The establishment of a BES Multi-User Geodatabase (BES-MUG) allows for the storage, management, and distribution of geospatial data associated with the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. At present, BES data is distributed over the internet via the BES website. While having geospatial data available for download is a vast improvement over having the data housed at individual research institutions, it still suffers from some limitations. BES-MUG overcomes these limitations; improving the quality of the geospatial data available to BES researches, thereby leading to more informed decision-making. BES-MUG builds on Environmental Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) ArcGIS and ArcSDE technology. ESRI was selected because its geospatial software offers robust capabilities. ArcGIS is implemented agency-wide within the USDA and is the predominant geospatial software package used by collaborating institutions. Commercially available enterprise database packages (DB2, Oracle, SQL) provide an efficient means to store, manage, and share large datasets. However, standard database capabilities are limited with respect to geographic datasets because they lack the ability to deal with complex spatial relationships. By using ESRI's ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine) in conjunction with database software, geospatial data can be handled much more effectively through the implementation of the Geodatabase model. Through ArcSDE and the Geodatabase model the database's capabilities are expanded, allowing for multiuser editing, intelligent feature types, and the establishment of rules and relationships. ArcSDE also allows users to connect to the database using ArcGIS software without being burdened by the intricacies of the database itself. For an example of how BES-MUG will help improve the quality and timeless of BES geospatial data consider a census block group layer that is in need of updating. Rather than the researcher downloading the dataset, editing it, and resubmitting to through ORS, access rules will allow the authorized user to edit the dataset over the network. Established rules will ensure that the attribute and topological integrity is maintained, so that key fields are not left blank and that the block group boundaries stay within tract boundaries. Metadata will automatically be updated showing who edited the dataset and when they did in the event any questions arise. Currently, a functioning prototype Multi-User Database has been developed for BES at the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab, using Arc SDE and IBM's DB2 Enterprise Database as a back end architecture. This database, which is currently only accessible to those on the UVM campus network, will shortly be migrated to a Linux server where it will be accessible for database connections over the Internet. Passwords can then be handed out to all interested researchers on the project, who will be able to make a database connection through the Geographic Information Systems software interface on their desktop computer. This database will include a very large number of thematic layers. Those layers are currently divided into biophysical, socio-economic and imagery categories. Biophysical includes data on topography, soils, forest cover, habitat areas, hydrology and toxics. Socio-economics includes political and administrative boundaries, transportation and infrastructure networks, property data, census data, household survey data, parks, protected areas, land use/land cover, zoning, public health and historic land use change. Imagery includes a variety of aerial and satellite imagery. See the readme: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/readme.txt See the file listing: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/diroutput.txt

Replication data for the poverty rates example in Chapter 4 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

Replication data for the turnout example in Chapter 5 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

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Geographic Information System Analytics Market Size 2024-2028

The geographic information system analytics market size is forecast to increase by USD 12 billion at a CAGR of 12.41% between 2023 and 2028.

The GIS Analytics Market analysis is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient land management and emerging methods in data collection and generation. The defense industry's reliance on geospatial technology for situational awareness and real-time location monitoring is a major factor fueling market expansion. Additionally, the oil and gas industry's adoption of GIS for resource exploration and management is a key trend. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and smart city initiatives are also contributing to market growth, as they require multiple layered maps for effective planning and implementation. The Internet of Things (IoT) and Software as a Service (SaaS) are transforming GIS analytics by enabling real-time data processing and analysis.
Augmented reality is another emerging trend, as it enhances the user experience and provides valuable insights through visual overlays. Overall, heavy investments are required for setting up GIS stations and accessing data sources, making this a promising market for technology innovators and investors alike.

What will be the Size of the GIS Analytics Market during the forecast period?

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The geographic information system analytics market encompasses various industries, including government sectors, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Smart city projects, building information modeling, and infrastructure development are key areas driving market growth. Spatial data plays a crucial role in sectors such as transportation, mining, and oil and gas. Cloud technology is transforming GIS analytics by enabling real-time data access and analysis. Startups are disrupting traditional GIS markets with innovative location-based services and smart city planning solutions. Infrastructure development in sectors like construction and green buildings relies on modern GIS solutions for efficient planning and management. Smart utilities and telematics navigation are also leveraging GIS analytics for improved operational efficiency.
GIS technology is essential for zoning and land use management, enabling data-driven decision-making. Smart public works and urban planning projects utilize mapping and geospatial technology for effective implementation. Surveying is another sector that benefits from advanced GIS solutions. Overall, the GIS analytics market is evolving, with a focus on providing actionable insights to businesses and organizations.

How is this Geographic Information System Analytics Industry segmented?

The geographic information system analytics industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Retail and Real Estate
  Government
  Utilities
  Telecom
  Manufacturing and Automotive
  Agriculture
  Construction
  Mining
  Transportation
  Healthcare
  Defense and Intelligence
  Energy
  Education and Research
  BFSI


Components

  Software
  Services


Deployment Modes

  On-Premises
  Cloud-Based


Applications

  Urban and Regional Planning
  Disaster Management
  Environmental Monitoring Asset Management
  Surveying and Mapping
  Location-Based Services
  Geospatial Business Intelligence
  Natural Resource Management


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    South Korea


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World

By End-user Insights

The retail and real estate segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The GIS analytics market analysis is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing demand for advanced technologies in various industries. In the retail sector, for instance, retailers are utilizing GIS analytics to gain a competitive edge by analyzing customer demographics and buying patterns through real-time location monitoring and multiple layered maps. The retail industry's success relies heavily on these insights for effective marketing strategies. Moreover, the defense industries are integrating GIS analytics into their operations for infrastructure development, permitting, and public safety. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and 4D GIS software are increasingly being adopted for construction project workflows, while urban planning and designing require geospatial data for smart city planning and site selection.

The oil and gas industry is leveraging satellite imaging and IoT devices for land acquisition and mining operations. In the public sector,

Geostatistics analyzes and predicts the values associated with spatial or spatial-temporal phenomena. It incorporates the spatial (and in some cases temporal) coordinates of the data within the analyses. It is a practical means of describing spatial patterns and interpolating values for locations where samples were not taken (and measures the uncertainty of those values, which is critical to informed decision making). This archive contains results of geostatistical analysis of COVID-19 case counts for all available US counties. Test results were obtained with ArcGIS Pro (ESRI). Sources are state health departments, which are scraped and aggregated by the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and then pre-processed by MappingSupport.com.

This update of the Zenodo dataset (version 6) consists of three compressed archives containing geostatistical analyses of SARS-CoV-2 testing data. This dataset utilizes many of the geostatistical techniques used in previous versions of this Zenodo archive, but has been significantly expanded to include analyses of up-to-date U.S. COVID-19 case data (from March 24th to September 8^th, 2020):

Archive #1: “1.Geostat. Space-Time analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the US (Mar24-Sept6).zip” – results of a geostatistical analysis of COVID-19 cases incorporating spatially-weighted hotspots that are conserved over one-week timespans. Results are reported starting from when U.S. COVID-19 case data first became available (March 24^th, 2020) for 25 consecutive 1-week intervals (March 24th through to September 6th, 2020). Hotspots, where found, are reported in each individual state, rather than the entire continental United States.

Archive #2: "2.Geostat. Spatial analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the US (Mar24-Sept8).zip" – the results from geostatistical spatial analyses only of corrected COVID-19 case data for the continental United States, spanning the period from March 24^th through September 8th, 2020. The geostatistical techniques utilized in this archive includes ‘Hot Spot’ analysis and ‘Cluster and Outlier’ analysis.

Archive #3: "3.Kriging and Densification of SARS-CoV-2 in LA and MA.zip" – this dataset provides preliminary kriging and densification analysis of COVID-19 case data for certain dates within the U.S. states of Louisiana and Massachusetts.

These archives consist of map files (as both static images and as animations) and data files (including text files which contain the underlying data of said map files [where applicable]) which were generated when performing the following Geostatistical analyses: Hot Spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) [‘Archive #1’: consecutive weeklong Space-Time Hot Spot analysis; ‘Archive #2’: daily Hot Spot Analysis], Cluster and Outlier analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I) [‘Archive #2’], Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Moran's I) [‘Archive #2’], and point-to-point comparisons with Kriging and Densification analysis [‘Archive #3’].

The Word document provided ("Description-of-Archive.Updated-Geostatistical-Analysis-of-SARS-CoV-2 (version 6).docx") details the contents of each file and folder within these three archives and gives general interpretations of these results.

Have you ever wanted to create your own maps, or integrate and visualize spatial datasets to examine changes in trends between locations and over time? Follow along with these training tutorials on QGIS, an open source geographic information system (GIS) and learn key concepts, procedures and skills for performing common GIS tasks – such as creating maps, as well as joining, overlaying and visualizing spatial datasets. These tutorials are geared towards new GIS users. We’ll start with foundational concepts, and build towards more advanced topics throughout – demonstrating how with a few relatively easy steps you can get quite a lot out of GIS. You can then extend these skills to datasets of thematic relevance to you in addressing tasks faced in your day-to-day work.

Replication data for the higher education spending example in Chapter 6 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

In the last decade, a plethora of algorithms have been developed for spatial ecology studies. In our case, we use some of these codes for underwater research work in applied ecology analysis of threatened endemic fishes and their natural habitat. For this, we developed codes in Rstudio® script environment to run spatial and statistical analyses for ecological response and spatial distribution models (e.g., Hijmans & Elith, 2017; Den Burg et al., 2020). The employed R packages are as follows: caret (Kuhn et al., 2020), corrplot (Wei & Simko, 2017), devtools (Wickham, 2015), dismo (Hijmans & Elith, 2017), gbm (Freund & Schapire, 1997; Friedman, 2002), ggplot2 (Wickham et al., 2019), lattice (Sarkar, 2008), lattice (Musa & Mansor, 2021), maptools (Hijmans & Elith, 2017), modelmetrics (Hvitfeldt & Silge, 2021), pander (Wickham, 2015), plyr (Wickham & Wickham, 2015), pROC (Robin et al., 2011), raster (Hijmans & Elith, 2017), RColorBrewer (Neuwirth, 2014), Rcpp (Eddelbeuttel & Balamura, 2018), rgdal (Verzani, 2011), sdm (Naimi & Araujo, 2016), sf (e.g., Zainuddin, 2023), sp (Pebesma, 2020) and usethis (Gladstone, 2022).

It is important to follow all the codes in order to obtain results from the ecological response and spatial distribution models. In particular, for the ecological scenario, we selected the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and for the geographic scenario we selected DOMAIN, also known as Gower's metric (Carpenter et al., 1993). We selected this regression method and this distance similarity metric because of its adequacy and robustness for studies with endemic or threatened species (e.g., Naoki et al., 2006). Next, we explain the statistical parameterization for the codes immersed in the GLM and DOMAIN running:

In the first instance, we generated the background points and extracted the values of the variables (Code2_Extract_values_DWp_SC.R). Barbet-Massin et al. (2012) recommend the use of 10,000 background points when using regression methods (e.g., Generalized Linear Model) or distance-based models (e.g., DOMAIN). However, we considered important some factors such as the extent of the area and the type of study species for the correct selection of the number of points (Pers. Obs.). Then, we extracted the values of predictor variables (e.g., bioclimatic, topographic, demographic, habitat) in function of presence and background points (e.g., Hijmans and Elith, 2017).

Subsequently, we subdivide both the presence and background point groups into 75% training data and 25% test data, each group, following the method of Soberón & Nakamura (2009) and Hijmans & Elith (2017). For a training control, the 10-fold (cross-validation) method is selected, where the response variable presence is assigned as a factor. In case that some other variable would be important for the study species, it should also be assigned as a factor (Kim, 2009).

After that, we ran the code for the GBM method (Gradient Boost Machine; Code3_GBM_Relative_contribution.R and Code4_Relative_contribution.R), where we obtained the relative contribution of the variables used in the model. We parameterized the code with a Gaussian distribution and cross iteration of 5,000 repetitions (e.g., Friedman, 2002; kim, 2009; Hijmans and Elith, 2017). In addition, we considered selecting a validation interval of 4 random training points (Personal test). The obtained plots were the partial dependence blocks, in function of each predictor variable.

Subsequently, the correlation of the variables is run by Pearson's method (Code5_Pearson_Correlation.R) to evaluate multicollinearity between variables (Guisan & Hofer, 2003). It is recommended to consider a bivariate correlation ± 0.70 to discard highly correlated variables (e.g., Awan et al., 2021).

Once the above codes were run, we uploaded the same subgroups (i.e., presence and background groups with 75% training and 25% testing) (Code6_Presence&backgrounds.R) for the GLM method code (Code7_GLM_model.R). Here, we first ran the GLM models per variable to obtain the p-significance value of each variable (alpha ≤ 0.05); we selected the value one (i.e., presence) as the likelihood factor. The generated models are of polynomial degree to obtain linear and quadratic response (e.g., Fielding and Bell, 1997; Allouche et al., 2006). From these results, we ran ecological response curve models, where the resulting plots included the probability of occurrence and values for continuous variables or categories for discrete variables. The points of the presence and background training group are also included.

On the other hand, a global GLM was also run, from which the generalized model is evaluated by means of a 2 x 2 contingency matrix, including both observed and predicted records. A representation of this is shown in Table 1 (adapted from Allouche et al., 2006). In this process we select an arbitrary boundary of 0.5 to obtain better modeling performance and avoid high percentage of bias in type I (omission) or II (commission) errors (e.g., Carpenter et al., 1993; Fielding and Bell, 1997; Allouche et al., 2006; Kim, 2009; Hijmans and Elith, 2017).

Table 1. Example of 2 x 2 contingency matrix for calculating performance metrics for GLM models. A represents true presence records (true positives), B represents false presence records (false positives - error of commission), C represents true background points (true negatives) and D represents false backgrounds (false negatives - errors of omission).

We then calculated the Overall and True Skill Statistics (TSS) metrics. The first is used to assess the proportion of correctly predicted cases, while the second metric assesses the prevalence of correctly predicted cases (Olden and Jackson, 2002). This metric also gives equal importance to the prevalence of presence prediction as to the random performance correction (Fielding and Bell, 1997; Allouche et al., 2006).

The last code (i.e., Code8_DOMAIN_SuitHab_model.R) is for species distribution modelling using the DOMAIN algorithm (Carpenter et al., 1993). Here, we loaded the variable stack and the presence and background group subdivided into 75% training and 25% test, each. We only included the presence training subset and the predictor variables stack in the calculation of the DOMAIN metric, as well as in the evaluation and validation of the model.

Regarding the model evaluation and estimation, we selected the following estimators:

1) partial ROC, which evaluates the approach between the curves of positive (i.e., correctly predicted presence) and negative (i.e., correctly predicted absence) cases. As farther apart these curves are, the model has a better prediction performance for the correct spatial distribution of the species (Manzanilla-Quiñones, 2020).

2) ROC/AUC curve for model validation, where an optimal performance threshold is estimated to have an expected confidence of 75% to 99% probability (De Long et al., 1988).

Data files for the examples in the book Geographic Data Science in R: Visualizing and Analyzing Environmental Change by Michael C. Wimberly.

This dataset contains Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) data matching with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization - Mass Spetrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI). This data is complementary to data contained in the same project. FIles with the same identifiers in the two datasets originated from the very same tissue section and can be combined in a multimodal ST-MSI object. For more information about the dataset please see our manuscript posted on BioRxiv (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.26.525195). This dataset includes ST data from 19 tissue sections, including human post-mortem and mouse samples. The spatial transcriptomics data was generated using the Visium protocol (10x Genomics). The murine tissue sections come from three different mice unilaterally injected with 6-OHDA. 6-OHDA is a neurotoxin that when injected in the brain can selectively destroy dopaminergic neurons. We used this mouse model to show the applicability of the technology that we developed, named Spatial Multimodal Analysis (SMA). Using our technology on these mouse brain tissue sections we were able to detect both dopamine with MALDI-MSI and the corresponding gene expression with ST. This dataset includes also one human post-mortem striatum sample that was placed on one Visium slide across the four capture areas. This sample was analyzed with a different ST protocol named RRST (Mirzazadeh, R., Andrusivova, Z., Larsson, L. et al. Spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling of degraded and challenging fresh frozen samples. Nat Commun 14, 509 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36071-5), where probes capturing the whole transcriptome are first hybridized in the tissue section and then spatially detected. Each tissue section contained in the dataset has been given a unique identifier that is composed of the Visium array ID and capture area ID of the Visium slide that the tissue section was placed on. This unique identifier is included in the file names of all the files relative to the same tissue section, including the MALDI-MSI files published in the other dataset included in this project. In this dataset you will find the following files for each tissue section: - raw files: these are the read one fastq files (containing the pattern *R1*fastq.gz in the file name), read two fastq files (containing the pattern *R1*fastq.gz in the file name) and the raw microscope images (containing the pattern Spot.jpg in the file name). These are the only files needed to run the Space Ranger pipeline, which is freely available for any user (please see the 10x Genomics website for information on how to install and run Space Ranger); - processed data files: we provide processed data files of two types: a) Space Ranger outputs that were used to produce the figures in our publication; b) manual annotation tables in csv format produced using Loupe Browser 6 (csv tables with file names ending _RegionLoupe.csv, _filter.csv, _dopamine.csv, _lesion.csv, _region.csv patterns); c) json files that we used as input for Space Ranger in the cases where the automatic tissue detection included in the pipeline failed to recognize the tissue or the fiducials. Using these processed files the user can reproduce the figures of our publication without having to restart from the raw data files. The MALDI-MSI analyses preceding ST was performed with different matrices in different tissue section. We used 1) 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) for detection of metabolites in negative ionization mode, 2) 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) for detection of metabolites in positive ionization mode, 3) 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-fluoro-1-ethylpyridin-1-ium iodide (FMP-10), which charge-tags molecules with phenolic hydroxyls and/or primary amines, including neurotransmitters. The information about which matrix was sprayed on the tissue sections and other information about the samples is included in the metadata table. We also used three types of control samples: - standard Visium: samples processed with standard Visium (i.e. no matrix spraying, no MALDI-MSI, protocol as recommended by 10x Gemomics with no exeptions) - internal controls (iCTRL): samples not sprayed with any matrix, neither processed with MALDI-MSI, but located on the same Visium slide were other samples were processed with MALDI-MSI - FMP-10-iCTRL: sample sprayed with FMP-10, and then processed as an iCTRL. This and other information is provided in the metadata table.

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Geospatial Analytics Market Size 2025-2029

The geospatial analytics market size is forecast to increase by USD 178.6 billion, at a CAGR of 21.4% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing adoption of geospatial analytics in sectors such as healthcare and insurance. This trend is fueled by the ability of geospatial analytics to provide valuable insights from location-based data, leading to improved operational efficiency and decision-making. Additionally, emerging methods in data collection and generation, including the use of drones and satellite imagery, are expanding the scope and potential of geospatial analytics. However, the market faces challenges, including data privacy and security concerns. With the vast amounts of sensitive location data being collected and analyzed, ensuring its protection is crucial for companies to maintain trust with their customers and avoid regulatory penalties. Navigating these challenges and capitalizing on the opportunities presented by the growing adoption of geospatial analytics requires a strategic approach from industry players. Companies must prioritize data security, invest in advanced analytics technologies, and collaborate with stakeholders to build trust and transparency. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the power of geospatial analytics, businesses can gain a competitive edge and unlock new opportunities in various industries.

What will be the Size of the Geospatial Analytics Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
Request Free SampleThe market continues to evolve, driven by the increasing demand for location-specific insights across various sectors. Urban planning relies on geospatial optimization and data enrichment to enhance city designs and improve infrastructure. Cloud-based geospatial solutions facilitate real-time data access, enabling location intelligence for public safety and resource management. Spatial data standards ensure interoperability among different systems, while geospatial software and data visualization tools provide valuable insights from satellite imagery and aerial photography. Geospatial services offer data integration, spatial data accuracy, and advanced analytics capabilities, including 3D visualization, route optimization, and data cleansing. Precision agriculture and environmental monitoring leverage geospatial data to optimize resource usage and monitor ecosystem health. Infrastructure management and real estate industries rely on geospatial data for asset tracking and market analysis. Spatial statistics and disaster management applications help mitigate risks and respond effectively to crises. Geospatial data management and quality remain critical as the volume and complexity of data grow. Geospatial modeling and interoperability enable seamless data sharing and collaboration. Sensor networks and geospatial data acquisition technologies expand the reach of geospatial analytics, while AI-powered geospatial analytics offer new opportunities for predictive analysis and automation. The ongoing development of geospatial technologies and applications underscores the market's continuous dynamism, providing valuable insights and solutions for businesses and organizations worldwide.

How is this Geospatial Analytics Industry segmented?

The geospatial analytics industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. TechnologyGPSGISRemote sensingOthersEnd-userDefence and securityGovernmentEnvironmental monitoringMining and manufacturingOthersApplicationSurveyingMedicine and public safetyMilitary intelligenceDisaster risk reduction and managementOthersTypeSurface and field analyticsGeovisualizationNetwork and location analyticsOthersGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaEuropeFranceGermanyItalyUKAPACChinaIndiaJapanSouth AmericaBrazilRest of World (ROW)

By Technology Insights

The gps segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.The market encompasses various applications and technologies, including geospatial optimization, data enrichment, location-based services (LBS), spatial data standards, public safety, geospatial software, resource management, location intelligence, geospatial data visualization, geospatial services, data integration, 3D visualization, satellite imagery, remote sensing, GIS platforms, spatial data infrastructure, aerial photography, route optimization, data cleansing, precision agriculture, spatial interpolation, geospatial databases, transportation planning, spatial data accuracy, spatial analysis, map projections, interactive maps, marketing analytics, d

This dataset constitutes an introduction to plotting and mapping and the essential concepts of spatial data management and modeling. And data ready for several examples of regression and classification algorithms (Multiple Linear Regression, Generalized Linear Models, CART and Random Forest), also exploring classic interpolation methods (Inverse Distance Weighting and Kriging).

A major objective of plant ecology research is to determine the underlying processes responsible for the observed spatial distribution patterns of plant species. Plants can be approximated as points in space for this purpose, and thus, spatial point pattern analysis has become increasingly popular in ecological research. The basic piece of data for point pattern analysis is a point location of an ecological object in some study region. Therefore, point pattern analysis can only be performed if data can be collected. However, due to the lack of a convenient sampling method, a few previous studies have used point pattern analysis to examine the spatial patterns of grassland species. This is unfortunate because being able to explore point patterns in grassland systems has widespread implications for population dynamics, community-level patterns and ecological processes. In this study, we develop a new method to measure individual coordinates of species in grassland communities. This method records plant growing positions via digital picture samples that have been sub-blocked within a geographical information system (GIS). Here, we tested out the new method by measuring the individual coordinates of Stipa grandis in grazed and ungrazed S. grandis communities in a temperate steppe ecosystem in China. Furthermore, we analyzed the pattern of S. grandis by using the pair correlation function g(r) with both a homogeneous Poisson process and a heterogeneous Poisson process. Our results showed that individuals of S. grandis were overdispersed according to the homogeneous Poisson process at 0-0.16 m in the ungrazed community, while they were clustered at 0.19 m according to the homogeneous and heterogeneous Poisson processes in the grazed community. These results suggest that competitive interactions dominated the ungrazed community, while facilitative interactions dominated the grazed community. In sum, we successfully executed a new sampling method, using digital photography and a Geographical Information System, to collect experimental data on the spatial point patterns for the populations in this grassland community.

Methods 1. Data collection using digital photographs and GIS

A flat 5 m x 5 m sampling block was chosen in a study grassland community and divided with bamboo chopsticks into 100 sub-blocks of 50 cm x 50 cm (Fig. 1). A digital camera was then mounted to a telescoping stake and positioned in the center of each sub-block to photograph vegetation within a 0.25 m2 area. Pictures were taken 1.75 m above the ground at an approximate downward angle of 90° (Fig. 2). Automatic camera settings were used for focus, lighting and shutter speed. After photographing the plot as a whole, photographs were taken of each individual plant in each sub-block. In order to identify each individual plant from the digital images, each plant was uniquely marked before the pictures were taken (Fig. 2 B).

Digital images were imported into a computer as JPEG files, and the position of each plant in the pictures was determined using GIS. This involved four steps: 1) A reference frame (Fig. 3) was established using R2V software to designate control points, or the four vertexes of each sub-block (Appendix S1), so that all plants in each sub-block were within the same reference frame. The parallax and optical distortion in the raster images was then geometrically corrected based on these selected control points; 2) Maps, or layers in GIS terminology, were set up for each species as PROJECT files (Appendix S2), and all individuals in each sub-block were digitized using R2V software (Appendix S3). For accuracy, the digitization of plant individual locations was performed manually; 3) Each plant species layer was exported from a PROJECT file to a SHAPE file in R2V software (Appendix S4); 4) Finally each species layer was opened in Arc GIS software in the SHAPE file format, and attribute data from each species layer was exported into Arc GIS to obtain the precise coordinates for each species. This last phase involved four steps of its own, from adding the data (Appendix S5), to opening the attribute table (Appendix S6), to adding new x and y coordinate fields (Appendix S7) and to obtaining the x and y coordinates and filling in the new fields (Appendix S8).

1. Data reliability assessment

To determine the accuracy of our new method, we measured the individual locations of Leymus chinensis, a perennial rhizome grass, in representative community blocks 5 m x 5 m in size in typical steppe habitat in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China in July 2010 (Fig. 4 A). As our standard for comparison, we used a ruler to measure the individual coordinates of L. chinensis. We tested for significant differences between (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler (see section 3.2 Data Analysis). If (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, did not differ significantly, then we could conclude that our new method of measuring the coordinates of L. chinensis was reliable.

We compared the results using a t-test (Table 1). We found no significant differences in either (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis or (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis. Further, we compared the pattern characteristics of L. chinensis when measured by our new method against the ruler measurements using a null model. We found that the two pattern characteristics of L. chinensis did not differ significantly based on the homogenous Poisson process or complete spatial randomness (Fig. 4 B). Thus, we concluded that the data obtained using our new method was reliable enough to perform point pattern analysis with a null model in grassland communities.

Database created for replication of GeoStoryTelling. Our life stories evolve in specific and contextualized places. Although our homes may be our primarily shaping environment, our homes are themselves situated in neighborhoods that expose us to the immediate “real world” outside home. Indeed, the places where we are currently experiencing, and have experienced life, play a fundamental role in gaining a deeper and more nuanced understanding of our beliefs, fears, perceptions of the world, and even our prospects of social mobility. Despite the immediate impact of the places where we experience life in reaching a better understanding of our life stories, to date most qualitative and mixed methods researchers forego the analytic and elucidating power that geo-contextualizing our narratives bring to social and health research. From this view then, most research findings and conclusions may have been ignoring the spatial contexts that most likely have shaped the experiences of research participants. The main reason for the underuse of these geo-contextualized stories is the requirement of specialized training in geographical information systems and/or computer and statistical programming along with the absence of cost-free and user-friendly geo-visualization tools that may allow non-GIS experts to benefit from geo-contextualized outputs. To address this gap, we present GeoStoryTelling, an analytic framework and user-friendly, cost-free, multi-platform software that enables researchers to visualize their geo-contextualized data narratives. The use of this software (available in Mac and Windows operative systems) does not require users to learn GIS nor computer programming to obtain state-of-the-art, and visually appealing maps. In addition to providing a toy database to fully replicate the outputs presented, we detail the process that researchers need to follow to build their own databases without the need of specialized external software nor hardware. We show how the resulting HTML outputs are capable of integrating a variety of multi-media inputs (i.e., text, image, videos, sound recordings/music, and hyperlinks to other websites) to provide further context to the geo-located stories we are sharing (example https://cutt.ly/k7X9tfN). Accordingly, the goals of this paper are to describe the components of the methodology, the steps to construct the database, and to provide unrestricted access to the software tool, along with a toy dataset so that researchers may interact first-hand with GeoStoryTelling and fully replicate the outputs discussed herein. Since GeoStoryTelling relied on OpenStreetMap its applications may be used worldwide, thus strengthening its potential reach to the mixed methods and qualitative scientific communities, regardless of location around the world. Keywords: Geographical Information Systems; Interactive Visualizations; Data StoryTelling; Mixed Methods & Qualitative Research Methodologies; Spatial Data Science; Geo-Computation.

Replication data for the Senate roll-call voting example in Chapter 4 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

The Geospatial Analytics Market size was valued at USD 98.93 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 227.04 billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 12.6 % during the forecasts period. The Geospatial Analytics Market describes an application of technologies and approaches processing geographic and spatial data for intelligence and decision-making purposes. This market comprises of mapping tools and software, spatial data and geographic information systems (GIS) used in various fields including urban planning, environmental, transport and defence. Use varies from inventory tracking and control to route optimization and assessment of changes in environment. Other trends are the growth of big data and machine learning to improve the predictive methods, the improved real-time data processing the use of geographic data in combination with other technologies, for example, IoT and cloud. Some of the factors that are fuelling the need to find a marketplace for GIS solutions include; Increasing importance of place-specific information Increasing possibilities for data collection The need to properly manage spatial information in a high stand environment. Recent developments include: In May 2023, Google launched Google Geospatial Creator, a powerful tool that allows users to create immersive AR experiences that are both accurate and visually stunning. It is powered by Photorealistic 3D Tiles and ARCore from Google Maps Platform and can be used with Unity or Adobe Aero. Geospatial Creator provides a 3D view of the world, allowing users to place their digital content in the real world, similar to Google Earth and Google Street View. , In April 2023, Hexagon AB launched the HxGN AgrOn Control Room. It is a mobile app that allows managers and directors of agricultural companies to monitor all field operations in real time. It helps managers identify and address problems quickly, saving time and money. Additionally, the app can help to improve safety by providing managers with a way to monitor the location and status of field workers. , In December 2022, ESRI India announced the availability of Indo ArcGIS offerings on Indian public clouds and services to provide better management, collecting, forecasting, and analyzing location-based data. , In May 2022, Trimble announced the launch of the Trimble R12i GNSS receiver, which has a powerful tilt adjustment feature. It enables land surveyors to concentrate on the task and finish it more quickly and precisely. , In May 2021, Foursquare purchased Unfolded, a US-based provider of location-based services. This US-based firm provides location-based services and goods, including data enrichment analytics and geographic data visualization. With this acquisition, Foursquare aims to provide its users access to various first and third-party data sets and integrate them with the geographical characteristics. , In January 2021, ESRI, a U.S.-based geospatial image analytics solutions provider, introduced the ArcGIS platform. ArcGIS Platform by ESRI operates on a cloud consumption paradigm. App developers generally use this technology to figure out how to include location capabilities in their apps, business operations, and goods. It aids in making geospatial technologies accessible. .

Across the country, public land managers make hundreds of decisions each year that influence landscapes and ecosystems within the lands they manage. Many of these decisions involve vegetation manipulations known as land treatments. Land treatments include activities such as removal or alteration of plant biomass, seeding burned areas, and herbicide applications. Data on these land treatments historically have been stored at local offices and gathering information across large spatial areas was difficult. These valuable data needed to be centralized and stored for Federal agencies involved in land treatments because these data are useful to land managers for policy and management and to scientists for developing sampling designs and studies. In 2008, the Land Treatment Digital Library (LTDL) was created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to catalog information about land treatments on federal lands in the western United States. The flexible framework of the library allows for the storage of a wide variety of data in different formats. The library contains data in text, tabular, spatial, and image formats. Specific examples include project plans and implementation reports, monitoring data, spatial data files from geographic information systems, digitized paper maps, and digital images of land treatments. The data are entered by USGS employees and are accessible through a searchable website. The LTDL can be used to respond to information requests, conduct analyses and other forms of information syntheses, produce maps, and generate reports for federal managers, scientists, and other authorized users. This data release includes the most up to date data available in the LTDL at the time of release. However, most field offices were last visited to collect their comprehensive treatment data between 2011-2014. Users should be aware that while treatments may exist in some field offices past the date of last collection, it is not a comprehensive representation of land treatments that have occurred on BLM lands during the most recent time span. Offices in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon were revisited in the winter of 2019 and the data collected during those visits are available in this release. Offices in northern Nevada were visited in 2023 and the data collected during those visits are available in this release. Several offices in southern Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming were visited in 2024, and some of the data collected during those visits are available in this release. All available post wildfire emergency stabilization and rehabilitation treatments are included for fires up to 2023.

The OneMap template can be used to connect multiple organizations to collaborate and share with internal and external stakeholders.Today, organizations must work beyond borders, jurisdictions, and sectors to address shared challenges. Collaboration is key whether you call your initiative a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), Open Data, Digital Twin, Knowledge Infrastructure, Digital Ecosystem, or otherwise. The term ‘OneMap’ is a placeholder for your community GIS branding.View example hubsDiscover good practice guides and implementation patternsLearn more about integrated geospatial infrastructureThe 'OneMap' Hub concept is multi-organizational. The website is designed to help communities of practice jumpstart your initiatives. Use it to share and collaborate, provide focus on thematic topics, and more.This item is available to ArcGIS Hub Basic and Premium licensed organizations.

Geographic Information System (GIS) Software Market Outlook

The global Geographic Information System (GIS) software market size is projected to grow from USD 9.1 billion in 2023 to USD 18.5 billion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5% over the forecast period. This growth is driven by the increasing application of GIS software across various sectors such as agriculture, construction, transportation, and utilities, along with the rising demand for location-based services and advanced mapping solutions.

One of the primary growth factors for the GIS software market is the widespread adoption of spatial data by various industries to enhance operational efficiency. In agriculture, for instance, GIS software plays a crucial role in precision farming by aiding in crop monitoring, soil analysis, and resource management, thereby optimizing yield and reducing costs. In the construction sector, GIS software is utilized for site selection, design and planning, and infrastructure management, making project execution more efficient and cost-effective.

Additionally, the integration of GIS with emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is significantly enhancing the capabilities of GIS software. AI-driven data analytics and IoT-enabled sensors provide real-time data, which, when combined with spatial data, results in more accurate and actionable insights. This integration is particularly beneficial in fields like smart city planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring, further propelling the market growth.

Another significant factor contributing to the market expansion is the increasing government initiatives and investments aimed at improving geospatial infrastructure. Governments worldwide are recognizing the importance of GIS in policy-making, urban planning, and public safety, leading to substantial investments in GIS technologies. For example, the U.S. governmentÂ’s Geospatial Data Act emphasizes the development of a cohesive national geospatial policy, which in turn is expected to create more opportunities for GIS software providers.

Geographic Information System Analytics is becoming increasingly pivotal in transforming raw geospatial data into actionable insights. By employing sophisticated analytical tools, GIS Analytics allows organizations to visualize complex spatial relationships and patterns, enhancing decision-making processes across various sectors. For instance, in urban planning, GIS Analytics can identify optimal locations for new infrastructure projects by analyzing population density, traffic patterns, and environmental constraints. Similarly, in the utility sector, it aids in asset management by predicting maintenance needs and optimizing resource allocation. The ability to integrate GIS Analytics with other data sources, such as demographic and economic data, further amplifies its utility, making it an indispensable tool for strategic planning and operational efficiency.

Regionally, North America holds the largest share of the GIS software market, driven by technological advancements and high adoption rates across various sectors. Europe follows closely, with significant growth attributed to the increasing use of GIS in environmental monitoring and urban planning. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, fueled by rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and government initiatives in countries like China and India.

Component Analysis

The GIS software market is segmented into software and services, each playing a vital role in meeting the diverse needs of end-users. The software segment encompasses various types of GIS software, including desktop GIS, web GIS, and mobile GIS. Desktop GIS remains the most widely used, offering comprehensive tools for spatial analysis, data management, and visualization. Web GIS, on the other hand, is gaining traction due to its accessibility and ease of use, allowing users to access GIS capabilities through a web browser without the need for extensive software installations.

Mobile GIS is another crucial aspect of the software segment, providing field-based solutions for data collection, asset management, and real-time decision making. With the increasing use of smartphones and tablets, mobile GIS applications are becoming indispensable for sectors such as utilities, transportation, and

Replication data for the government ideology and representation example in Chapter 8 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.