The National Aggregates of Geospatial Data Collection: Population, Landscape, And Climate Estimates, Version 4 (PLACE IV) provides measures of population (head counts) and land area (square kilometers) as totals and by urban and rural designation, within multiple biophysical themes for 248 statistical areas (countries and other territories recognized by the United Nations (UN)), UN geographic regions and subregions, and World Bank economic classifications. It improves upon previous versions by providing these estimates at both the national level, and where possible, at subnational administrative level 1 for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, and by 5-year and broad age groups for the year 2010.

Retail Centrality is the ratio between Retail Turnover Index and Retail Spending Index multiplied by 100. It describes the ability of an area to pin the Retail Spending of its population and of other areas' population down to the local retail trade.

Figure 4. Spatial effect feature set extraction based on point distance, radius and variance sampling.

Unlock the power of 4.7M+ verified locations across the UK with high-precision geospatial data. Featuring 50+ enriched attributes including coordinates, building type, and geometry. Our AI-powered dataset ensures unmatched accuracy through advanced deduplication and enrichment. With 30+ years of industry expertise, we deliver trusted, customizable data solutions for mapping, navigation, urban planning, and marketing, empowering smarter decision-making and strategic growth.

Key use cases of Geospatial data have helped our customers in several areas:

1. Gain a Competitive Edge with Smarter Mapping : Use geospatial data to analyse competitors, identify high-traffic zones, and optimize locations for maximum impact.
2. Enhance Navigation & Location-Based Engagement : Improve turn-by-turn navigation, EV charging station discovery, and real-time travel insights for seamless customer experiences.
3. Find High-Value Locations for Business Growth : Leverage geospatial intelligence to select profitable retail sites, franchise locations, and warehouses with precision.
4. Streamline Deliveries & Address Validation : Improve shipping accuracy, reduce failed deliveries, and optimize courier routes for better customer satisfaction.
5. Drive Smarter Decisions with Spatial Analysis : Utilize location intelligence for disaster risk assessment, public health campaigns, and agricultural planning.

The Guide to Carbon Planting in South Australia contains a range of spatial data layers, summary maps and a report. It provides background information that may help guide decisions by landholders, industry groups, non-government organisations, and others involved with Carbon Farming (also known as Carbon Credits or Carbon off-setting schemes). It presents information on the potential environmental risks and opportunities of carbon planting in South Australia, including land use policy considerations and use of biophysical spatial data layers. These information products provide context to landscape-scale planning and are not intended for use at the local or property-scale, nor to inform any financial risk or opportunity.

Leverage advanced location data from high-quality geospatial data covering patterns, behaviours, and trends across diverse industries. With accurate insights from multiple sources, our solutions empower businesses in retail, logistics, real estate, finance, and urban planning to optimize operations, enhance decision-making, and drive strategic growth.

Key use cases where Location Intelligence Data has helped businesses : 1. Optimize Logistics & Route Planning : Streamline delivery routes, reduce transit times, and enhance operational efficiency with precise location intelligence. 2. Enhance Market Positioning & Competitor Insights : Identify high-traffic zones, analyse competitor locations, and fine-tune business strategies to maximize market presence. 3. Transform Navigation & EV Infrastructure : Power navigation systems, real-time travel recommendations, and EV charging station mapping for seamless location-based services. 4. Enhance Urban & Retail Site Selection : Identify optimal locations for stores, warehouses, and infrastructure investments with in-depth spatial data and demographic insights. 5. Strengthen Spatial Analysis & Risk Management : Leverage advanced geospatial insights for disaster preparedness, public health initiatives, and land-use optimization.

Vermont extract of Uber's H3 Hexagonal Hierarchical Spatial Index, at resolution level 4, approximately 23 km per edge, for indexing locations. Extracted from Uber's dataset at https://eng.uber.com/h3/ via FME's H3HexagonalIndexer transformer, for all filling indexes within and intersecting with the Vermont State Boundary in July 2022.Field Descriptions:_h3index / H3 INDEX: Uber-assigned unique identifier per each individual hexagon at any resolution level._h3res / H3 RESOLUTION LEVEL: Uber-assigned index resolution level between 0 and 15, with 0 being coarsest and 15 being finest.

Leverage advanced location data from high-quality geospatial data covering patterns, behaviours, and trends across diverse industries. With accurate insights from multiple sources, our solutions empower businesses in retail, logistics, real estate, finance, and urban planning to optimize operations, enhance decision-making, and drive strategic growth.

Key use cases where Location Intelligence Data has helped businesses : 1. Optimize Logistics & Route Planning : Streamline delivery routes, reduce transit times, and enhance operational efficiency with precise location intelligence. 2. Enhance Market Positioning & Competitor Insights : Identify high-traffic zones, analyse competitor locations, and fine-tune business strategies to maximize market presence. 3. Transform Navigation & EV Infrastructure : Power navigation systems, real-time travel recommendations, and EV charging station mapping for seamless location-based services. 4. Enhance Urban & Retail Site Selection : Identify optimal locations for stores, warehouses, and infrastructure investments with in-depth spatial data and demographic insights. 5. Strengthen Spatial Analysis & Risk Management : Leverage advanced geospatial insights for disaster preparedness, public health initiatives, and land-use optimization.

Spectrographic observations of Jupiter, Saturnian rings, satellites, atmospheres and the interplanetary medium in the far and extreme ultraviolet.

The MB International Consumer Styles describe 10 different, but within the segment widely homogenous, types usable for market segmentation and determination of target groups.

154 views (4 recent) EIONET spatial reference data sets for WISE (Water Information System for Europe). Includes spatial reference data on: 1) River basin districts and sub-units, 2) Surface and groundwater water bodies, 3) Monitoring sites.

Visium spatial transcriptomics (10X Genomics) performed on 4 CCA samples. Each sample has two paired-end sequencing runs: the first (I1 & I2) are a pair reading indexes; the second (R1 & R2) are a pair reading inserts, with R1 additionally reading 10X barcodes. For histology images, please contact authors.

Replication data for the poverty rates example in Chapter 4 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

The National Land Cover Database products are created through a cooperative project conducted by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC Consortium is a partnership of federal agencies (www.mrlc.gov), consisting of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service (USDA-FS), the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Previously, NLCD consisted of three major data releases based on a 10-year cycle. These include a circa 1992 conterminous U.S. land cover dataset with one thematic layer (NLCD 1992), a circa 2001 50-state/Puerto Rico updated U.S. land cover database (NLCD 2001 2011 Edition) with three layers including thematic land cover, percent imperviousness, and percent tree canopy, and a 1992/2001 Land Cover Change Retrofit Product. With these national data layers, there is often a 5-year time lag between the image capture date and product release. In some areas, the land cover can undergo significant change during production time, resulting in products that may be perpetually out of date. To address these issues, this circa 2006 NLCD land cover product (NLCD 2006 2011 Edition) was conceived to meet user community needs for more frequent land cover monitoring (moving to a 5-year cycle) and to reduce the production time between image capture and product release. NLCD 2006 (2011 edition) is designed to provide the user both updated land cover data and additional information that can be used to identify the pattern, nature, and magnitude of changes occurring between 2001 (2011 Edition) and 2006 (2011 Edition) for the conterminous United States at medium spatial resolution. For NLCD 2006 (2011 Edition), there are 4 primary data products: 1) NLCD 2006 Land Cover (2011 Edition); 2) NLCD 2001/2006 Land Cover Change Pixels (2011 Edition) labeled with the 2006 land cover class; 3) NLCD 2006 Percent Developed Imperviousness (2011 Edition), and 4) NLCD 2001/2006 Percent Developed Imperviousness Change (2011 Edition). In addition, ancillary metadata includes the NLCD 2006 Path/Row Index vector file showing the footprint of Landsat scene pairs used to derive 2001/2006 spectral change with change pair acquisition dates included in the attribute table. As part of the NLCD 2011 project, NLCD 2001 data products have been revised and reissued (2011 Edition) to provide full compatibility with all other NLCD 2011 Edition products. The 2014 amended version corrects for the over-elimination of small areas of the four developed classes. Land cover maps, derivatives and all associated documents are considered "provisional" until a formal accuracy assessment can be conducted. The NLCD 2006 is created on a path/row basis and mosaicked to create a seamless national product. Questions about the NLCD 2006 land cover product can be directed to the NLCD 2006 land cover mapping team at the USGS/EROS, Sioux Falls, SD (605) 594-6151 or mrlc@usgs.gov.

A roadway network project line is a line in coordinate space that represents a physical location of a project that impacted the roadway network. This current STIP layer is based on data extracts from the WisDOT Financial Integrated Improvement Programming System (FIIPS) to display network project lines with a limited set of associated attributes. Multiple sources of data are related to line features primarily by project ID attributes. The combined dataset is then loaded by an automated process on a weekly basis on Saturday mornings. Projects in the current STIP layer represent those FHWA approved STIP projects not yet authorized for charging. Projects submitted for approval are listed in the STIP Tab 7 and Amendment project lists. https://wisconsindot.gov/Pages/doing-bus/local-gov/astnce-pgms/highway/stip.aspx

Find out more about Article 4 Directions in Tunbridge Wells

Geographic and Magnetic Coordinates: The ephemeris data products, which include the balloon epoch time, latitude, longitude, and altitude, are each returned from the payload once every 4s. Geographic coordinates are obtained from an onboard Global Positioning System, GPS, unit. Magnetic coordinates are derived by using the International Radiation Belt Environment Modeling, IRBEM, FORTRAN library.The BARREL Mission was a multiple-balloon investigation designed to study electron losses from Earth's Radiation Belts. Selected as a NASA Living with a Star Mission of Opportunity, BARREL was designed to augment the Radiation Belt Storm Probes, RBSP, mission by providing measurements of the spatial and temporal variations of electron precipitation from the radiation belts. The RBSP mission has since been renamed the Van Allen Probes mission. Each BARREL balloon carried an X-ray spectrometer to measure the bremsstrahlung X-rays produced by precipitating relativistic electrons as they collide with neutrals in the atmosphere, and a DC magnetometer to measure ULF-timescale variations of the magnetic field. BARREL observations collected near latitudes close to either the antarctic and arctic circles at stratospheric altitudes at about 30 km. The BARREL instrumentation provided the first balloon measurements of relativistic electron precipitation while comprehensive in situ measurements of both plasma waves and energetic particles were available. Also, the BARREL data has been used to characterize the spatial scale of precipitation at relativistic energies.The initial pair of balloon campaigns that were conducted initially during the Austral summer months of January and February of 2013 and 2014 with launches from two stations located in Antarctica: the British base located at Halley Bay on the Brunt Ice Shelf and the South African SANAE IV base (SANAE stand for South African National Antarctic Expedition) located in Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land. For the 2013 and 2014 the balloon campaigns, the launch plan was designed to maintain an array with about five payloads spread across about six hours of magnetic local time, MLT, in the region that magnetically maps to the radiation belts. Thus, the BARREL balloon constellation constituted an evolving and slowly moving array able to study relativistic electron precipitation from the radiation belts.Later campaigns were undertaken in 2015 and 2016 from the Esrange Space Center located in Kiruna, Sweden. The 2015 and 2016 campaigns were undertaken in coordination with the Van Allen Probes mission, the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association, EISCAT, incoherent scatter radar system, and other ground and space based instruments. Seven balloon launches occurred during the August 2015 BARREL campaign. A total of eight flights occurred during August 2016.Summing over the four BARREL campaigns, over 50 small, approximately 20 kg, stratospheric balloons were successively launched. The website creeated and hosted by A.J. Halford (see Information URL below) reports that: "By the end of the campaigns, there were over 90 researchers coordinating on a daily basis with the BARREL team working on 7 different satellite missions, 1 other balloon mission, and way too many ground based instruments to count." Although the BARREL mission launched only balloons during the years from 2013 to 2016, research using data collected on these flights is ongoing, so stay tuned for updates! All data and analysis software are freely available to the scientific community.The information listed above in this resource description was compiled by referencing several BARREL related resources including primarily the Millan et al. (2013) Space Science Reviews publication, the BARREL at Dartmouth mission web site, and the website maintained by A.J. Halford.The current release of all BARREL CDF data products are Version 10 files.BARREL will make all its scientific data products quickly and publicly available but all users are expected to read and follow the BARREL Data Usage Policy listed below.BARREL Data Usage PolicyBARREL data products are made freely available to the public and every effort is made to ensure that these products are of the highest quality. However, there may occasionally be issues with either the instruments or data processing that affect the accuracy of data. When possible, a quality flag is included in higher level data products, and known issues are posted in the BARREL data repository. You are also strongly encouraged to follow the guidelines below if you are planning a publication or presentation in which BARREL data are used. This will help you ensure that your science results are valid.* Users should always use the highest version numbers of data and analysis tools. Browse/quick-look plots are not intended for science analysis or publication and should not be used for those purposes without consent of the principal investigator, PI.* Users should notify the BARREL PI of the data use and investigation objectives. This will ensure that you are using the data appropriately and have the most recent version of the data or analysis routines. Additionally, if a BARREL team member is already working on a similar or related topic, they may be able to contribute intellectually.* If BARREL team members are not part of the author list, then users should Credit/Acknowledge the BARREL team as follows: We acknowledge the BARREL team (PI: Robyn Millan) for use of BARREL data.* Users are also requested to provide the PI with a copy of each manuscript that uses BARREL data upon submission of that manuscript for consideration of publication. On publication, the citation should be transmitted to the PI.The BARREL PI can be contacted at: Robyn.Millan@dartmouth.edu.An online copy of the BARREL Data Usage Policy document can be found at: https://barrel.rmillan.host.dartmouth.edu/documents/data.use.policy.pdf.

Replication data for the Senate roll-call voting example in Chapter 4 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

This is Antarctica’s first comprehensive ecosystem map of ice-free lands. The data comprise a spatially explicit 3-tiered hierarchical ecosystem classification with nine Major Environment Types (tier 1), 33 Habitat Complexes (tier 2) and 269 Bioregional Ecosystem Types (tier 3). These Bioregional Ecosystem Types are aligned with ‘level 4’ of the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (Keith et al. 2022).

The spatial data are available in raster format (TIF) at 100 m resolution in the Polar Stereographic Projected Coordinate System (GCS_WGS_1984) for all known ice-free areas south from latitude -57.330551 decimal degrees South (pdf map shows extent of ice-free areas in relation to terrestrial ice and ice shelves). A value attribute table (VAT) provides text fields containing codes and full names for each unit in each level of the classification hierarchy and the spatial extent of tier 3 units in hectares.

Methods of development, source data and uses of the inventory are detailed by Tóth et al. (2025a). Descriptive profiles for tier 1 and 2 units are available in Tóth et al. (2025b).

ReferencesKeith, D.A., Ferrer-Paris, J.R., Nicholson, E., Bishop, M.J., Polidoro, B.A., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Tozer, M.G., Nel, J.L., Nally, R. Mac, Gregr, E.J., Watermeyer, K.E., Essl, F., Faber-Langendoen, D., Franklin, J., Lehmann, C.E.R., Etter, A., Roux, D.J., Stark, J.S., Rowland, J.A., Brummitt, N.A., Fernandez-Arcaya, U.C., Suthers, I.M., Wiser, S.K., Donohue, I., Jackson, L.J., Pennington, R.T., Iliffe, T.M., Gerovasileiou, V., Giller, P., Robson, B.J., Pettorelli, N., Andrade, A., Lindgaard, A., Tahvanainen, T., Terauds, A., Chadwick, M.A., Murray, N.J., Moat, J., Pliscoff, P., Zager, I. & Kingsford, R.T. (2022) A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems. Nature 610, 513–518. [doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4].Tóth, A.B., Terauds, A., Chown, S.L., Hughes, K.A., Convey, P., Hodgson, D.A., Cowan, D.A., Gibson, J., Leihy, R.I., Murray, N.J., Robinson, S.A., Shaw, J.D., Stark, J.S., Stevens, M.I., van den Hoff, J., Wasley, J. and Keith D.A. (2025a). A dataset of Antarctic ecosystems in ice-free lands: classification, descriptions, and maps. Scientific Data 12, 133. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04424-y] Tóth, A.B., Terauds, A., Chown, S.L., Hughes, K.A., Convey, P., Hodgson, D.A., Cowan, D.A., Gibson, J., Leihy, R.I., Murray, N.J., Robinson, S.A., Shaw, J.D., Stark, J.S., Stevens, M.I., van den Hoff, J., Wasley, J. & Keith D.A. (2025b). Antarctic Ecosystem Inventory: Descriptive profiles for ice-free lands v1.0. DOI: 110.5281/zenodo.14625890. Australian Antarctic Data Centre.

A major objective of plant ecology research is to determine the underlying processes responsible for the observed spatial distribution patterns of plant species. Plants can be approximated as points in space for this purpose, and thus, spatial point pattern analysis has become increasingly popular in ecological research. The basic piece of data for point pattern analysis is a point location of an ecological object in some study region. Therefore, point pattern analysis can only be performed if data can be collected. However, due to the lack of a convenient sampling method, a few previous studies have used point pattern analysis to examine the spatial patterns of grassland species. This is unfortunate because being able to explore point patterns in grassland systems has widespread implications for population dynamics, community-level patterns and ecological processes. In this study, we develop a new method to measure individual coordinates of species in grassland communities. This method records plant growing positions via digital picture samples that have been sub-blocked within a geographical information system (GIS). Here, we tested out the new method by measuring the individual coordinates of Stipa grandis in grazed and ungrazed S. grandis communities in a temperate steppe ecosystem in China. Furthermore, we analyzed the pattern of S. grandis by using the pair correlation function g(r) with both a homogeneous Poisson process and a heterogeneous Poisson process. Our results showed that individuals of S. grandis were overdispersed according to the homogeneous Poisson process at 0-0.16 m in the ungrazed community, while they were clustered at 0.19 m according to the homogeneous and heterogeneous Poisson processes in the grazed community. These results suggest that competitive interactions dominated the ungrazed community, while facilitative interactions dominated the grazed community. In sum, we successfully executed a new sampling method, using digital photography and a Geographical Information System, to collect experimental data on the spatial point patterns for the populations in this grassland community.

Methods 1. Data collection using digital photographs and GIS

A flat 5 m x 5 m sampling block was chosen in a study grassland community and divided with bamboo chopsticks into 100 sub-blocks of 50 cm x 50 cm (Fig. 1). A digital camera was then mounted to a telescoping stake and positioned in the center of each sub-block to photograph vegetation within a 0.25 m2 area. Pictures were taken 1.75 m above the ground at an approximate downward angle of 90° (Fig. 2). Automatic camera settings were used for focus, lighting and shutter speed. After photographing the plot as a whole, photographs were taken of each individual plant in each sub-block. In order to identify each individual plant from the digital images, each plant was uniquely marked before the pictures were taken (Fig. 2 B).

Digital images were imported into a computer as JPEG files, and the position of each plant in the pictures was determined using GIS. This involved four steps: 1) A reference frame (Fig. 3) was established using R2V software to designate control points, or the four vertexes of each sub-block (Appendix S1), so that all plants in each sub-block were within the same reference frame. The parallax and optical distortion in the raster images was then geometrically corrected based on these selected control points; 2) Maps, or layers in GIS terminology, were set up for each species as PROJECT files (Appendix S2), and all individuals in each sub-block were digitized using R2V software (Appendix S3). For accuracy, the digitization of plant individual locations was performed manually; 3) Each plant species layer was exported from a PROJECT file to a SHAPE file in R2V software (Appendix S4); 4) Finally each species layer was opened in Arc GIS software in the SHAPE file format, and attribute data from each species layer was exported into Arc GIS to obtain the precise coordinates for each species. This last phase involved four steps of its own, from adding the data (Appendix S5), to opening the attribute table (Appendix S6), to adding new x and y coordinate fields (Appendix S7) and to obtaining the x and y coordinates and filling in the new fields (Appendix S8).

1. Data reliability assessment

To determine the accuracy of our new method, we measured the individual locations of Leymus chinensis, a perennial rhizome grass, in representative community blocks 5 m x 5 m in size in typical steppe habitat in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China in July 2010 (Fig. 4 A). As our standard for comparison, we used a ruler to measure the individual coordinates of L. chinensis. We tested for significant differences between (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler (see section 3.2 Data Analysis). If (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, did not differ significantly, then we could conclude that our new method of measuring the coordinates of L. chinensis was reliable.

We compared the results using a t-test (Table 1). We found no significant differences in either (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis or (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis. Further, we compared the pattern characteristics of L. chinensis when measured by our new method against the ruler measurements using a null model. We found that the two pattern characteristics of L. chinensis did not differ significantly based on the homogenous Poisson process or complete spatial randomness (Fig. 4 B). Thus, we concluded that the data obtained using our new method was reliable enough to perform point pattern analysis with a null model in grassland communities.