The Met Office Hadley Centre's sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) data set, HadISST1, replaces the Global sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (GISST) data sets, and is a unique combination of monthly globally-complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1 degree latitude-longitude grid from 1870 to date. WARNING: 10 March 2016: A detailed analysis of HadISST (https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/58385) has identified a number of problems, some of which might limit the utility of the dataset for certain scientific applications, particularly where high resolution SST data or spatial gradients of SST are required. Thanks to Dudley Chelton and Craig Risien for bringing this to our attention and their detailed analysis. The SST data are taken from the Met Office Marine Data Bank (MDB), which from 1982 onwards also includes data received through the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). In order to enhance data coverage, monthly median SSTs for 1871-1995 from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) (now ICOADS) were also used where there were no MDB data. HadISST1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two stage reduced-space optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality-improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. SSTs near sea ice are estimated using statistical relationships between SST and sea ice concentration. Data restrictions: for academic research use only. Updates and supplementary information will be available from http://www.hadobs.org

This archive covers two high resolution sea surface temperature (SST) analysis products developed using an optimum interpolation (OI) technique. The analyses have a spatial grid resolution of 0.25 degree and temporal resolution of 1 day. One product uses Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) infrared satellite data, while the other uses satellite data from both AVHRR and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer from NASA Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). Both products also use sea-ice data, in situ data from ships and buoys, and include a large-scale adjustment of satellite biases with respect to the in situ data. Two products are needed because of the increase in signal variance from AMSR-E due to its near all-weather coverage. For both products, the results show improved spatial and temporal resolution compared to heritage weekly 1.0 degree OISST analyses from the NWS NCEP. The AVHRR-only product uses Pathfinder AVHRR data, when available, from September 1981 through December 2005, and operational Navy AVHRR data for 2006 onwards. Pathfinder AVHRR was chosen because of good agreement with the in situ data. The combined AMSR-E and AVHRR product begins with the start of AMSR data in June 2002 and ends in October 2011, when the AMSR-E instrument ceased to function properly. In this second product, the primary AVHRR contribution is in regions near land where AMSR-E is not available. However, in cloud-free regions, use of both infrared and microwave instruments reduces systematic biases because the error characteristics are independent. For both products, in areas where sea ice is present, SST is estimated from sea ice fraction datasets from NASA GSFC before 2005 and then from NWS NCEP from 2005 onwards. Preliminary products are produced daily in near real-time (1-day latency) and may be updated in the first few days if critical input data become available after the initial production time. After two weeks, a complete or final product is generated with no additional changes expected. The preliminary products from near real-time data productions began in October 2008 for Version 2.0.

The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) CPEX dataset consists of data from the Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) sensor, which measures global sea surface temperatures. The data were gathered during the Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign, which began in early summer 2017. CPEX collected data to help answer questions about convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation in the North Atlantic, Gulf of America, and Caribbean Oceanic regions. These data files are available from May 23, 2017, through July 15, 2017, in netCDF-3 format.

This dataset provides daily estimates of global sea surface temperature (SST) based on observations from multiple satellite sensors since September 1981. SST is known to be a significant driver of global weather and climate patterns and to play important roles in the exchanges of energy, momentum, moisture and gases between the ocean and atmosphere. As such, its knowledge is essential to understand and assess variability and long-term changes in the Earth’s climate. The SST data provided here are based on measurements carried out by the following infrared sensors flown onboard multiple polar-orbiting satellites: the series of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs), the series of Along Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSRs), and the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR). The dataset provides SST products of different processing levels. Only Level-3 Collated and Level-4 and served through this entry in the Catalogue. Due to the large number of files at Level-2 Pre-processed and Level-3 Collated these products are served through the Climate Data Store API. For more information on how to access these levels consult the documentation. The four types of products are:

Level-2 Pre-processed (L2P): SST data on the native satellite swath grid and derived from single-sensor measurements. Level-3 Uncollated (L3U): SST product generated by regridding L2P data onto a global latitude-longitude grid. Level-3 Collated (L3C): global daily (day and night) single-sensor SST product based on collated L3U data. Level-4 (L4): spatially complete global SST product based on data from multiple sensors.

These products are available as Climate Data Records (CDRs), which have sufficient length, consistency, and continuity to be used to assess climate variability and changes. These SST CDRs are identical to those produced as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) SST Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. Interim CDRs (ICDRs) are produced at levels L3C and L4 on behalf of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) to extend the baseline CDRs. Both SST CDRs and ICDRs are generated using software and algorithms developed as part of the ESA SST CCI. Users should use the most recent version of the dataset whenever possible. Data from the previous version are also made available but cover shorter periods.

This dataset provides daily-mean sea surface temperatures (SST), presented on global 0.05° latitude-longitude grid, spanning 1980 to present. This is a Level 4 product, with gaps between available daily observations filled by statistical means.

The SST CCI Analysis product contains estimates of daily mean SST and sea ice concentration. Each SST value has an associated uncertainty estimate.

The dataset has been produced as part of the version 3 Climate Data Record (CDR) produced by the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature project (ESA SST_cci). The CDR accurately maps the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1980 to 2021 using observations from many satellites, with a high degree of independence from in situ measurements. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.

Data from 2022 onwards are provided as an Interim Climate Data Record (ICDR) and will be updated daily at one month behind present. The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) funded the development of the ICDR extension and production of the ICDR during 2022. From 2023 onwards the production of the ICDR is funded by the UK Earth Observation Climate Information Service (EOCIS) and Marine and Climate Advisory Service (MCAS).

This CDR Version 3.0 product supersedes the CDR v2.1 product. Compared to the previous version the major changes are:

• Longer time series: 1980 to 2021 (previous CDR was Sept 1981 to 2016)

• Improved retrieval to reduce systematic biases using bias-aware optimal methods (for single view sensors)

• Improved retrieval with respect to desert-dust aerosols

• Addition of dual-view SLSTR data from 2016 onwards

• Addition of early AVHRR/1 data in 1980s, and improved AVHRR processing to reduce data gaps in 1980s

• Use of full-resolution MetOp AVHRR data (previously used ‘global area coverage’ Level 1 data)

• Inclusion of L2P passive microwave AMSR data

Data are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

When citing this dataset please also cite the associated data paper:

Embury, O., Merchant, C.J., Good, S.A., Rayner, N.A., Høyer, J.L., Atkinson, C., Block, T., Alerskans, E., Pearson, K.J., Worsfold, M., McCarroll, N., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1980 for climate applications. Scientific Data 11, 326 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03147-w

The latest version of the Met Office Hadley Centre's sea surface temperature dataset, HadSST.4.1.1.0 is a monthly global field of SST on a 5° latitude by 5° longitude grid from 1850 to the present day. The data have been adjusted to minimise the effects of changes in instrumentation throughout the record. The dataset is presented as a set of interchangeable realisations that capture the temporal and spatial characteristics of the estimated uncertainties in the biases. In addition there are files providing the measurement and sampling uncertainties which must be used in addition to the ensemble to obtain a comprehensive estimate of the uncertainty. The data are not interpolated.

Sea surface temperature (SST) plays an important role in a number of ecological processes and can vary over a wide range of time scales, from daily to decadal changes. SST influences primary production, species migration patterns, and coral health. If temperatures are anomalously warm for extended periods of time, drastic changes in the surrounding ecosystem can result, including harmful effects such as coral bleaching. This layer represents the standard deviation of SST (degrees Celsius) of the weekly time series from 2000-2013. Three SST datasets were combined to provide continuous coverage from 1985-2013. The concatenation applies bias adjustment derived from linear regression to the overlap periods of datasets, with the final representation matching the 0.05-degree (~5-km) near real-time SST product. First, a weekly composite, gap-filled SST dataset from the NOAA Pathfinder v5.2 SST 1/24-degree (~4-km), daily dataset (a NOAA Climate Data Record) for each location was produced following Heron et al. (2010) for January 1985 to December 2012. Next, weekly composite SST data from the NOAA/NESDIS/STAR Blended SST 0.1-degree (~11-km), daily dataset was produced for February 2009 to October 2013. Finally, a weekly composite SST dataset from the NOAA/NESDIS/STAR Blended SST 0.05-degree (~5-km), daily dataset was produced for March 2012 to December 2013. The standard deviation of the long-term mean SST was calculated by taking the standard deviation over all weekly data from 2000-2013 for each pixel.

This data set collects, from peer-reviewed research, values of sea surface temperature (SST) that occurred at various sites across the Earth during a brief period of the mid-Piacenzian

This dataset provides global daily sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) multi-product ensemble (GMPE) produced by the European Space Agency SST Climate Change Initiative (ESA SST CCI). The GMPE system was designed to allow users to compare the outputs from different SST analysis systems and understand their similarities and differences. Although originally intended for comparison of near real time data, it has also been used to compare long historical datasets. Note that the dataset provided here is the climate version of the GMPE dataset. An operational version, with different input products and time coverage, also exists but is not distributed by the CDS. The SST analyses ingested into the GMPE system come from the following seven SST products and providers:

ESA SST CCI Analysis version 2.0 ESA SST CCI Analysis version 1.1 Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) Reprocessing National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Optimal Interpolation (OI) Global Blended SST Analysis Canada Meteorological Center (CMC) 0.2-degree Global Foundation SST Analysis Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST) Analysis version 2.2.0.0 Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Merged satellite and in-situ Data Global Daily SST (MGDSST) Analysis

These products are all spatially complete (through use of infilling or reconstruction techniques) but were originally produced for different purposes and with different user requirements in mind. Therefore, each producer has made different choices on aspects of data production such as which input observations to use and what type of SST to represent. For example, the CMEMS OSTIA, CMC, and MGDSST analyses attempt to represent the foundation SST (water temperature free of diurnal temperature variability) while the ESA SST CCI and HadISST analyses estimate the SST at a standard depth of 20 cm. The AVHRR OI product, on the other hand, is bias-corrected to in situ observations and hence will be representative of their depths. The GMPE dataset provides the median and standard deviation of the input SST products, the differences between each input product and the median, and the horizontal gradients in each of the input SST products as well as the final ensemble product. The HadISST product consists of 10 different realisations, therefore the median and standard deviation are calculated for an ensemble of 16 input fields. All fields are provided on a common 0.25 degree regular latitude-longitude grid and extend from 1 September 1981 to 31 December 2016, although some of the individual input products cover shorter periods. The dataset will not be extended beyond 2016.

Subskin Sea Surface Temperature derived from the imager SEVIRI on MSG satellites (Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9). SST is retrieved from SEVIRI infrared channels (10.8 and 12.0 µm) using a nonlinear algorithm and the cloud mask from CM SAF. NWP outputs (temperature and humidity profiles), OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature re-analysis and analysis, together with a radiatiave transfer model (RTTOV), are used to correct the multispectral algorithm for regional and seasonal biases due to changing atmospheric conditions. The product is hourly and remapped onto a regular cylindrical equidistant latitude/longitude grid at 0.05° resolution and extends from 60°S to 60°N and 60°W to 60°E. The product format is compliant with the Data Specification (GDS) version 2 from the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperatures (GHRSST).

The Visible and Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a multi-disciplinary instrument that is being flown on the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) series of spacecraft, including the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) that launched in October 2011. JPSS is a multi-platform, multi-agency program that consolidates the polar orbiting spacecraft of NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). S-NPP is the initial spacecraft in this series, and VIIRS is the successor to MODIS for Earth science data product generation. VIIRS has 22 spectral bands ranging from 412 nm to 12 nm. There are 16 moderate-resolution bands (750m at nadir), 5 image-resolution bands (375m), and one day-night band (DNB).

This dataset contains monthly 1 degree averages of sea surface temperature data in Obs4MIPS format, from the European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiatve (CCI) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) v2.1 analysis.

The data covers the period from 1981-2017, with the data from 1981 to 2016 coming from the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) project of the ESA CCI project. The data for 2017 were generated using the same approach but under funding from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).

This particular product has been generated for inclusion in Obs4MIPs (Observations for Model Intercomparisons Project), which is an activity to make observational products more accessible for climate model intercomparisons.

Data are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

When citing this dataset please also cite the associated data paper: Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C.E., Block T., Corlett, G.K., Fiedler, E., Good, S.A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Scientific Data 6:223 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x

A global, gap-free, gridded, daily 1 km Sea Surface Temperature (SST) dataset created by merging multiple Level-2 satellite SST datasets. Those input datasets include the NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E), the JAXA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-2) on GCOM-W1, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) on the NASA Aqua and Terra platforms, the US Navy microwave WindSat radiometer, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on several NOAA satellites, and in situ SST observations from the NOAA iQuam project. Data are available from 2002 to present in Zarr format. The original source of the MUR data is the NASA JPL Physical Oceanography DAAC.

This data set collects, from peer-reviewed research, values of sea surface temperature (SST) that occurred at select sites across the Earth during a brief period of the lower- Zanclean.

This v2.1 SST_cci Level 4 Analysis Climate Data Record (CDR) provides a globally-complete daily analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) on a 0.05 degree regular latitude - longitude grid. It combines data from both the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR ) and Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) SST_cci Climate Data Records, using a data assimilation method to provide SSTs where there were no measurements. These data cover the period between 09/1981 and 12/2016.The dataset has been produced as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature project(ESA SST_cci). The data products from SST_cci accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.The CDR Version 2.1 product supercedes the CDR Version 2.0 product. Data are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/When citing this dataset please also cite the associated data paper: Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C.E., Block T., Corlett, G.K., Fiedler, E., Good, S.A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Scientific Data 6:223 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x

The 4 km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Version 5 sea surface temperature (SST) dataset is a reanalysis of historical AVHRR data that have been improved using extensive calibration, validation and other information to yield a consistent research quality time series for global climate studies. This SST time series represents the longest continual global ocean physical measurement from space. Development of the Pathfinder dataset is sponsored by the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in collaboration with the University of Miami Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) while distribution is a collaborative effort between the NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC) and the NODC. From a historical perspective, the Pathfinder program was originally initiated in the 1990s as a joint NOAA/NASA research activity for reprocessing of satellite based data sets including SST. The AVHRR is a space-borne scanning sensor on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) family of Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) having an operational legacy that traces back to the Television Infrared Observation Satellite-N (TIROS-N) launched in 1978. AVHRR instruments measure the radiance of the Earth in 5 (or 6) relatively wide spectral bands. The first two are centered around the red (0.6 micrometer) and near-infrared (0.9 micrometer) regions, the third one is located around 3.5 micrometer, and the last two sample the emitted thermal radiation, around 11 and 12 micrometers, respectively. The legacy 5 band instrument is known as AVHRR/2 while the more recent version, the AVHRR/3 (first carried on the NOAA-15 platform), acquires data in a 6th channel located at 1.6 micrometer. Typically the 11 and 12 micron channels are used to derive SST sometimes in combination with the 3.5 micron channel. For the Pathfinder SST algorithm only the 11 and 12 micron channels are used. The NOAA platforms are sun synchronous generally viewing the same earth location twice a day (latitude dependent) due to the relatively large AVHRR swath of approximately 2400 km. The highest ground resolution that can be obtained from the current AVHRR instruments is 1.1 km at nadir. This particular dataset is produced from Global Area Coverage (GAC) data that are derived from an on-board sample averaging of the full resolution global AVHRR data. Four out of every five samples along the scan line are used to compute on average value and the data from only every third scan line are processed, yielding an effective 4 km resolution at nadir. The collection of NOAA satellite platforms used in the AVHRR Pathfinder SST time series includes NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, NOAA-14, NOAA-16, NOAA-17, and NOAA-18. These platforms contain afternoon orbits having a daytime ascending node of between 13:30 and 14:30 local time (at time of launch) with the exception of NOAA-17 that has a daytime descending node of approximately 10:00 local time. SST AVHRR Pathfinder includes separate daytime and nighttime daily, 5 day, 8 day, monthly and yearly datasets. This particular dataset represent daytime daily averaged observations.

A Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Level 4 sea surface temperature analysis produced daily on an operational basis at the UK Met Office using optimal interpolation (OI) on a global 0.054 degree grid. The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) analysis uses satellite data from sensors that include the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR), the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSRE), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI), and in situ data from drifting and moored buoys. This analysis has a highly smoothed SST field and was specifically produced to support SST data assimilation into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models.

The Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) dataset is a global monthly sea surface temperature analysis on a 2x2 degree grid derived from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS). The latest ERSST Version 4 (v4) is based on Version 3b (v3b). Major revisions for v4 include: updated and substantively more complete input data from the ICOADS Release 2.5 (R2.5); revised Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnections (EOTs) and EOT acceptance criterion; updated sea surface temperature (SST) quality control procedures; revised SST anomaly (SSTA) evaluation methods; updated bias adjustments of ship SSTs using Hadley Nighttime Marine Air Temperature version 2 (HadNMAT2); and a buoy SST bias adjustment not previously made in v3b. ERSST v4 is generated using in situ SST data and improved statistical methods that allow stable reconstruction when data are sparse. The monthly analysis extends from January 1854 to the present, but because of sparse data in the early years, there is damping of the analyzed signal before 1880. After 1880, the strength of the signal is more consistent over time. The product is updated monthly with the available GTS ship and buoy data for that month. Data for the time period from January 2001 to the previous month are recalculated every month. Data before January 2001 are not updated. Note that v3b data were recalculated every month for January 1985 to the previous month. The SST anomalies are computed with respect to a 1971-2000 month climatology. Local and short-term variations have been smoothed in the ERSST analysis. The product is suitable for long-term global and basin-wide SST studies, and it is used as an input to the NCEI Merged Land Ocean Surface Temperature (MLOST) product. The data are written to a monthly netCDF files with CF metadata attributes included.

The NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) dataset is a global monthly sea surface temperature dataset derived from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS). It is produced on a 2 x 2 degree grid with spatial completeness enhanced using statistical methods. This monthly analysis begins in January 1854 continuing to the present and includes anomalies computed with respect to a 1971-2000 monthly climatology. Version 5 (v5) is the newest version of ERSST. Major revisions for v5 include: 1) using unadjusted first-guess instead of adjusted first-guess in QC, 2) using latest International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) Release 3.0 (R3.0) over 1854-2015 instead of R2.5 over 1854-2007, 3) using Argo temperature above 5 meter depth that has not been used in previous version ERSST and other SST analysis, 4) using latest UK Met Office HadISST2 ice concentration over 1870-2015 instead of HadISST1 ice concentration over 1870-2010, 5) removing damping in high latitudes north of 60 degrees North and south of 50 degrees South in Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection (EOT) Functions, 6) adding 10 more EOT modes in the Arctic, 7) reducing spatial filtering in training EOTs, and 8) revising ship SST bias correction relative to nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) to the one relative to buoy SST observations. Other features remain same as in the previous ERSST version 4. The data are written to monthly netCDF files following CF Metadata Conventions.

This dataset includes documentation for The AVHRR Pathfinder global 4km sea surface temperature (SST) products. The AVHRR Pathfinder global 4km sea surface temperature (SST) dataset includes twice-daily SST and related parameters, as well as temporal averages for 5-day, 7-day, 8-day, monthly, and yearly periods. The product has been computed from data from the AVHRR instruments on board NOAA's polar orbiting satellite series using an entirely modernized system based on SeaDAS. This 4 km Pathfinder project is an extension of, and improvement on, the sea surface temperature (SST) fields from the NOAA/NASA AVHRR Oceans 9km Pathfinder dataset. Some important shortcomings in the original 9 km data have been corrected, and the entire time series has been reprocessed at the 4 km Global Area Coverage (GAC) level, the highest resolution possible globally. The L3C data is generated with measurements combined from a single instrument into a space-time grid. The Pathfinder product was originally produced in partnership between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), and has been continued at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).