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Rhodium rose to 7,575 USD/t oz. on August 15, 2025, up 1.00% from the previous day. Over the past month, Rhodium's price has risen 31.17%, and is up 59.47% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Rhodium - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.
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Rhodium price data, historical values, forecasts, and news provided by Money Metals Exchange. Rhodium prices and trends updated regularly to provide accurate market insights.
Rhodium is a precious metal that removes pollutants from vehicle exhaust fumes. In February 2020, the price of rhodium was 11,665 U.S. dollars per troy ounce. By May 2020, the price decreased to below 8,000 U.S. dollars per ounce. In April 2021, the price rose to a new high of 28,775 U.S dollars, before decreasing throughout 2022 and early 2023. By December 2024, the average price significantly decreased, reaching around 4,575 U.S. dollars per troy ounce. In comparison, the price for an ounce of rhodium was approximately 5,905 U.S. dollars in August 2022. The rarest metal: Rhodium Rhodium is a rare and precious metal that belongs to the platinum group metals (PGMs), along with platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, and ruthenium. Due to its scarcity, it is one of the most valuable metals in the world, often exceeding the price of gold. Rhodium is extensively used in the automotive industry to manufacture catalytic converters that reduce harmful emissions. Over the last few years, even with a steady supply, Rhodium demand has risen significantly, exceeding supply due to stricter emission regulations and advancements in the automobile industry. The significance of PGMs in South Africa South Africa is rich in various natural resources, such as metals and minerals. For example, almost all of the total global reserves of PGMs are in South Africa. In 2023, PGMs generated the highest revenue share in the South African mining sector compared to other commodities, amounting to 370 billion rands.
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Palladium fell to 1,096.50 USD/t.oz on August 18, 2025, down 0.09% from the previous day. Over the past month, Palladium's price has fallen 16.20%, but it is still 19.71% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Palladium - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.
Gold and silver prices increased over the course of 2021, but these did not grow as fast as the prices of iridium and, especially, rhodium. According to a comparison of price indices, the price for rhodium - a precious metal similar to platinum and used especially in catalytic converters of cars - was ten times higher in April 2021 than it was in January 2019. The price hike for rhodium was apparently caused by coronavirus-related lockdowns implemented in South Africa, where mining companies had to close for several weeks.
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The rhodium recycling market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand from the automotive industry (catalytic converters) and the jewelry sector. While precise market sizing data is unavailable, a reasonable estimation, considering typical CAGR for precious metals recycling and the current market value of rhodium, would place the 2025 market size at approximately $500 million. A conservative Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033 is projected, reflecting ongoing growth in vehicle production and the continued appeal of rhodium in high-end jewelry. This growth is further fueled by technological advancements in recycling processes, leading to higher recovery rates and reduced environmental impact. Key players, including Umicore, Johnson Matthey, and Heraeus, are strategically investing in research and development to improve efficiency and expand their capacity within this lucrative market segment. The 0.999 purity grade segment currently dominates the market, reflecting the stringent purity requirements for many applications. However, the demand for higher purity grades (0.9995 and 0.9999) is also expected to witness significant growth, particularly within the specialized electronics and pharmaceutical sectors. Geopolitically, North America and Europe currently hold the largest market shares, but the Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, presents a significant growth opportunity due to increasing industrialization and rising consumer demand. Market restraints primarily involve the fluctuating price of rhodium, impacting the economic viability of recycling operations. Furthermore, the complexity of separating rhodium from other precious metals in various waste streams presents technological challenges. However, ongoing innovation in hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes is steadily addressing these limitations, paving the way for greater market penetration and increased recycling rates. The market segmentation by application (jewelry, catalysts, others) and type (purity levels) provides valuable insights into the specific demand drivers within the industry and allows for targeted market strategies by both existing and emerging players. Future projections anticipate a continued upward trajectory, fueled by stringent environmental regulations promoting responsible waste management and the ongoing demand for rhodium in key applications.
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The C–C triple bond of phenylacetylene undergoes the anti-Markovnikov addition of the Rh–H bond of RhH{κ3-P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2)2]} (1; xant(PiPr2)2 = 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)xanthene) to give Rh{(E)–CHCHPh}{κ3-P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2)2]} (2), which reacts with a second alkyne molecule to produce Rh(CCPh){κ3-P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2)2]} (3) and styrene before the transformation from 1 to 2 is complete. The metal center of 3 undergoes the oxidative addition of the C(sp)–H bond of another alkyne molecule to produce RhH(CCPh)2{κ3-P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2)2]} (4), which also reacts with more phenylacetylene before completing the transformation from 3 to 4. The reaction leads to Rh{(E)–CHCHPh}(CCPh)2{κ3-P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2)2]} (5), which reductively eliminates (E)-1,4-diphenyl-1-buten-3-yne to regenerate 3. Complexes 3, 4, and 5 constitute a cycle for head-to-head dimerization of phenylacetylene. Consequently, complex 1 promotes the catalytic homocoupling of terminal alkynes to (E)-enynes, including the dimerization of α-hydroxyacetylenes to (E)-enyne-diols. The rate-determining step of the couplings depends on the nature of the alkyne, being the insertion of the C–C triple bond into the Rh–H bond of a bis(acetylide)-rhodium(III)-hydride intermediate for phenylacetylenes and the reductive elimination of the product (E)-enyne-diol for α-hydroxyacetylenes. In support of the latter, complex Rh{(E)–CHCHC(OH)Ph2}{CCC(OH)Ph2}2{κ3-P,O,P-[xant(PiPr2)2]} (6) has been isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex 1 also effectively promotes the formation of compounds of the type (E)-5-phenyl-2-penten-4-yn-1-ol, by cross-coupling between phenylacetylenes and α-hydroxyacetylenes. These reactions take place through two cycles similar to the cycle that produces the homocouplings, the rate-determining step being the reductive elimination of (E)-enyn-ol for both. The catalytic performance of 1 provides good efficiency in homocoupling and cross-coupling reactions involving progestin-type compounds such as ethisterone.
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The global precious metal plating services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse sectors. While precise market size figures for 2025 are unavailable, a reasonable estimation, considering typical industry growth rates and the provided data range (Study Period: 2019-2033), would place the market value at approximately $5 billion in 2025. This is based on an analysis of similar materials processing markets and their typical growth trajectories. The market is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6% from 2025 to 2033, fueled primarily by the expanding electronics and semiconductor industries, which rely heavily on precious metal plating for enhanced conductivity and durability. Furthermore, the aerospace sector's increasing demand for corrosion-resistant and high-performance components is significantly contributing to market expansion. Growth is also supported by the continued advancements in plating technologies, enabling more precise and efficient applications across various segments, including gold, silver, rhodium, and nickel plating. The dental industry, another key segment, shows consistent demand for precious metal plating in dental appliances and equipment. However, market growth faces some restraints. Fluctuations in precious metal prices represent a major challenge, directly impacting production costs and profitability. Environmental regulations and concerns regarding the disposal of plating waste materials also pose significant hurdles for companies operating in this sector. Nevertheless, the overall outlook remains positive, driven by technological advancements mitigating waste and increasing the efficiency of precious metal utilization, along with the continued expansion of key end-use industries. The increasing adoption of sustainable and eco-friendly plating processes will further stimulate market expansion in the coming years. Competition among numerous established players and emerging technological companies will continue to shape the market landscape, driving innovation and pushing prices down for the end consumer.
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The rhodium and iridium complexes [Cp*M(κ3N,N′,N″-L)]SbF6 exhibit three different cooperative metal–ligand reactivity modes when interacting with nonfunctionalized ketones. With the methyl ketones CH3COR (R = CH3, Ph, CF3), activation of the ketone methyl C(sp3)–H bond yields ketonyl compounds of formula [Cp*M(CH2COR)(κ2N,N′-HL)][SbF6]. With the ketones (CF3)2CO and CF3COPh, the complexes add to the CO double bond of the ketone. The addition of the iridium compound 2 occurs across the metal atom and the exocyclic carbon of the dearomatized pyridinyl moiety, and that of the rhodium analogue 1 takes place through the rhodium atom and the exocyclic methylene carbon of the Cp* ligand of the intermediate fulvene complex. In the rhodium case, the resulting metal-alkoxide derivative evolves to give rise to rhodium derivatives containing up to four added ketone molecules. In all of these processes, no additives are required, rendering them atom 100% efficient procedures for bond activation. From a mechanistic point of view, DFT calculation reveals that the diverse and selective behavior of 1 and 2 toward ketones can be explained by invoking three different intermediates, each driving the process through distinct reaction pathways.
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The global Platinum Group Metals (PGM) recycling market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand from key sectors like automotive (catalytic converters), electronics, and jewelry. While precise market size figures for 2025 aren't provided, a reasonable estimate, considering typical growth rates in the recycling sector and the current high value of PGMs, might place the 2025 market size at approximately $2 billion. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of, let's say, 8% (a conservative estimate considering fluctuating prices and technological advancements), projects a market value exceeding $3 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by stringent environmental regulations promoting resource efficiency and the rising awareness of the economic and environmental benefits of PGM recycling. Key trends include advancements in recycling technologies, particularly hydrometallurgical processes, which enhance recovery rates and minimize environmental impact. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles, while initially posing a challenge, is also driving growth as it leads to a higher concentration of PGMs in end-of-life vehicles, making recycling economically viable. However, fluctuating PGM prices and the complexity of separating and refining PGMs from diverse waste streams remain key restraints. The market is segmented by application (jewelry, catalyst, electronics, battery, others) and type (platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), others), with the automotive catalyst segment representing a significant share due to the high concentration of PGMs in catalytic converters. Geographic distribution is spread across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and other regions, with China and the US representing major markets. Leading companies like Umicore, Johnson Matthey, and Heraeus are at the forefront of innovation and market expansion, investing in advanced recycling technologies and expanding their global reach. The competitive landscape is characterized by both established players and emerging companies. Established players leverage their experience and extensive network to secure a significant market share. New entrants are focusing on niche applications and developing innovative technologies to gain a competitive edge. Future growth will depend on continued technological advancements, favorable regulatory environments, fluctuating PGM prices, and the sustained growth of the industries that utilize PGMs. Specifically, advancements in battery technology and the increase in PGM use in hydrogen fuel cells will significantly impact market growth in the coming years. The industry is also poised to benefit from increased collaboration and knowledge sharing between stakeholders, including manufacturers, recyclers, and research institutions, to improve recycling efficiency and optimize resource utilization.
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The global catalytic gauzes market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse applications, particularly in the chemical and petrochemical industries. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors including stringent environmental regulations promoting cleaner production processes, the rising adoption of catalytic converters in automobiles, and the growing demand for high-efficiency catalysts in various industrial processes. Technological advancements leading to the development of more durable, efficient, and cost-effective catalytic gauzes are also contributing significantly to market growth. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates a substantial expansion, driven by continued investment in research and development, and the increasing adoption of advanced manufacturing techniques. While specific market size figures for 2025 are unavailable, a reasonable estimation, considering a moderate CAGR of 5% (a commonly observed growth rate in related industrial markets) and assuming a base market size of $500 million in 2019, could place the 2025 market size at approximately $700 million. This estimation is subject to market fluctuations and is merely a reasonable projection based on industry trends. The market is segmented by material type (platinum, palladium, rhodium, and others), application (ammonia oxidation, nitric acid production, and other industrial applications), and geography. Key players like Safina Materials, Heraeus Holding, and Johnson Matthey are actively investing in innovation and expansion to capture significant market shares. However, challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and potential supply chain disruptions pose risks to market growth. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook remains positive, fueled by ongoing industrialization, stringent environmental regulations, and the development of new and improved catalytic gauze technologies. This makes it an attractive market for investment and further expansion.
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Rh(III) complexes Rh(H)(X)(κ2-NSitBu2OPy)(L) (NSitBu2OPy = 4-methylpyridin-2-yloxy-ditertbutylsilyl) have been prepared and characterized by means of elemental analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The solid-state structures of complexes 2a, 2b, and 3a have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Computational analyses of the bonding situation of these species evidence the electron-sharing nature of the Rh–Si bond and the significant role of the electrostatic component in the interaction between the transition metal fragment [Rh(H)(PR3)(X)]• and the [NSitBu2OPy]• ligand. In addition, a comparative study of the activity of 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and related iridium species as catalysts for the hydrogenation of olefins has been performed. The best catalytic results have been obtained when using the Rh(III) species 3a, with triflate and PCy3 ligands, as catalyst. Computational density functional theory studies show that the formation of the alkane is thermodynamically favored and that the rate-limiting step corresponds to the hydrogen activation, which takes place via a σ-complex-assisted metathesis mechanism.
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The global automotive catalytic converter parts market is experiencing robust growth, driven primarily by stringent emission regulations worldwide and the increasing adoption of gasoline and diesel vehicles. The market's expansion is further fueled by technological advancements leading to the development of more efficient and durable catalytic converter components. While the precise market size in 2025 requires further specification, a reasonable estimation, considering typical CAGR ranges for this sector (let's assume a conservative 5% CAGR based on industry trends), would place the market value in the billions of dollars. This growth trajectory is expected to continue throughout the forecast period (2025-2033), propelled by the ongoing demand for cleaner transportation solutions and the expansion of the automotive industry in developing economies. Major players like 3M, Continental, and IBIDEN are actively shaping market dynamics through innovation and strategic partnerships. The market is segmented based on various factors including converter type (two-way, three-way), material composition (platinum, palladium, rhodium), and vehicle type (passenger cars, commercial vehicles). Growth is anticipated to be particularly strong in regions experiencing rapid automotive sales growth, such as Asia-Pacific. However, challenges remain, including fluctuating precious metal prices (key components in catalytic converters), the increasing use of electric vehicles (which have different emission control systems), and supply chain disruptions. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the automotive catalytic converter parts market remains positive, underpinned by the global commitment to reducing vehicular emissions.
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Rhodium-catalyzed formal aza-[4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of 3-diazoindolin-2-imines with 1,3-dienes was demonstrated for the synthesis of azepinoindoles in good to excellent yields in one-pot. First, rhodium-catalyzed [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction smoothly took place to produce iminyl vinyl cyclopropane intermediate at room temperature in chlorobenzene for 1 h, which was thermally converted to azepinoindoles via aza-Cope rearrangement.
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The global catalytic converter market is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 7% from 2025 to 2033. While the exact market size in 2025 is not provided, considering a typical market size for such industries and the provided CAGR, a reasonable estimate would place it in the billions of dollars (e.g., $15 Billion). This substantial growth is fueled by stringent global emission regulations, particularly in developed economies like the US, Europe and China, that mandate the use of catalytic converters in vehicles to reduce harmful pollutants. The increasing adoption of electric vehicles presents a potential long-term challenge, however, the significant existing fleet of gasoline and diesel vehicles ensures continued demand for replacement and aftermarket catalytic converters for many years. Key market drivers include the rising demand for automobiles globally, improvements in catalytic converter technology leading to higher efficiency and longer lifespans, and increasing awareness about air pollution and its impact on public health.
Market segmentation, while unspecified, likely includes different types of catalytic converters (e.g., two-way, three-way, diesel oxidation catalysts), vehicle types (light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles), and geographical regions. Leading companies in the market, including Sango Co Ltd, Boysen, Katcon, Futaba Industrial, and others, are continuously innovating to improve their product offerings and enhance their market position. Competitive pressures are intensifying due to the increasing demand, driving innovation and potentially leading to price competition. While certain restraints might include fluctuations in precious metal prices (platinum, palladium, rhodium) used in the manufacturing of catalytic converters, the overall market trajectory remains positive. Growth will likely be concentrated in rapidly developing economies as vehicle ownership increases and emission regulations become more stringent. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Demand for Electric Vehicles, Others. Potential restraints include: Product Recalls, Others. Notable trends are: Three-way Catalytic Converters Likely to Grow Significantly During the Forecast Period.
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ConspectusChemical research in synthesizing metal nanoparticles has been a major topic in the last two decades, as nanoparticles can be of great interest in many fields such as biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. However, as their chemical and physical properties are size-dependent, the reliable preparation of nanoparticles at a molecular level is highly desirable. Despite the remarkable advances in recent years in the preparation of thiolate- or p-MBA or PA-protected gold and silver nanoclusters (p-MBA = p-mercaptobenzoic acid; PA = phenylalkynyl), as well as the large palladium clusters protected by carbonyl and phosphine ligands that initially dominated the field, the synthesis of monodispersed and atomically precise nanoparticles still represents a great challenge for chemists.Carbonyl cluster compounds of high nuclearity have become more and more part of a niche chemistry, probably owing to their handling issues and expensive synthesis. However, even in large size, they are known at a molecular level and therefore can play a relevant role in understanding the structures of nanoparticles in general. For instance the icosahedral pattern, proper of large gold nanoparticles, is also found in some Au–Fe carbonyl cluster compounds.Rh clusters in general can also be employed as precursors in homo- and heterogeneous catalysis, and the possibility of doping them with other elements at the molecular level is an important additional feature. The fact that they can be obtained as large crystalline species, with dimensions of about 2 nm, allows one to place them not only in the nanometric regime, but also in the ultrafine-metal-nanoparticle category, which lately has been attracting growing attention. In fact, such small nanoparticles possess an even higher density of active catalytic sites than their larger (up to 100 nm) equivalents, hence enhancing atom efficiency and reducing the cost of precious-metal catalysts. Finally, the clusters’ well-defined morphology could, in principle, contribute to expand the studies on the shape effects of nanocatalysts.In this Account, we want to provide the scientific community with some insights on the preparation of rhodium-containing carbonyl compounds of increasing nuclearity. Among them, we present the synthesis and molecular structures of two new heterometallic nanoclusters, namely, [Rh23Ge3(CO)41]5– and [Rh16Au6(CO)36]6–, which have been obtained by reacting a rhodium-cluster precursor with Ge(II) and Au(III) salts. The growth of such clusters is induced by redox mechanisms, which allow going from mononuclear complexes up to clusters with over 20 metal atoms, thus entering the nanosized regime.
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The global market for Acetylacetonatocarbonyltriphenylphosphinerhodium(I) (Rh(acac)(CO)(PPh3), hereafter referred to as the target compound) is experiencing robust growth, driven primarily by its crucial role as a homogeneous catalyst in various chemical processes. The compound's high efficiency and selectivity in aldehyde and alcohol production, particularly within the fine chemicals and pharmaceutical sectors, are key drivers. The market is segmented by application (aldehyde and alcohol production) and by Rh content (differing purity grades). Major players like BASF, Johnson Matthey, and Umicore dominate the market, leveraging their established manufacturing capabilities and extensive research & development efforts. The market's growth is further fueled by increasing demand for specialty chemicals, stringent environmental regulations promoting cleaner production methods, and advancements in catalytic technologies. While the precise market size in 2025 is unavailable, a reasonable estimation based on industry reports suggesting a multi-million dollar market for similar homogeneous catalysts and the target compound's specialized applications could place the 2025 market size between $150 million and $200 million USD. Geographic distribution shows a strong presence in North America and Europe, with the Asia-Pacific region, especially China and India, exhibiting high growth potential due to increasing industrial activity and investments in chemical manufacturing. Growth constraints include the inherent high cost of rhodium, a precious metal, which can limit widespread adoption. Supply chain disruptions and price volatility of rhodium are additional challenges. However, the ongoing research focusing on catalyst recycling and improved synthesis methods aims to mitigate these concerns. Market trends indicate a growing focus on sustainable catalyst design, the development of more efficient and selective catalytic systems, and increased emphasis on regulatory compliance related to the handling and disposal of rhodium-containing materials. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates sustained growth, potentially reaching a market value exceeding $400 million by 2033, driven by continued technological advancements and expanding applications in high-value chemical synthesis. The growth will likely vary by region depending on industrial development and economic factors. The market is expected to show a CAGR of approximately 8-10% during the forecast period.
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The automotive catalytic converter device market is experiencing robust growth, driven by stringent emission regulations globally and the increasing adoption of gasoline and diesel vehicles. The market size in 2023 was approximately $20,230 million (assuming the provided "20230" represents millions). While the CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) is not explicitly stated, considering the market drivers and industry trends, a conservative estimate would place it between 5% and 7% for the period 2019-2033. This translates to a projected market value exceeding $30 billion by 2033. Growth is fueled by expanding vehicle production, particularly in developing economies, and the continuous refinement of catalytic converter technology to meet increasingly demanding emission standards. Furthermore, the rising demand for fuel-efficient vehicles and the shift towards cleaner transportation solutions contribute significantly to market expansion. Key players such as Benteler International, Eberspächer, Faurecia, and others are investing heavily in research and development to improve converter efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness. However, fluctuating precious metal prices (platinum, palladium, rhodium) represent a significant restraint, impacting production costs and potentially affecting market prices. Future market trends are likely to involve increased integration of advanced materials, improved catalyst designs for enhanced emission control, and a focus on minimizing the environmental impact of manufacturing and end-of-life converter recycling. Segmentation within the market includes various converter types based on vehicle type (light-duty, heavy-duty), fuel type (gasoline, diesel), and technology (three-way, selective catalytic reduction). Geographic growth will be uneven, with faster expansion anticipated in regions with rapidly growing automotive industries and stringent emission norms.
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A highly enantio- and diastereoselective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of configurationally labile 3-aryl indole-2-carbaldehydes is described. The DKR proceeds via a Rh-catalyzed intermolecular asymmetric reductive aldol reaction with acrylate esters, with simultaneous generation of three stereogenic elements. The strategy relies on the labilization of the stereogenic axis that takes place thanks to a transient Lewis acid–base interaction (LABI) between the formyl group and a thioether moiety strategically located at the ortho′ position. The atropisomeric indole products present a high degree of functionalization and can be further converted to a series of axially chiral derivatives, thereby expanding their potential application in drug discovery and asymmetric catalysis.
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A rare case of BArF anion cleavage (BArF− = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) by a metal complex is described. Reaction of the Rh(I) dinitrogen complexes 5a,b and 6a,b, based on the phosphinite pincer ligands {C6H4[OP(tBu)2]2} (2), with 2 equiv of AgBArF at room temperature resulted in B−C bond cleavage of one of the BArF anions and aryl transfer to afford the Rh(III) aryl complexes 7 and 8, respectively. The X-ray structure of 8 revealed a square-pyramidal geometry with a coordinated acetone molecule. The aryl transfer occurred as a result of electrophilic attack by unsaturated Rh(III) on one of the aryl rings of the BArF anion. Utilizing different solvents yielded the same product, except when CH3CN was used, in which case one-electron oxidation took place, yielding complex 9. Treatment of 6a,b with 1 equiv of AgX (X = BArF, BF4, PF6) resulted in a one-electron oxidation to yield the paramagnetic Rh(II) complexes 9−11, respectively. Complex 11 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, revealing a mononuclear square-planar Rh(II) complex.
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Rhodium rose to 7,575 USD/t oz. on August 15, 2025, up 1.00% from the previous day. Over the past month, Rhodium's price has risen 31.17%, and is up 59.47% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Rhodium - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.