The dataset presents life expectancy at birth estimates based on annual complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) in 2020 for the total, male and female populations.

United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies: Group data was reported at 118,000.000 Unit th in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 114,000.000 Unit th for 2022. United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies: Group data is updated yearly, averaging 119,000.000 Unit th from Dec 1920 (Median) to 2023, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 180,000.000 Unit th in 2007 and a record low of 2,000.000 Unit th in 1920. United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies: Group data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RG008: Life Insurance: In Force.

The dataset presents life expectancy at birth estimates based on annual complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) in 2021 for the total, male and female populations.

United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies: Individual data was reported at 134,000.000 Unit th in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 136,000.000 Unit th for 2022. United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies: Individual data is updated yearly, averaging 157,000.000 Unit th from Dec 1900 (Median) to 2023, with 52 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 206,000.000 Unit th in 1980 and a record low of 14,000.000 Unit th in 1900. United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies: Individual data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RG008: Life Insurance: In Force.

Life insurance premium volume to GDP (%) in United States was reported at 2.7098 % in 2020, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. United States - Life insurance premium volume to GDP - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on May of 2025.

VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR Life Expectancy (EQ6)

FULL MEASURE NAME Life Expectancy

LAST UPDATED April 2017

DESCRIPTION Life expectancy refers to the average number of years a newborn is expected to live if mortality patterns remain the same. The measure reflects the mortality rate across a population for a point in time.

DATA SOURCE State of California, Department of Health: Death Records (1990-2013) No link

California Department of Finance: Population Estimates Annual Intercensal Population Estimates (1990-2010) Table P-2: County Population by Age (2010-2013) http://www.dof.ca.gov/Forecasting/Demographics/Estimates/

CONTACT INFORMATION vitalsigns.info@mtc.ca.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator) Life expectancy is commonly used as a measure of the health of a population. Life expectancy does not reflect how long any given individual is expected to live; rather, it is an artificial measure that captures an aspect of the mortality rates across a population. Vital Signs measures life expectancy at birth (as opposed to cohort life expectancy). A statistical model was used to estimate life expectancy for Bay Area counties and Zip codes based on current life tables which require both age and mortality data. A life table is a table which shows, for each age, the survivorship of a people from a certain population.

Current life tables were created using death records and population estimates by age. The California Department of Public Health provided death records based on the California death certificate information. Records include age at death and residential Zip code. Single-year age population estimates at the regional- and county-level comes from the California Department of Finance population estimates and projections for ages 0-100+. Population estimates for ages 100 and over are aggregated to a single age interval. Using this data, death rates in a population within age groups for a given year are computed to form unabridged life tables (as opposed to abridged life tables). To calculate life expectancy, the probability of dying between the jth and (j+1)st birthday is assumed uniform after age 1. Special consideration is taken to account for infant mortality. For the Zip code-level life expectancy calculation, it is assumed that postal Zip codes share the same boundaries as Zip Code Census Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). More information on the relationship between Zip codes and ZCTAs can be found at https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/zctas.html. Zip code-level data uses three years of mortality data to make robust estimates due to small sample size. Year 2013 Zip code life expectancy estimates reflects death records from 2011 through 2013. 2013 is the last year with available mortality data. Death records for Zip codes with zero population (like those associated with P.O. Boxes) were assigned to the nearest Zip code with population. Zip code population for 2000 estimates comes from the Decennial Census. Zip code population for 2013 estimates are from the American Community Survey (5-Year Average). The ACS provides Zip code population by age in five-year age intervals. Single-year age population estimates were calculated by distributing population within an age interval to single-year ages using the county distribution. Counties were assigned to Zip codes based on majority land-area.

Zip codes in the Bay Area vary in population from over 10,000 residents to less than 20 residents. Traditional life expectancy estimation (like the one used for the regional- and county-level Vital Signs estimates) cannot be used because they are highly inaccurate for small populations and may result in over/underestimation of life expectancy. To avoid inaccurate estimates, Zip codes with populations of less than 5,000 were aggregated with neighboring Zip codes until the merged areas had a population of more than 5,000. In this way, the original 305 Bay Area Zip codes were reduced to 218 Zip code areas for 2013 estimates. Next, a form of Bayesian random-effects analysis was used which established a prior distribution of the probability of death at each age using the regional distribution. This prior is used to shore up the life expectancy calculations where data were sparse.

State-level period lifetables for years 1941-2022

The dataset presents life expectancy at birth estimates based on annual complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) in 2018 for the total, male and female populations.

Life Insurers: Premium Receipts: Direct Business: Health Insurance data was reported at 229.092 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 213.468 USD bn for 2022. Life Insurers: Premium Receipts: Direct Business: Health Insurance data is updated yearly, averaging 179.500 USD bn from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2023, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 229.092 USD bn in 2023 and a record low of 120.783 USD bn in 2005. Life Insurers: Premium Receipts: Direct Business: Health Insurance data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RG005: Life Insurance: Premium Receipts.

United States Life Insurers: Premium Receipts: Net Business: Life Insurance: Group data was reported at 31.379 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 30.994 USD bn for 2022. United States Life Insurers: Premium Receipts: Net Business: Life Insurance: Group data is updated yearly, averaging 28.254 USD bn from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2023, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.050 USD bn in 2007 and a record low of 24.191 USD bn in 2010. United States Life Insurers: Premium Receipts: Net Business: Life Insurance: Group data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RG005: Life Insurance: Premium Receipts.

Analysis of ‘U.S. State Life Expectancy by Sex, 2018’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/53bd3de3-791d-4d5a-9897-ffe2ef288322 on 26 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

The dataset presents life expectancy at birth estimates based on annual complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) in 2018 for the total, male and female populations.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

United States - Life Insurance Companies; Insurance Reserves, Excluding Life Insurance Reserves and Pension Entitlements; Liability, Transactions was 4033.00000 Mil. of $ in October of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Life Insurance Companies; Insurance Reserves, Excluding Life Insurance Reserves and Pension Entitlements; Liability, Transactions reached a record high of 40492.00000 in January of 2018 and a record low of -26292.00000 in April of 2024. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Life Insurance Companies; Insurance Reserves, Excluding Life Insurance Reserves and Pension Entitlements; Liability, Transactions - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on May of 2025.

United States Life Insurance: Purchases: Number of Policies data was reported at 42,532.000 Unit th in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 40,016.000 Unit th for 2022. United States Life Insurance: Purchases: Number of Policies data is updated yearly, averaging 40,134.000 Unit th from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2023, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 58,390.000 Unit th in 2001 and a record low of 35,019.000 Unit th in 2013. United States Life Insurance: Purchases: Number of Policies data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RG007: Life Insurance: Purchases.

Mortality and morbidity experience data from 2010 through 2013 on group insurance policies

United States - Life Insurance Companies, General Accounts; Deferred and Unpaid Life Insurance Premiums; Asset, Level was 37.23600 Bil. of $ in October of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Life Insurance Companies, General Accounts; Deferred and Unpaid Life Insurance Premiums; Asset, Level reached a record high of 41.02000 in April of 2024 and a record low of 0.63800 in October of 1945. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Life Insurance Companies, General Accounts; Deferred and Unpaid Life Insurance Premiums; Asset, Level - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

Mortality experience data from 2009 through 2013 on public pension plans in the United States

Over the past 160 years, life expectancy (from birth) in the United States has risen from 39.4 years in 1860, to 78.9 years in 2020. One of the major reasons for the overall increase of life expectancy in the last two centuries is the fact that the infant and child mortality rates have decreased by so much during this time. Medical advancements, fewer wars and improved living standards also mean that people are living longer than they did in previous centuries.

Despite this overall increase, the life expectancy dropped three times since 1860; from 1865 to 1870 during the American Civil War, from 1915 to 1920 during the First World War and following Spanish Flu epidemic, and it has dropped again between 2015 and now. The reason for the most recent drop in life expectancy is not a result of any specific event, but has been attributed to negative societal trends, such as unbalanced diets and sedentary lifestyles, high medical costs, and increasing rates of suicide and drug use.

United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies data was reported at 259,000.000 Unit th in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 261,000.000 Unit th for 2021. United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies data is updated yearly, averaging 291,000.000 Unit th from Dec 1900 (Median) to 2022, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 402,000.000 Unit th in 1980 and a record low of 14,000.000 Unit th in 1900. United States Life Insurance: In Force: Number of Policies data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RG008: Life Insurance: In Force.

United States Life Insurance: Annuity Considerations: Group data was reported at 116.435 USD bn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 183.709 USD bn for 2022. United States Life Insurance: Annuity Considerations: Group data is updated yearly, averaging 103.677 USD bn from Dec 1977 (Median) to 2023, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 183.709 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 10.422 USD bn in 1977. United States Life Insurance: Annuity Considerations: Group data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.RG009: Life Insurance: Annuity.

Mortality experience data from 2009 through 2013 on individual payout annuities