Note: This dataset version has been superseded by a newer version. It is highly recommended that users access the current version. Users should only use this version for special cases, such as reproducing studies that used this version. This NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) from Colorado State University (CSU) contains brightness temperatures that have been improved and quality-controlled over the observation time period. The temperature data are from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) series of passive microwave radiometers carried onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. This dataset encompasses data from a total of nine satellites including the SSM/I sensors on board DMSP satellites F08, F10, F11, F13, F14, and F15 as well as the SSMIS sensors on board DMSP satellites F16, F17, and F18. The data record covers the time period from July 1987 through the present with a 7 to 10 day latency. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the FCDR files correspond to the original resolution of the source TDR observations. There are roughly 15 orbits per day with a swath width of approximately 1400 km resulting in nearly global daily coverage. The spatial resolution of the data is a function of the sensor/channel and varies from approximately ~50 km for the lowest frequency channels to ~15km for the high-frequency channels. The processing of the CDR from the BASE Temperature Data Record (TDR) (also produced by CSU) includes a rigorous quality control of the original TDR data, updated geolocation information, corrections for known issues/problems, and adjustments for residual intercalibration differences between sensors. The output parameters include the observed brightness temperatures for each of the seven SSM/I channels and 24 SSMIS channels at the original sensor channel resolution along with latitude and longitude for each pixel, time, quality flags, and view angle information. The file format is netCDF-4 with added metadata that follow the Climate and Forecast (CF) Conventions and Attribute Convention for Dataset Discovery (ACDD).

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) was a seven channel passive microwave radiometer which became operational in July 1987. The SSM/I series was replaced by an advanced sensor, the SSM/IS (Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder), which became operational in November of 2005. Monthly averaged SSM/I and SSMIS products include precipitation, cloud liquid water, total precipitable water, snow cover, and sea-ice extent. These products can be used to evaluate the mean climate state and its interannual/seasonal variations, and to detect anomalies associated with large-scale (e.g. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Arctic Oscillation) and regional climatic variations. A time series of the entire SSM/I and SSMIS archive includes data from July 1987–present.

The Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) is a series of passive microwave conically scanning imagers and sounders onboard the DMSP satellites beginning with F-16. SSMIS improves upon the surface and atmospheric retrievals of the previous Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and upon the atmospheric temperature and water vapor sounding capabilities of both the Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder (SSM/T-1) and the Special Sensor Microwave Humidity Sounder (SSM/T-2). The SSMIS imaging and sounding sensors are able to estimate atmospheric temperature, moisture, and surface parameters. This temperature data record (TDR) contains earth-located sets of SSMIS antenna temperatures since November 2005 that have been surface tagged, calibrated, Doppler corrected, cross polarization and spill-over corrected or APC corrected according to Earth surface type, averaged along scan and along the ground track. The data have been converted to netCDF 3-hourly files.

This dataset from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) consists of satellite swath-level brightness temperatures from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS). SSMIS measures the natural microwave emission coming from the Earthâ s surface in the spectral band from 19 to 85 GHz. There are roughly 15 orbits per day per satillite with a swath width of approximately 1400 km resulting in nearly global daily coverage. SSMIS onboard the DMSP F18 satellite is the first instrument that has been calibrated to the RSS Version 8 standard. The data record covers the time period from March 2010 through the present with a one month latency. Additional DMSP satellites for RSS Version 8 will follow as they are calibrated. This Version 8 is an update to Version 7 of the same product, also archived at NOAA/NCEI. Version 8 has improved calibration for land and ice scenes. The data file format is netCDF-4 with added metadata that follow the Climate and Forecast (CF) Conventions and Attribute Convention for Dataset Discovery (ACDD).

Note: This dataset version has been superseded by a newer version. It is highly recommended that users access the current version. Users should only use this version for special cases, such as reproducing studies that used this version. The Special Sensor Microwave Imagers (SSM/I) are a series of six satellite radiometers that have been in operation since 1987 under the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). The six SSM/Is (aboard F08, F10, F11, F13, F14, and F15) have a seven channel linearly polarized passive microwave radiometer that operate at frequencies of 19.36 (vertical and horizontal polarized), 22.235 (vertical polarized), 37.0 (vertical and horizontal polarized), and 85.5 GHz (vertical and horizontal polarized). The Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) Version-6 SSM/I Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) dataset has incorporated all past geolocation corrections, sensor calibration (including cross-scan biases), and quality control procedures in a consistent way for the entire 24-year SSM/I brightness temperature period of record. Version-5 was relatively short lived due to subtle calibration problems that caused small spurious trends in the climate retrievals (the SSM/I record had become long enough at this point to detect such errors). The problem was due to subtle correlations in the derivation of the target factors for the F10 and F14 SSM/I. Like the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), some of the SSM/I exhibit errors that are correlated with the hot-load target temperatures, and we removed these errors using the target multiplier approach. Application of the solutions described herein provided the current V6 SSM/I TA and TB dataset. RSS Version-6 SSM/I FCDR data are stored as netCDF-4 files that have been internally compressed at the maximum GZIP utility level. A typical file will have a size of 6.4 megabytes.

The Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration Climate Data Record (CDR) dataset is generated using daily gridded brightness temperatures from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) series of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave radiometers onboard F-8, F-11 and F-13, and from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) data onboard F-17. The sea ice concentrations are an estimate of the fraction of ocean area covered by sea ice for both the north and south Polar Regions. The daily product is produced by combining concentration estimates created using two algorithms developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) that are processed and combined at NSIDC using brightness temperature data from Remote Sensing Systems, Inc. (RSS). The data are gridded on the NSIDC polar stereographic grid with 25 x 25 km grid cells and are available in netCDF file format. The monthly averaged data have the same spatial resolution and format. Improvements since Version 1 include: 1) an extended data record from 2007 to present; 2) using SSMIS data from F-17; 3) a new snow melt variable; 4) netCDF metadata improvements; and 5) updated documentation and source code.

This Version 7 NOAA Fundamental Climate Data Record (CDR) from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) contains brightness temperatures that have been inter-calibrated and homogenized over the observation time period. The temperature data are from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) series of passive microwave radiometers carried onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. These satellite sensors measure the natural microwave emission coming from the Earth’s surface in the spectral band from 19 to 85 GHz. This dataset encompasses data from a total of seven satellites including the SSM/I sensors on board DMSP satellites F08, F10, F11, F13, F14, and F15 as well as the SSMIS sensors on board DMSP satellite F17. The data record covers the time period from July 1987 through the present with a one month latency. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the CDR files correspond to the original resolution of the source SSMI(S) observations. There are roughly 15 orbits per day with a swath width of approximately 1400 km resulting in nearly global daily coverage. The spatial resolution of the data is a function of the sensor/channel and varies from approximately 50 km for the lowest frequency channels to approximately 15km for the high-frequency channels. The output parameters include the observed brightness temperatures for each of the seven SSM/I channels and 24 SSMIS channels at the original sensor channel resolution along with latitude and longitude information, time, quality flags, and view angle information. The file format is netCDF-4 with added metadata that follow the Climate and Forecast (CF) Conventions and Attribute Convention for Dataset Discovery (ACDD). There are three major changes in the Version 7 processing: (1) the water vapor continuum absorption model was re-derived, (2) the clear-sky bias in cloud water was removed and the data format for cloud water was changed, and (3) the beamfilling correction in the rain algorithm was modified. Relative to Version 6, Version 7 has: (1) increased vapor values in the range of 50-60 mm by 1%, (2) increased vapor values above 60 mm by 2-3%, (3) cloud data changed to the range of cloud water values: -0.05 to 2.45 mm (cloud data format has changed), and (4) increased the global mean rain rates by about 16% (mostly due to changes in the extratropical values).

This NOAA Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) from Colorado State University (CSU) contains brightness temperatures that have been improved and quality-controlled over the observational time period. The temperature data are from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) series of passive microwave radiometers carried onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, and from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) carried onboard the Global Change Observation Mission 1st - Water (GCOM-W1) satellite. The dataset encompasses data from a total of 11 satellites including the SSM/I sensors on board DMSP satellites F08, F10, F11, F13, F14, and F15, the SSMIS sensors on board DMSP satellites F16, F17, F18, and F19, as well as AMSR2 on board GCOM-W1. The DMSP satellites F09 and F12 were not used. The data record covers the time period from July 1987 beginning with SSM/I through the present with a 7 to 10 day latency. There are roughly 15 orbits per satellite per day with a swath width of approximately 1400 km resulting in nearly global daily coverage. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the FCDR files correspond to the original resolution of the source Temperature Data Record (TDR) observations. The spatial resolution of the data is a function of the sensor/channel and varies from approximately ~50 km for the lowest frequency channels to ~15km for the high-frequency channels. The output parameters include the observed brightness temperatures for each channel at the original sensor channel resolution along with latitude and longitude for each pixel, time, quality flags, and view angle information. Interim updates to the FCDR, notated as ICDR, are produced on an operational basis as new source data become available. The initially-produced interim files or ICDR files are produced prior to the final FCDR production. Once the data has been fully checked, updates for the final FCDR files are provided approximately every year. There are several changes to Version 2 from Version 1 of the FCDR. 1) The addition of inter-calibrated data from the GCOM-W1 AMSR2 instrument for the period from July 2, 2012 to the present. 2) A change from relative inter calibration to SSM/I on board DMSP F13 to an absolute calibration based on the well-documented and published calibration of the GPM GMI instrument. 3) Multiple updates to geolocation and calibration corrections to the SSM/I and SSMIS brightness temperature data including improved geolocation and pointing information, updated cross-track bias corrections, updated corrections for solar intrusions, and updated inter calibration adjustments incorporating corrections over both cold and warm scenes. The file format is netCDF-4 with added metadata that follow the Climate and Forecast (CF) Conventions and Attribute Convention for Dataset Discovery (ACDD).

The BASE Temperature Data Record (TDR) dataset from Colorado State University (CSU) is a collection of the raw unprocessed antenna temperature data that has been written into single orbit granules and reformatted into netCDF-4. The temperature data are from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) series of passive microwave radiometers carried onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. This dataset encompasses data from a total of nine satellites including the SSM/I sensors on board DMSP satellites F08, F10, F11, F13, F14, and F15 as well as the SSMIS sensors on board DMSP satellites F16, F17, F18, and F19. The data record covers the time period from July 1987 through the present with a 7 to 10 day latency. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the BASE files correspond to the original resolution of the raw source TDR observations. There are roughly 15 orbits per day with a swath width of approximately 1400 km resulting in nearly global daily coverage. The spatial resolution of the data is a function of the sensor/channel and varies from approximately ~50 km for the lowest frequency channels to ~15km for the high-frequency channels. These files contain all of the information from the original source TDR files with the following changes/additions. The BASE files have been reorganized into single orbit granules with duplicate scans removed, and spacecraft position and velocity based on the TLE (two line element) data have been added for calculating geolocation. With the exception of duplicate scans, none of data from the original TDR files was changed or removed. This BASE TDR dataset is used by CSU as input for the subsequent processing of the final intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR). The file format is netCDF-4 with added metadata that follow the Climate and Forecast (CF) Conventions and Attribute Convention for Dataset Discovery (ACDD).

The BASE Temperature Data Record (TDR) dataset from Colorado State University (CSU) is a collection of the raw unprocessed antenna temperature data that has been written into single orbit granules and reformatted into netCDF-4. The temperature data are from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) series of passive microwave radiometers carried onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. This dataset encompasses data from a total of nine satellites including the SSM/I sensors on board DMSP satellites F08, F10, F11, F13, F14, and F15 as well as the SSMIS sensors on board DMSP satellites F16, F17, and F18. The data record covers the time period from July 1987 through the present with a 7 to 10 day latency. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the BASE files correspond to the original resolution of the raw source TDR observations. There are roughly 15 orbits per day with a swath width of approximately 1400 km resulting in nearly global daily coverage. The spatial resolution of the data is a function of the sensor/channel and varies from approximately ~50 km for the lowest frequency channels to ~15km for the high-frequency channels. These files contain all of the information from the original source TDR files with the following changes/additions. The BASE files have been reorganized into single orbit granules with duplicate scans removed, and spacecraft position and velocity based on the TLE (two line element) data have been added for calculating geolocation. With the exception of duplicate scans, none of data from the original TDR files was changed or removed. This BASE TDR dataset is used by CSU as input for the subsequent processing of the final intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR). The file format is netCDF-4 with added metadata that follow the Climate and Forecast (CF) Conventions and Attribute Convention for Dataset Discovery (ACDD).

The NOAA/NASA Pathfinder climate data CD-ROM contains seven data sets: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)Land and Ocean, TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Paths A, C1, C2, Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) Precipitation and Atmospheric Moisture for the Benchmark Period of April 1987 to December 1988. These data sets can be viewed with a variety of applications including GeoVu, the NCEI multi-platform data browse and visualization software application, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Collage, IMDISP, Spyglass, and Idrisi.

CORRECTED AND UPDATED VERSION: may break previous downloaded versions. The Sea Ice Concentration Climate Data Record (CDR) is a set of consistent, daily and monthly sea ice concentration data time series. Data is available for both the north and south Polar Regions on a 25 km x 25 km grid from 1978–present. These data can be used to estimate how much of the ocean surface is covered by ice and monitor changes in sea ice concentration. This CDR combines concentration estimates using two algorithms developed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Gridded brightness temperature data inputs come from the following sources: Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) series of passive microwave radiometers Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS)

This dataset provides supplementary wet tropospheric corrections for historical Jason-3 observations (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/Jason3-xGDR). Recent assessments of the global sea level budget have resulted in increased scrutiny of estimates of global sea level change based on Jason-3. After a careful assessment of the wet tropospheric correction derived from the Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR) instrument, it was determined that further improvements to the accuracy of the historical Jason-3 observations could be made. Since this assessment was only completed after Jason-3 data was reprocessed to GDR-F (Geophysical Data Record – Version F) standards, it was not included in the GDR-F product release. For this reason, this supplementary correction product has been created using the method of Brown et al. (2012) to allow users to correct path delay and sea surface height observations, reducing errors in estimates of global sea level change by 2-3 mm over 8 years.The correction was computed based on comparison of the AMR-observed brightness temperatures with independent satellite observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI), F16, F17 and F18, Fundamental Climate Data Records. SSMI data was obtained from the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) of SSMIS Microwave Brightness Temperatures, RSS Version 8 (Wentz et al., 2019, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/metadata/geoportal/rest/metadata/item/gov.noaa.ncdc:C01567/html). The method described in Brown et al. (2012) to map SSMI Brightness Temperatures to AMR equivalent brightness temperatures (TBs) was used. Although it was found that it made little difference to the result, a bias was removed between SSMI equivalent AMR TBs and AMR TBs with respect to latitude for all data prior to computing temporal trends. In addition, only rain free, mostly clear data (TB18.7 GHz < 160K) data were considered.The correction is supplied on a pass-by-pass basis in a 4-column text file. See the product documentation for guidance on how to apply it to Jason-3 observations.

This netCDF file contains 0.25-degree globally gridded Monthly mean ocean surface wind stresses created by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). The dataset covers from July 1987 to present, with monthly resolution in this dataset. 6-hourly and averaged daily data are also available. Details can be found at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/marineocean-data/blended-global/blended-sea-winds acknowledgement=The gridded data were generated from the multiple satellite observations of DOD, NOAA and NASA (and future others) and wind retrievals of the Remote Sensing Systems, Inc. (http://www.remss.com), using scientific methods such as objective analysis (OA). The OA is only truly objective when the needed statistics are completely known, which may not always be the case. The ERA-5 wind directions and stresses were downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Global Blended 10m Ocean Surface Wind Stresses contributor_name=Korak Saha, Huai-min Zhang contributor_role=PI Conventions=CF-1.7, ACDD-1.3, COARDS date_metadata_modified=2025-06-10T12:53:09Z Easternmost_Easting=359.75 geospatial_bounds=POLYGON ((0 -89.75, 0 89.75, 359.75 89.75, 359.75 -89.75, 0 -89.75)) geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_lat_max=89.75 geospatial_lat_min=-89.75 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.25 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=359.75 geospatial_lon_min=0.0 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.25 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_epsg_code=EPSG:4326 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 history=Simple spatiotemporally weighted Interpolation (SI), V.1.2. Version 1.2 uses updated satellite retrievals by Remote Sensing System, released in September 2006: SSMI V06, TMI V04, QSCAT V03a. AMSRE V05 was also updated using the new SSMI rain rate. V2.0 uses updated retrievals by Remote Sensing System, released in 2017: SSMI V07, TMI V07.1, QSCAT V04, AMSRE V07 and AMSR2 v08.2 released in 2021. id=tauxy_monthly202505 infoUrl=https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/cwn/products/noaa-ncei-experimental-blended-seawinds-nbs-v2.html institution=NOAA/NCEI instrument=SSM/I, TMI, SEAWINDS, AMSR-E, AMSR2, ASCAT, GMI, WINDSAT, SMAP L-BAND RADAR instrument_vocabulary=NASA Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords version 10.2 keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords naming_authority=gov.noaa.ncei Northernmost_Northing=89.75 platform=DMSP 5D-2/F8,DMSP 5D-2/F10,DMSP 5D-2/F11,DMSP 5D-2/F13,DMSP 5D-2/F14,DMSP 5D-3/F15, DMSP 5D-3/F16, DMSP 5D-3/F17, TRMM, QUIKSCAT, AQUA, GCOM-W1, METOP-A, METOP-B, GPM, CORIOLIS, SMAP platform_vocabulary=NASA Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords version 10.2 processing_level=NOAA L4 program=NOAA/NCEI Satellite Oceanography Product Area project=NOAA/NCEI Satellite Oceanography Product Area - Blended Sea Winds references=https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/cwn/products/noaa-ncei-experimental-blended-seawinds-nbs-v2.html and Zhang, H.-M., J. J. Bates, and R. W. Reynolds, 2006: Assessment of composite global sampling: Sea surface wind speed, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L17714, https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027086 source=Multiple satellite observations: DMSP SSMI F08, F10, F11, F13, F14 F15, F16, F17; TMI; QuikSCAT; AMSR-E; AMSR2; ASCAT; GMI; WINDSAT; SMAP L-BAND RADAR; Direction from ERA5 Reanalysis sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.75 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_duration=P1M time_coverage_end=2025-05-15T00:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=P1D time_coverage_start=1987-07-23T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=0.0

The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) consists of monthly satellite-gauge and associated precipitation error estimates and covers the period January 1979 to the present. The general approach is to combine the precipitation information available from each of several satellite and in situ sources into a final merged product, taking advantage of the strengths of each data type: passive Microwave estimates are based on SSMI/SSMIS data; infrared precipitation estimates are included, using GOES data and POES data; as well as other low earth orbit data and insitu observations. Data are provided on a 2.5 degree grid.

This dataset contains the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Analysis Product, version 2.3, and is a part of the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) Program for satellites. This dataset consists of monthly satellite-gauge and associated precipitation error estimates, and covers the period January 1979 to the present. The general approach is to combine the precipitation information available from each of several satellite and in situ sources into a final merged product, taking advantage of the strengths of each data type. Passive Microwave estimates are based on Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI/SSMIS) data; infrared precipitation estimates are included using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data and Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) data, as well as other low earth orbit data and in situ observations. Data are provided on a 2.5 degree grid. For more information, see the NOAA CDR support site [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/climate-data-records/precipitation-gpcp-monthly].

Version 3.3 is the current version. Older versions have been superseded by Version 3.3.Product latency/update: The products are currently paused at September 2024 because the IR input dataset from NCEI requires a new calibration scheme to extend past that point. Once NCEI irons out the calibration, we expect to return to quarterly updates.The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) is the precipitation component of an internationally coordinated set of (mainly) satellite-based global products dealing with the Earth's water and energy cycles, under the auspices of the Global Water and Energy Experiment (GEWEX) Data and Assessment Panel (GDAP) of the World Climate Research Program. As the follow on to the GPCP Version 2.X products, GPCP Version 3 (GPCP V3.3) seeks to continue the long, homogeneous precipitation record using modern merging techniques and input data sets. The GPCPV3 suite currently consists the 0.5-degree monthly and daily products. A follow-on 0.1-degree 3-hourly is expected. All GPCPV3 products will be internally consistent. Inputs consist of the GPROF SSMI/SSMIS orbit files that are used to calibrate the PERSIANN-CDR IR-based precipitation in the region 58°N-S, which are in turn adjusted to the monthly climatological MCTG. Outside of 58°N-S, TOVS/AIRS estimates, adjusted climatologically to the MCTG, are used. The PERSIANN-CDR/TOVS/AIRS estimates are then merged in the region 35°N-S-58°N-S, which are then merged with GPCC gauge analyses over land to obtain the final product. In addition to the final precipitation field, ancillary precipitation and error estimates are provided.

The Hurricane Satellite (HURSAT) from Microwave (MW) observations of tropical cyclones worldwide data consist of raw satellite observations. The data derive from the global constellation of geostationary satellites (GOES, Meteosat, MS, and FY2 series) spanning 1987 through 2009. Passive microwave observations provide significant information content given that most clouds are transparent at microwave wavelengths. The HURSAT-MW data set is constructed in largely the same manner as HURSAT-B1. Each time a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite passes over a tropical cyclone, Special Sensing Microwave Imager (SSMI) data are mapped to an equal angle grid (fixed latitude/longitude) centered on the temporally interpolated storm location. HURSAT-MW provides brightness temperatures for all 7 SSMI channels. No product retrievals (e.g., rain rate, total column water vapor, ...) are provided in the data, but are possible (e.g., view the imagery derived from the data). The satellite data were then gridded to 8km, with grid centers fixed on the tropical cyclone center of circulation at 6-hour intervals. Data include hurricanes from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean Basins. Data are provided in a convenient NetCDF format which is self-documenting and follows standard storage and metadata conventions. Version 5 supersedes all other versions.

This netCDF file contains 0.25-degree globally gridded and 6-hourly ocean surface wind stresses created by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) using wind directions estimated from ERA-5 Wind vectors.The dataset covers from July 1987 to present with quasi-daily updates. Averaged daily and monthly data are also available. Details can be found at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/marineocean-data/blended-global/blended-sea-winds acknowledgement=The gridded data were generated from the multiple satellite observations of DOD, NOAA and NASA (and future others) and wind retrievals of the Remote Sensing Systems, Inc. (http://www.remss.com), using scientific methods such as objective analysis (OA). The OA is only truly objective when the needed statistics are completely known, which may not always be the case. The ERA-5 wind directions and stresses were downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store cdm_data_type=Grid comment=Global Blended 10m Ocean Surface Wind Stresses contributor_name=Korak Saha, Huai-min Zhang contributor_role=PI Conventions=CF-1.7, ACDD-1.3, COARDS date_metadata_modified=2025-06-10T12:51:20Z Easternmost_Easting=359.75 geospatial_bounds=POLYGON ((0 -89.75, 0 89.75, 359.75 89.75, 359.75 -89.75, 0 -89.75)) geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_lat_max=89.75 geospatial_lat_min=-89.75 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.25 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=359.75 geospatial_lon_min=0.0 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.25 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east grid_mapping_epsg_code=EPSG:4326 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 history=Simple spatiotemporally weighted Interpolation (SI), V.1.2. Version 1.2 uses updated satellite retrievals by Remote Sensing System, released in September 2006: SSMI V06, TMI V04, QSCAT V03a. AMSRE V05 was also updated using the new SSMI rain rate. V2.0 uses updated retrievals by Remote Sensing System, released in 2017: SSMI V07, TMI V07.1, QSCAT V04, AMSRE V07 and AMSR2 v08.2 released in 2021. id=tauxy_6hourly20250531 infoUrl=https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/cwn/products/noaa-ncei-experimental-blended-seawinds-nbs-v2.html institution=NOAA/NCEI instrument=SSM/I, TMI, SEAWINDS, AMSR-E, AMSR2, ASCAT, GMI, WINDSAT, SMAP L-BAND RADAR instrument_vocabulary=NASA Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords version 10.2 keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords naming_authority=gov.noaa.ncei Northernmost_Northing=89.75 platform=DMSP 5D-2/F8,DMSP 5D-2/F10,DMSP 5D-2/F11,DMSP 5D-2/F13,DMSP 5D-2/F14,DMSP 5D-3/F15, DMSP 5D-3/F16, DMSP 5D-3/F17, TRMM, QUIKSCAT, AQUA, GCOM-W1, METOP-A, METOP-B, GPM, CORIOLIS, SMAP platform_vocabulary=NASA Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords version 10.2 processing_level=NOAA L4 program=NOAA/NCEI Satellite Oceanography Product Area project=NOAA/NCEI Satellite Oceanography Product Area - Blended Sea Winds references=https://coastwatch.noaa.gov/cwn/products/noaa-ncei-experimental-blended-seawinds-nbs-v2.html and Zhang, H.-M., J. J. Bates, and R. W. Reynolds, 2006: Assessment of composite global sampling: Sea surface wind speed, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L17714, https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027086 source=Multiple satellite observations: DMSP SSMI F08, F10, F11, F13, F14 F15, F16, F17; TMI; QuikSCAT; AMSR-E; AMSR2; ASCAT; GMI; WINDSAT; SMAP L-BAND RADAR; Direction from ERA5 Reanalysis sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-89.75 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 time_coverage_duration=P1DT6H time_coverage_end=2025-05-31T18:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=P1DT6H time_coverage_start=1987-07-09T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=0.0

Blended vector sea surface winds (at 10 meters above sea level) and surface wind stresses are shown for the U.S. Gulf.. Wind speeds are blended from up to six satellites (Scatterameters (QuikSCAT), SSMIs, TMI and AMSR-E) on a global 0.25-degree grid, with a 6-hourly time resolution, as four global snapshots per day. The blended speeds are then decomposed into (u,v) components using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Re-analysis 2 (NRA-2) wind directions interpolated onto the blended speed grid. The speed can be computed as w=(u^2+v^2)^0.5. This analysis was done for the seasonal summer average from 1990 to 2010. Winds are measured in meters per second.Prevailing winds, which consistently blow from one primary direction more than any other, are crucial information for various sectors such as commercial shipping, recreational boating, weather forecasting, and emergency management (during events like oil spills and hurricanes).Data: NCEIMetadata: NCEIOriginal Plate from 1985 Atlas: Prevailing Winds: July (.pdf)This is a component of the Gulf Data Atlas (V1.0) for the Physical topic area.