The establishment of a BES Multi-User Geodatabase (BES-MUG) allows for the storage, management, and distribution of geospatial data associated with the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. At present, BES data is distributed over the internet via the BES website. While having geospatial data available for download is a vast improvement over having the data housed at individual research institutions, it still suffers from some limitations. BES-MUG overcomes these limitations; improving the quality of the geospatial data available to BES researches, thereby leading to more informed decision-making. BES-MUG builds on Environmental Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) ArcGIS and ArcSDE technology. ESRI was selected because its geospatial software offers robust capabilities. ArcGIS is implemented agency-wide within the USDA and is the predominant geospatial software package used by collaborating institutions. Commercially available enterprise database packages (DB2, Oracle, SQL) provide an efficient means to store, manage, and share large datasets. However, standard database capabilities are limited with respect to geographic datasets because they lack the ability to deal with complex spatial relationships. By using ESRI's ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine) in conjunction with database software, geospatial data can be handled much more effectively through the implementation of the Geodatabase model. Through ArcSDE and the Geodatabase model the database's capabilities are expanded, allowing for multiuser editing, intelligent feature types, and the establishment of rules and relationships. ArcSDE also allows users to connect to the database using ArcGIS software without being burdened by the intricacies of the database itself. For an example of how BES-MUG will help improve the quality and timeless of BES geospatial data consider a census block group layer that is in need of updating. Rather than the researcher downloading the dataset, editing it, and resubmitting to through ORS, access rules will allow the authorized user to edit the dataset over the network. Established rules will ensure that the attribute and topological integrity is maintained, so that key fields are not left blank and that the block group boundaries stay within tract boundaries. Metadata will automatically be updated showing who edited the dataset and when they did in the event any questions arise. Currently, a functioning prototype Multi-User Database has been developed for BES at the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab, using Arc SDE and IBM's DB2 Enterprise Database as a back end architecture. This database, which is currently only accessible to those on the UVM campus network, will shortly be migrated to a Linux server where it will be accessible for database connections over the Internet. Passwords can then be handed out to all interested researchers on the project, who will be able to make a database connection through the Geographic Information Systems software interface on their desktop computer. This database will include a very large number of thematic layers. Those layers are currently divided into biophysical, socio-economic and imagery categories. Biophysical includes data on topography, soils, forest cover, habitat areas, hydrology and toxics. Socio-economics includes political and administrative boundaries, transportation and infrastructure networks, property data, census data, household survey data, parks, protected areas, land use/land cover, zoning, public health and historic land use change. Imagery includes a variety of aerial and satellite imagery. See the readme: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/readme.txt See the file listing: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/diroutput.txt

Database created for replication of GeoStoryTelling. Our life stories evolve in specific and contextualized places. Although our homes may be our primarily shaping environment, our homes are themselves situated in neighborhoods that expose us to the immediate “real world” outside home. Indeed, the places where we are currently experiencing, and have experienced life, play a fundamental role in gaining a deeper and more nuanced understanding of our beliefs, fears, perceptions of the world, and even our prospects of social mobility. Despite the immediate impact of the places where we experience life in reaching a better understanding of our life stories, to date most qualitative and mixed methods researchers forego the analytic and elucidating power that geo-contextualizing our narratives bring to social and health research. From this view then, most research findings and conclusions may have been ignoring the spatial contexts that most likely have shaped the experiences of research participants. The main reason for the underuse of these geo-contextualized stories is the requirement of specialized training in geographical information systems and/or computer and statistical programming along with the absence of cost-free and user-friendly geo-visualization tools that may allow non-GIS experts to benefit from geo-contextualized outputs. To address this gap, we present GeoStoryTelling, an analytic framework and user-friendly, cost-free, multi-platform software that enables researchers to visualize their geo-contextualized data narratives. The use of this software (available in Mac and Windows operative systems) does not require users to learn GIS nor computer programming to obtain state-of-the-art, and visually appealing maps. In addition to providing a toy database to fully replicate the outputs presented, we detail the process that researchers need to follow to build their own databases without the need of specialized external software nor hardware. We show how the resulting HTML outputs are capable of integrating a variety of multi-media inputs (i.e., text, image, videos, sound recordings/music, and hyperlinks to other websites) to provide further context to the geo-located stories we are sharing (example https://cutt.ly/k7X9tfN). Accordingly, the goals of this paper are to describe the components of the methodology, the steps to construct the database, and to provide unrestricted access to the software tool, along with a toy dataset so that researchers may interact first-hand with GeoStoryTelling and fully replicate the outputs discussed herein. Since GeoStoryTelling relied on OpenStreetMap its applications may be used worldwide, thus strengthening its potential reach to the mixed methods and qualitative scientific communities, regardless of location around the world. Keywords: Geographical Information Systems; Interactive Visualizations; Data StoryTelling; Mixed Methods & Qualitative Research Methodologies; Spatial Data Science; Geo-Computation.

Have you ever wanted to create your own maps, or integrate and visualize spatial datasets to examine changes in trends between locations and over time? Follow along with these training tutorials on QGIS, an open source geographic information system (GIS) and learn key concepts, procedures and skills for performing common GIS tasks – such as creating maps, as well as joining, overlaying and visualizing spatial datasets. These tutorials are geared towards new GIS users. We’ll start with foundational concepts, and build towards more advanced topics throughout – demonstrating how with a few relatively easy steps you can get quite a lot out of GIS. You can then extend these skills to datasets of thematic relevance to you in addressing tasks faced in your day-to-day work.

This paper provides an abstract analysis of parallel processing strategies for spatial and spatio-temporal data. It isolates aspects such as data locality and computational locality as well as redundancy and locally sequential access as central elements of parallel algorithm design for spatial data. Furthermore, the paper gives some examples from simple and advanced GIS and spatial data analysis highlighting both that big data systems have been around long before the current hype of big data and that they follow some design principles which are inevitable for spatial data including distributed data structures and messaging, which are, however, incompatible with the popular MapReduce paradigm. Throughout this discussion, the need for a replacement or extension of the MapReduce paradigm for spatial data is derived. This paradigm should be able to deal with the imperfect data locality inherent to spatial data hindering full independence of non-trivial computational tasks. We conclude that more research is needed and that spatial big data systems should pick up more concepts like graphs, shortest paths, raster data, events, and streams at the same time instead of solving exactly the set of spatially separable problems such as line simplifications or range queries in manydifferent ways.

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Geographic Information System Analytics Market Size 2024-2028

The geographic information system analytics market size is forecast to increase by USD 12 billion at a CAGR of 12.41% between 2023 and 2028.

The GIS Analytics Market analysis is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing need for efficient land management and emerging methods in data collection and generation. The defense industry's reliance on geospatial technology for situational awareness and real-time location monitoring is a major factor fueling market expansion. Additionally, the oil and gas industry's adoption of GIS for resource exploration and management is a key trend. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and smart city initiatives are also contributing to market growth, as they require multiple layered maps for effective planning and implementation. The Internet of Things (IoT) and Software as a Service (SaaS) are transforming GIS analytics by enabling real-time data processing and analysis.
Augmented reality is another emerging trend, as it enhances the user experience and provides valuable insights through visual overlays. Overall, heavy investments are required for setting up GIS stations and accessing data sources, making this a promising market for technology innovators and investors alike.

What will be the Size of the GIS Analytics Market during the forecast period?

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The geographic information system analytics market encompasses various industries, including government sectors, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Smart city projects, building information modeling, and infrastructure development are key areas driving market growth. Spatial data plays a crucial role in sectors such as transportation, mining, and oil and gas. Cloud technology is transforming GIS analytics by enabling real-time data access and analysis. Startups are disrupting traditional GIS markets with innovative location-based services and smart city planning solutions. Infrastructure development in sectors like construction and green buildings relies on modern GIS solutions for efficient planning and management. Smart utilities and telematics navigation are also leveraging GIS analytics for improved operational efficiency.
GIS technology is essential for zoning and land use management, enabling data-driven decision-making. Smart public works and urban planning projects utilize mapping and geospatial technology for effective implementation. Surveying is another sector that benefits from advanced GIS solutions. Overall, the GIS analytics market is evolving, with a focus on providing actionable insights to businesses and organizations.

How is this Geographic Information System Analytics Industry segmented?

The geographic information system analytics industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Retail and Real Estate
  Government
  Utilities
  Telecom
  Manufacturing and Automotive
  Agriculture
  Construction
  Mining
  Transportation
  Healthcare
  Defense and Intelligence
  Energy
  Education and Research
  BFSI


Components

  Software
  Services


Deployment Modes

  On-Premises
  Cloud-Based


Applications

  Urban and Regional Planning
  Disaster Management
  Environmental Monitoring Asset Management
  Surveying and Mapping
  Location-Based Services
  Geospatial Business Intelligence
  Natural Resource Management


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    South Korea


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World

By End-user Insights

The retail and real estate segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The GIS analytics market analysis is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing demand for advanced technologies in various industries. In the retail sector, for instance, retailers are utilizing GIS analytics to gain a competitive edge by analyzing customer demographics and buying patterns through real-time location monitoring and multiple layered maps. The retail industry's success relies heavily on these insights for effective marketing strategies. Moreover, the defense industries are integrating GIS analytics into their operations for infrastructure development, permitting, and public safety. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and 4D GIS software are increasingly being adopted for construction project workflows, while urban planning and designing require geospatial data for smart city planning and site selection.

The oil and gas industry is leveraging satellite imaging and IoT devices for land acquisition and mining operations. In the public sector,

The vector grid system provides a spatial and statistical infrastructure that allows the integration of environmental and socio-economic data. Its exploitation allows the crossing of different spatial data within the same grid units. Project results obtained using this grid system can be more easily linked. This grid system forms the geographic and statistical infrastructure of the Southern Quebec Land Accounts of the Institute of Statistics of Quebec (ISQ). It forms the geospatial and statistical context for the development of ecosystem accounting in Quebec. **In order to improve the vector grid system and the Land Accounts of Southern Quebec and to better anticipate the future needs of users, we would like to be informed of their use (field of application, objectives of use, territory, association with other products, etc.). You can write to us at maxime.keith@stat.gouv.qc.ca **. This grid system allows the spatial integration of various data relating, for example, to human populations, the economy or the characteristics of land. The ISQ wishes to encourage the use of this system in projects that require the integration of several data sources, the analysis of this data at different spatial scales and the monitoring of this data over time. The fixed geographic references of the grids simplify the compilation of statistics according to different territorial divisions and facilitate the monitoring of changes over time. In particular, the grid system promotes the consistency of data at the provincial level. The spatial intersection of the grid and the spatial data layer to be integrated makes it possible to transfer the information underlying the layer within each cell of the grid. In the case of the Southern Quebec Land Accounts, the spatial intersection of the grid and each of the three land cover layers (1990s, 2000s and 2010s) made it possible to report the dominant coverage within each grid cell. The set of matrix files of Southern Quebec Land Accounts is the result of this intersection. **Characteristics: ** The product includes two vector grids: one formed of cells of 1 km² (or 1,000 m on a side), which covers all of Quebec, and another of 2,500 m² cells (or 50 m on a side, or a quarter of a hectare), which fits perfectly into the first and covers Quebec territory located south of the 52nd parallel. Note that the nomenclature of this system, designed according to a Cartesian plan, was developed so that it was possible to integrate cells with finer resolutions (up to 5 meters on a side). In its 2024 update, the 50 m grid system is divided into 331 parts with a side of 50 km in order to limit the number of cells per part of the grid to millions and thus facilitate geospatial processing. This grid includes a total of approximately 350 million cells or 875,000 km2. It is backwards compatible with the 50m grid broadcast by the ISQ in 2018 (spatial structure and unique identifiers are identical, only the fragmentation is different). **Attribute information for 50 m cells: ** * ID_m50: unique code of the cell; * CO_MUN_2022: geographic code of the municipality of January 2022; * CERQ_NV2: code of the natural region of the ecological reference framework of Quebec; * CL_COUV_T50: unique code of the cell; * CL_COUV_T00, CL_COUV_T01: codes for coverage classes Terrestrial maps from the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. Note: the 2000s are covered by two land cover maps: CL_COUV_T01A and CL_COUV_T01b. The first inventories land cover prior to reassessment using the 2010s map, while the second shows land cover after this reassessment process. **Complementary entity classes: ** * Index_grille50m: index of the parts of the grid; * Decoupage_mun_01_2022: division of municipalities; * Decoupage_MRC_01_2022: division of geographical MRCs; * Decoupage_RA_01_2022: division of administrative regions. Source: System on administrative divisions [SDA] of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forests [MRNF], January 2022, allows statistical compilations to be carried out according to administrative divisions hierarchically superior to municipalities. * Decoupage_CERQ_NV2_2018: division of level 2 of the CERQ, natural regions. Source: Ministry of the Environment, the Fight against Climate Change, Wildlife and Parks [MELCCFP]. Geospatial processes delivered with the grid (only with the FGDB data set) : * ArcGIS ModelBuilder allowing the spatial intersection and the selection of the dominant value of the geographic layer to populate the grid; * ModelBuilder allowing the statistical compilation of results according to various divisions. Additional information on the grid in the report Southern Quebec Land Accounts published in October 2018 (p. 46). View the results of the Southern Quebec Land Accounts on the interactive map of the Institut de la Statistique du Québec.**This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).**

Overview

Empower your location data visualizations with our edge-matched polygons, even in difficult geographies.

Our self-hosted GIS data cover administrative and postal divisions with up to 6 precision levels: a zip code layer and up to 5 administrative levels. All levels follow a seamless hierarchical structure with no gaps or overlaps.

The geospatial data shapes are offered in high-precision and visualization resolution and are easily customized on-premise.

Use cases for the Global Boundaries Database (GIS data, Geospatial data)

• In-depth spatial analysis

• Clustering

• Geofencing

• Reverse Geocoding

• Reporting and Business Intelligence (BI)

Product Features

• Coherence and precision at every level

• Edge-matched polygons

• High-precision shapes for spatial analysis

• Fast-loading polygons for reporting and BI

• Multi-language support

For additional insights, you can combine the GIS data with:

• Population data: Historical and future trends

• UNLOCODE and IATA codes

• Time zones and Daylight Saving Time (DST)

Data export methodology

Our geospatial data packages are offered in variable formats, including - .shp - .gpkg - .kml - .shp - .gpkg - .kml - .geojson

All GIS data are optimized for seamless integration with popular systems like Esri ArcGIS, Snowflake, QGIS, and more.

Why companies choose our map data

• Precision at every level

• Coverage of difficult geographies

• No gaps, nor overlaps

Note: Custom geospatial data packages are available. Please submit a request via the above contact button for more details.

Snapshot img

Geospatial Analytics Market Size 2025-2029

The geospatial analytics market size is forecast to increase by USD 178.6 billion, at a CAGR of 21.4% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing adoption of geospatial analytics in sectors such as healthcare and insurance. This trend is fueled by the ability of geospatial analytics to provide valuable insights from location-based data, leading to improved operational efficiency and decision-making. Additionally, emerging methods in data collection and generation, including the use of drones and satellite imagery, are expanding the scope and potential of geospatial analytics. However, the market faces challenges, including data privacy and security concerns. With the vast amounts of sensitive location data being collected and analyzed, ensuring its protection is crucial for companies to maintain trust with their customers and avoid regulatory penalties. Navigating these challenges and capitalizing on the opportunities presented by the growing adoption of geospatial analytics requires a strategic approach from industry players. Companies must prioritize data security, invest in advanced analytics technologies, and collaborate with stakeholders to build trust and transparency. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the power of geospatial analytics, businesses can gain a competitive edge and unlock new opportunities in various industries.

What will be the Size of the Geospatial Analytics Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
Request Free SampleThe market continues to evolve, driven by the increasing demand for location-specific insights across various sectors. Urban planning relies on geospatial optimization and data enrichment to enhance city designs and improve infrastructure. Cloud-based geospatial solutions facilitate real-time data access, enabling location intelligence for public safety and resource management. Spatial data standards ensure interoperability among different systems, while geospatial software and data visualization tools provide valuable insights from satellite imagery and aerial photography. Geospatial services offer data integration, spatial data accuracy, and advanced analytics capabilities, including 3D visualization, route optimization, and data cleansing. Precision agriculture and environmental monitoring leverage geospatial data to optimize resource usage and monitor ecosystem health. Infrastructure management and real estate industries rely on geospatial data for asset tracking and market analysis. Spatial statistics and disaster management applications help mitigate risks and respond effectively to crises. Geospatial data management and quality remain critical as the volume and complexity of data grow. Geospatial modeling and interoperability enable seamless data sharing and collaboration. Sensor networks and geospatial data acquisition technologies expand the reach of geospatial analytics, while AI-powered geospatial analytics offer new opportunities for predictive analysis and automation. The ongoing development of geospatial technologies and applications underscores the market's continuous dynamism, providing valuable insights and solutions for businesses and organizations worldwide.

How is this Geospatial Analytics Industry segmented?

The geospatial analytics industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. TechnologyGPSGISRemote sensingOthersEnd-userDefence and securityGovernmentEnvironmental monitoringMining and manufacturingOthersApplicationSurveyingMedicine and public safetyMilitary intelligenceDisaster risk reduction and managementOthersTypeSurface and field analyticsGeovisualizationNetwork and location analyticsOthersGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaEuropeFranceGermanyItalyUKAPACChinaIndiaJapanSouth AmericaBrazilRest of World (ROW)

By Technology Insights

The gps segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.The market encompasses various applications and technologies, including geospatial optimization, data enrichment, location-based services (LBS), spatial data standards, public safety, geospatial software, resource management, location intelligence, geospatial data visualization, geospatial services, data integration, 3D visualization, satellite imagery, remote sensing, GIS platforms, spatial data infrastructure, aerial photography, route optimization, data cleansing, precision agriculture, spatial interpolation, geospatial databases, transportation planning, spatial data accuracy, spatial analysis, map projections, interactive maps, marketing analytics, d

This specialized location dataset delivers detailed information about marina establishments. Maritime industry professionals, coastal planners, and tourism researchers can leverage precise location insights to understand maritime infrastructure, analyze recreational boating landscapes, and develop targeted strategies.

How Do We Create Polygons? -All our polygons are manually crafted using advanced GIS tools like QGIS, ArcGIS, and similar applications. This involves leveraging aerial imagery and street-level views to ensure precision. -Beyond visual data, our expert GIS data engineers integrate venue layout/elevation plans sourced from official company websites to construct detailed indoor polygons. This meticulous process ensures higher accuracy and consistency. -We verify our polygons through multiple quality checks, focusing on accuracy, relevance, and completeness.

What's More? -Custom Polygon Creation: Our team can build polygons for any location or category based on your specific requirements. Whether it’s a new retail chain, transportation hub, or niche point of interest, we’ve got you covered. -Enhanced Customization: In addition to polygons, we capture critical details such as entry and exit points, parking areas, and adjacent pathways, adding greater context to your geospatial data. -Flexible Data Delivery Formats: We provide datasets in industry-standard formats like WKT, GeoJSON, Shapefile, and GDB, making them compatible with various systems and tools. -Regular Data Updates: Stay ahead with our customizable refresh schedules, ensuring your polygon data is always up-to-date for evolving business needs.

Unlock the Power of POI and Geospatial Data With our robust polygon datasets and point-of-interest data, you can: -Perform detailed market analyses to identify growth opportunities. -Pinpoint the ideal location for your next store or business expansion. -Decode consumer behavior patterns using geospatial insights. -Execute targeted, location-driven marketing campaigns for better ROI. -Gain an edge over competitors by leveraging geofencing and spatial intelligence.

Why Choose LocationsXYZ? LocationsXYZ is trusted by leading brands to unlock actionable business insights with our spatial data solutions. Join our growing network of successful clients who have scaled their operations with precise polygon and POI data. Request your free sample today and explore how we can help accelerate your business growth.

This dataset contains Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) data matching with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization - Mass Spetrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI). This data is complementary to data contained in the same project. FIles with the same identifiers in the two datasets originated from the very same tissue section and can be combined in a multimodal ST-MSI object. For more information about the dataset please see our manuscript posted on BioRxiv (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.26.525195). This dataset includes ST data from 19 tissue sections, including human post-mortem and mouse samples. The spatial transcriptomics data was generated using the Visium protocol (10x Genomics). The murine tissue sections come from three different mice unilaterally injected with 6-OHDA. 6-OHDA is a neurotoxin that when injected in the brain can selectively destroy dopaminergic neurons. We used this mouse model to show the applicability of the technology that we developed, named Spatial Multimodal Analysis (SMA). Using our technology on these mouse brain tissue sections we were able to detect both dopamine with MALDI-MSI and the corresponding gene expression with ST. This dataset includes also one human post-mortem striatum sample that was placed on one Visium slide across the four capture areas. This sample was analyzed with a different ST protocol named RRST (Mirzazadeh, R., Andrusivova, Z., Larsson, L. et al. Spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling of degraded and challenging fresh frozen samples. Nat Commun 14, 509 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36071-5), where probes capturing the whole transcriptome are first hybridized in the tissue section and then spatially detected. Each tissue section contained in the dataset has been given a unique identifier that is composed of the Visium array ID and capture area ID of the Visium slide that the tissue section was placed on. This unique identifier is included in the file names of all the files relative to the same tissue section, including the MALDI-MSI files published in the other dataset included in this project. In this dataset you will find the following files for each tissue section: - raw files: these are the read one fastq files (containing the pattern *R1*fastq.gz in the file name), read two fastq files (containing the pattern *R1*fastq.gz in the file name) and the raw microscope images (containing the pattern Spot.jpg in the file name). These are the only files needed to run the Space Ranger pipeline, which is freely available for any user (please see the 10x Genomics website for information on how to install and run Space Ranger); - processed data files: we provide processed data files of two types: a) Space Ranger outputs that were used to produce the figures in our publication; b) manual annotation tables in csv format produced using Loupe Browser 6 (csv tables with file names ending _RegionLoupe.csv, _filter.csv, _dopamine.csv, _lesion.csv, _region.csv patterns); c) json files that we used as input for Space Ranger in the cases where the automatic tissue detection included in the pipeline failed to recognize the tissue or the fiducials. Using these processed files the user can reproduce the figures of our publication without having to restart from the raw data files. The MALDI-MSI analyses preceding ST was performed with different matrices in different tissue section. We used 1) 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) for detection of metabolites in negative ionization mode, 2) 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) for detection of metabolites in positive ionization mode, 3) 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-fluoro-1-ethylpyridin-1-ium iodide (FMP-10), which charge-tags molecules with phenolic hydroxyls and/or primary amines, including neurotransmitters. The information about which matrix was sprayed on the tissue sections and other information about the samples is included in the metadata table. We also used three types of control samples: - standard Visium: samples processed with standard Visium (i.e. no matrix spraying, no MALDI-MSI, protocol as recommended by 10x Gemomics with no exeptions) - internal controls (iCTRL): samples not sprayed with any matrix, neither processed with MALDI-MSI, but located on the same Visium slide were other samples were processed with MALDI-MSI - FMP-10-iCTRL: sample sprayed with FMP-10, and then processed as an iCTRL. This and other information is provided in the metadata table.

Boundaries of buildings registered in the Real Property Register of Lithuania and other spatial data. Data files shall be submitted within the scope of the sample of the territory of the municipality, the total sample of data shall be the entire territory of Lithuania. Data format JSON, packed in ZIP format. The data are opened in accordance with the international licence of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 under conditions of use and distribution with the symbol CC BY 4.0. The data may be used and shared unlimited, but the authorship of the data opened must be indicated, a reference to the licence inserted and whether changes have been made.

The files linked to this reference are the geospatial data created as part of the completion of the baseline vegetation inventory project for the NPS park unit. Current format is ArcGIS file geodatabase but older formats may exist as shapefiles. We converted the photointerpreted data into a GIS-usable format employing three fundamental processes: (1) orthorectify, (2) digitize, and (3) develop the geodatabase. All digital map automation was projected in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, Zone 16, using North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). To produce a polygon vector layer for use in ArcGIS, we converted each raster-based image mosaic of orthorectified overlays containing the photointerpreted data into a grid format using ArcGIS (Version 9.2, © 2006 Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California). In ArcGIS, we used the ArcScan extension to trace the raster data and produce ESRI shapefiles. We digitally assigned map attribute codes (both map class codes and physiognomic modifier codes) to the polygons, and checked the digital data against the photointerpreted overlays for line and attribute consistency. Ultimately, we merged the individual layers into a seamless layer of INDU and immediate environs. At this stage, the map layer has only map attribute codes assigned to each polygon. To assign meaningful information to each polygon (e.g., map class names, physiognomic definitions, link to NVC association and alliance codes), we produced a feature class table along with other supportive tables and subsequently related them together via an ArcGIS Geodatabase. This geodatabase also links the map to other feature class layers produced from this project, including vegetation sample plots, accuracy assessment sites, and project boundary extent. A geodatabase provides access to a variety of interlocking data sets, is expandable, and equips resource managers and researchers with a powerful GIS tool.

This feature class is part of the Cadastral National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) CADNSDI publication data set for rectangular and non-rectangular Public Land Survey System (PLSS) data set. The metadata description in the Cadastral Reference System Feature Data Set more fully describes the entire data set. This feature class is the second division of the PLSS is quarter, quarter-quarter, sixteenth or government lot divisions of the PLSS. The second and third divisions are combined into this feature class as an intentional de-normalization of the PLSS hierarchical data. The polygons in this feature class represent the smallest division to the sixteenth that has been defined for the first division. For example In some cases sections have only been divided to the quarter. Divisions below the sixteenth are in the Special Survey or Parcel Feature Class.

This fileset contains example data and R scripts for a student workshop at the 2013 USIALE annual Meeting held in Austin TX. More information about this workshop is available at https://sites.google.com/site/ialestudentworkshop/

Geospatial Analytics Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global geospatial analytics market size stood at USD 98.2 billion in 2024, exhibiting robust momentum driven by the accelerating adoption of spatial data solutions across industries. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period, reaching a remarkable USD 286.5 billion by 2033. This impressive growth is fueled by increasing demand for location-based services, smart city initiatives, and the integration of artificial intelligence with geospatial technologies, which are transforming how organizations derive actionable insights from spatial data.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the geospatial analytics market is the rapid proliferation of advanced sensor technologies and the exponential increase in spatial data generation. The widespread deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, satellites, drones, and mobile sensors is generating vast volumes of geospatial data, which organizations are leveraging to enhance decision-making processes. Additionally, the integration of real-time data streams with sophisticated analytics platforms is enabling businesses and governments to monitor, predict, and respond to dynamic environmental and operational changes with unprecedented accuracy and speed. This trend is particularly evident in sectors such as urban planning, disaster management, and logistics, where location intelligence is critical for optimizing resources and improving outcomes.

Another significant driver of the geospatial analytics market is the growing emphasis on smart city development and infrastructure modernization worldwide. Governments and municipal authorities are increasingly investing in geospatial technologies to support urban planning, infrastructure management, and public safety initiatives. The ability to visualize, analyze, and simulate spatial data is enabling more effective land use planning, traffic management, and utility monitoring, thereby enhancing the quality of urban life. Furthermore, the integration of geospatial analytics with other emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, is unlocking new possibilities for predictive modeling and scenario analysis, further boosting market growth.

The increasing adoption of cloud-based geospatial analytics platforms is also a crucial factor contributing to market expansion. Cloud deployment offers significant advantages in terms of scalability, cost-efficiency, and accessibility, allowing organizations of all sizes to leverage advanced spatial analytics without the need for substantial upfront investments in hardware and infrastructure. This democratization of geospatial analytics is particularly beneficial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which can now access powerful tools for location intelligence, supply chain optimization, and risk management. Moreover, the cloud model facilitates seamless integration with other enterprise applications and data sources, driving greater operational agility and innovation across industries.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the geospatial analytics market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States remains at the forefront of technological innovation and adoption, supported by a robust ecosystem of geospatial solution providers, research institutions, and government agencies. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is witnessing the fastest growth, driven by rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and increasing investments in smart city projects across countries such as China, India, and Japan. These regional dynamics underscore the global nature of geospatial analytics adoption and the diverse opportunities for market participants worldwide.

Component Analysis

The geospatial analytics market by component is segmented into software, hardware, and services, each playing a distinct yet interconnected role in the value chain. The software segment r

A major objective of plant ecology research is to determine the underlying processes responsible for the observed spatial distribution patterns of plant species. Plants can be approximated as points in space for this purpose, and thus, spatial point pattern analysis has become increasingly popular in ecological research. The basic piece of data for point pattern analysis is a point location of an ecological object in some study region. Therefore, point pattern analysis can only be performed if data can be collected. However, due to the lack of a convenient sampling method, a few previous studies have used point pattern analysis to examine the spatial patterns of grassland species. This is unfortunate because being able to explore point patterns in grassland systems has widespread implications for population dynamics, community-level patterns and ecological processes. In this study, we develop a new method to measure individual coordinates of species in grassland communities. This method records plant growing positions via digital picture samples that have been sub-blocked within a geographical information system (GIS). Here, we tested out the new method by measuring the individual coordinates of Stipa grandis in grazed and ungrazed S. grandis communities in a temperate steppe ecosystem in China. Furthermore, we analyzed the pattern of S. grandis by using the pair correlation function g(r) with both a homogeneous Poisson process and a heterogeneous Poisson process. Our results showed that individuals of S. grandis were overdispersed according to the homogeneous Poisson process at 0-0.16 m in the ungrazed community, while they were clustered at 0.19 m according to the homogeneous and heterogeneous Poisson processes in the grazed community. These results suggest that competitive interactions dominated the ungrazed community, while facilitative interactions dominated the grazed community. In sum, we successfully executed a new sampling method, using digital photography and a Geographical Information System, to collect experimental data on the spatial point patterns for the populations in this grassland community.

Methods 1. Data collection using digital photographs and GIS

A flat 5 m x 5 m sampling block was chosen in a study grassland community and divided with bamboo chopsticks into 100 sub-blocks of 50 cm x 50 cm (Fig. 1). A digital camera was then mounted to a telescoping stake and positioned in the center of each sub-block to photograph vegetation within a 0.25 m2 area. Pictures were taken 1.75 m above the ground at an approximate downward angle of 90° (Fig. 2). Automatic camera settings were used for focus, lighting and shutter speed. After photographing the plot as a whole, photographs were taken of each individual plant in each sub-block. In order to identify each individual plant from the digital images, each plant was uniquely marked before the pictures were taken (Fig. 2 B).

Digital images were imported into a computer as JPEG files, and the position of each plant in the pictures was determined using GIS. This involved four steps: 1) A reference frame (Fig. 3) was established using R2V software to designate control points, or the four vertexes of each sub-block (Appendix S1), so that all plants in each sub-block were within the same reference frame. The parallax and optical distortion in the raster images was then geometrically corrected based on these selected control points; 2) Maps, or layers in GIS terminology, were set up for each species as PROJECT files (Appendix S2), and all individuals in each sub-block were digitized using R2V software (Appendix S3). For accuracy, the digitization of plant individual locations was performed manually; 3) Each plant species layer was exported from a PROJECT file to a SHAPE file in R2V software (Appendix S4); 4) Finally each species layer was opened in Arc GIS software in the SHAPE file format, and attribute data from each species layer was exported into Arc GIS to obtain the precise coordinates for each species. This last phase involved four steps of its own, from adding the data (Appendix S5), to opening the attribute table (Appendix S6), to adding new x and y coordinate fields (Appendix S7) and to obtaining the x and y coordinates and filling in the new fields (Appendix S8).

1. Data reliability assessment

To determine the accuracy of our new method, we measured the individual locations of Leymus chinensis, a perennial rhizome grass, in representative community blocks 5 m x 5 m in size in typical steppe habitat in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China in July 2010 (Fig. 4 A). As our standard for comparison, we used a ruler to measure the individual coordinates of L. chinensis. We tested for significant differences between (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler (see section 3.2 Data Analysis). If (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, did not differ significantly, then we could conclude that our new method of measuring the coordinates of L. chinensis was reliable.

We compared the results using a t-test (Table 1). We found no significant differences in either (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis or (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis. Further, we compared the pattern characteristics of L. chinensis when measured by our new method against the ruler measurements using a null model. We found that the two pattern characteristics of L. chinensis did not differ significantly based on the homogenous Poisson process or complete spatial randomness (Fig. 4 B). Thus, we concluded that the data obtained using our new method was reliable enough to perform point pattern analysis with a null model in grassland communities.

Geographic Information System Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Geographic Information System (GIS) market size reached USD 12.3 billion in 2024. The industry is experiencing robust expansion, driven by a surging demand for spatial data analytics across diverse sectors. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 11.2% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 31.9 billion by 2033. This accelerated growth is primarily attributed to the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, IoT, and cloud computing with GIS solutions, as well as the increasing adoption of location-based services and smart city initiatives worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors fueling the GIS market is the rapid adoption of geospatial analytics in urban planning and infrastructure development. Governments and private enterprises are leveraging GIS to optimize land use, manage resources efficiently, and enhance public services. Urban planners utilize GIS to analyze demographic trends, plan transportation networks, and ensure sustainable development. The integration of GIS with Building Information Modeling (BIM) and real-time data feeds has further amplified its utility in smart city projects, driving demand for sophisticated GIS platforms. The proliferation of IoT devices and sensors has also enabled the collection of high-resolution geospatial data, which is instrumental in developing predictive models for urban growth and disaster management.

Another significant driver of the GIS market is the increasing need for disaster management and risk mitigation. GIS technology plays a pivotal role in monitoring natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and wildfires. By providing real-time spatial data, GIS enables authorities to make informed decisions, coordinate response efforts, and allocate resources effectively. The growing frequency and intensity of natural disasters, coupled with heightened awareness about climate change, have compelled governments and humanitarian organizations to invest heavily in advanced GIS solutions. These investments are not only aimed at disaster response but also at long-term resilience planning, thereby expanding the scope and scale of GIS applications.

The expanding application of GIS in the agriculture and utilities sectors is another crucial growth factor. Precision agriculture relies on GIS to analyze soil conditions, monitor crop health, and optimize irrigation practices, ultimately boosting productivity and sustainability. In the utilities sector, GIS is indispensable for asset management, network optimization, and outage response. The integration of GIS with remote sensing technologies and drones has revolutionized data collection and analysis, enabling more accurate and timely decision-making. Moreover, the emergence of cloud-based GIS platforms has democratized access to geospatial data and analytics, empowering small and medium enterprises to harness the power of GIS for operational efficiency and strategic planning.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the GIS market, supported by substantial investments in smart infrastructure, advanced research capabilities, and a strong presence of leading technology providers. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by rapid urbanization, government initiatives for digital transformation, and increasing adoption of GIS in agriculture and disaster management. Europe is also witnessing significant growth, particularly in transportation, environmental monitoring, and public safety applications. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are gradually catching up, with growing investments in infrastructure development and resource management. This regional diversification is expected to drive innovation and competition in the global GIS market over the forecast period.

Component Analysis

The Geographic Information System market is segmented by component into hardware, software, and services, each playing a unique role

Overview

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Use cases for the Global Boundaries Database (Geospatial data, Map data, Polygon daa)

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Data export methodology

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Replication data for the poverty rates example in Chapter 4 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

MAPDAT is a program for plotting spatial data held in the ORACLE relational database onto any map within the Australian region at any scale. MAPDAT also includes a system for defining geological structures, thus any geological structure can be stored in the database and plotted. The program enables the plotting of sample locations along with infomration specific to each location. The information can be displayed beside each point or in a list to the side of the map. The symbols can be sized proportionally to the value of a column in a table or a SQL expression. Town locations, survey paths, gridlines, survey areas, coastlines and other geographical lines can be plotted.
The program does not compete with geographical information systems but fills a niche at a much lower level of complexity. As a result of its simplicity a minimum in setting up of data is required and using the program is very straight forward with the user always aware of the database operations being performed.