2004 NHIS. The Child Immunization Section (CIM) has been dropped. Also new in 2004, questionnaires have been provided in both English and Spanish. The Injury/Poison Episode File (Part 6) is an episode-based file that contains information about the external cause and nature of the injury or poisoning episode and what the person was doing at the time of the injury or poisoning episode, in addition to the date and place of occurrence. The Injury/Poison Episode Verbatim File (Part 7) contains edited narrative text descriptions of the injury or poisoning provided by the respondent. Imputed income files for 2004 are now available through the NCHS Web site at www.cdc.gov/nhis. These data contain multiple weight variables for each part. Users should refer to the technical documentation for further information regarding the weight and their derivation. Additionally, users may need to weight the data prior to analysis. Civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The NHIS uses a stratified multistage probability design. The sample for the NHIS is redesigned every decade using population data from the most recent decennial census. A redesigned sample was implemented in 1995. This new design includes a greater number of primary sampling units (PSUs) (from 198 in 1994 to 358), and a more complicated nonresponse adjustment based on household screening and oversampling of Black and Hispanic persons, for more reliable estimates of these groups. 2006-05-04 Parts 6 and 7 were added. face-to-face interview (1) Users should refer to the Survey Description for changes regarding the structure of the 2004 NHIS. In previous years, one household equaled one "case." In 2004, each family is considered a separate case. For multiple-family households, there is a "parent" case designated for the first family identified, and each subsequent family becomes a "spawned" case from the parent, with its own unique ID number. (2) Because variables are not repeated on data files in the 2004 NHIS, users will need to merge files in order to analyze the data. Instructions on ...

View the sub-population slides on Hispanics, Latino or Spanish Origin or Descent based on the graphics, tables, and figures from the 2019 NSDUH Annual Report.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors according to region of origin: Spanish National Health Survey 2017.

According to a 2024 survey conducted in Spain, more than ***** in every ten respondents agreed that the health care system was overstretched, while the same share stated that waiting times to get an appointment with doctors were too long. Similarly, nearly ********* claimed it was difficult to get an appointment with a doctor in the local area. However, around ** percent of interviewees trusted the Spanish health care system to provide proper treatment. In 2021, public spending on health represented approximately *** percent of the Spanish gross domestic product (GDP).

View the slides on Hispanics, Latino or Spanish Origin or Descent based on the graphics, tables, and figures from the 2020 NSDUH Annual Report.

ENALIA2 is a dietary survey conducted in Spain to collect food consumption data and other information about eating habits and physical activity on adults (18 – 64 years old), elderly (65 – 74 years old) and pregnant women

The Ministry’s Data Bank provides information on the Health Barometer, the Catalogue of Primary Care Centres of the SNS, National Catalogue of Hospitals, National Health Survey of Spain, Statistics of Health Establishments with Internship Regime and the National Death Index.

Distribution of the study population by diabetes status and according to study variables.

Spain’s Estudio Nacional de Alimentación en Población Infantil y Adolescente (National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population—ENALIA) was designed to estimate the usual intake of energy and nutrients and to gain insight into the dietary habits of children and adolescents (six months - 18 years old). The project forms part of the “EU Menu Project”, a European project coordinated by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and was conducted in accordance with the agreed European methodology guidance.

Predictors of adherence to specific clinical preventive recommendations among diabetes patients.

This dataset contains the following files: distancia_covid_individual_contact_estimates_metadata_dictionary.csv: Variable definitions distancia_covid_individual_contact_estimates_spain_cores_wave1.csv.gz: Estimates of coresidents during wave 1 of the Distancia-Covid survey (14 May 2020 through 10 June 2020) distancia_covid_individual_contact_estimates_spain_cores_wave2.csv.gz: Estimates of coresidents during wave 2 of the Distancia-Covid survey (24 July 2020 through 31 August 2020) distancia_covid_individual_contact_estimates_spain_cores_wave3.csv.gz: Estimates of coresidents during wave 3 of the Distancia-Covid survey (14 December 2020 through 10 January 2021) distancia_covid_individual_contact_estimates_spain_noncores_wave1.csv.gz: Estimates of non-coresident contacts during wave 1 of the Distancia-Covid survey (14 May 2020 through 10 June 2020) distancia_covid_individual_contact_estimates_spain_noncores_wave2.csv.gz: Estimates of non-coresident contacts during wave 2 of the Distancia-Covid survey (24 July 2020 through 31 August 2020) distancia_covid_individual_contact_estimates_spain_noncores_wave3.csv.gz: Estimates of non-coresident contacts during wave 3 of the Distancia-Covid survey (14 December 2020 through 10 January 2021) CITATION.cff: Citation file. Individual estimates of age-specific contact patterns in Spain during the Covid-19 pandemic. This data was generated from the CSIC Distancia-Covid survey (https://distancia-covid.csic.es/). It includes estimated numbers of coresidents and non-coresident contacts for each individual represented in the Spanish Labor Force Survey during 2020 and 2021. These estimates do not relate to any identifiable person; rather they provide information about the overall distribution of contacts across the population. These individual estimates have been used to calculate the mean age-specific contacts provided in https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5983902. This data was generated from the survey implemented through the project "Impacto de las medidas de distanciamiento social sobre la expansión de la epidemia de Covid-19 en España," funded by the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC). Processing and analysis was done with support from the Human-Mosquito Interaction Project (H-MIP) funded by European Research Council Starting Grant No. 853271, and the Versatile emerging infectious disease observatory (VEO) funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 874735. Peer reviewed

A survey determined that mental health was ranked as the biggest health care concern facing people in Spain among selected issues, with around ** percent of respondents considering it the main sanitary problem as of August 2024. Moreover, cancer and stress ranked second and third among the leading health concerns that year, as indicated by ** and ** percent of interviewees, respectively. As of 2023, Spain was among the countries with the highest share of people considering mental health as one of the biggest health problems in their country within a selection of 34 nations.