U.S. Government Workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works
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Cartographic Boundary Map provided the State of Texas Open Data Portal here: https://data.texas.gov/dataset/Texas-Counties-Cartographic-Boundary-Map/sw7f-2kkd/about_data
Terms of Use This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. It does not represent an on-the-ground survey and represents only the approximate relative location of property boundaries. This product has been provided by the City of Austin via the US Census Bureau for the sole purpose of geographic reference. No warranty is made by the City of Austin regarding specific accuracy or completeness.
This dataset was created by the Transportation Planning and Programming (TPP) Division of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) for planning and asset inventory purposes, as well as for visualization and general mapping. County boundaries were digitized by TxDOT using USGS quad maps, and converted to line features using the Feature to Line tool. This dataset depicts a generalized coastline.Date valid as of: February 2015Publish Date: February 2015Update Frequency: StaticSecurity Level: Public
This version utilizes a generalized boundary along the coast, which is sometimes necessary for analysis in which it is important to encompass segments of roadways that travel over water. Roadways on bridges or causeways that span intracoastal waterways are not covered by detailed polygons that precisely follow the coastline, therefore a generalized boundary is needed for some types of analysis where it is important to preserve such relationships.Security Level: Public
A dataset of county polygons as used by TxDOT. These boundaries enable the classification of roadway inventory attributes, satisfy federal and state roadway reporting requirements, and serve as a base layer for TxDOT's cartographic products This data utilizes a detailed boundary along the Texas coast for depicting a realistic coastline.Security Level: Public
This site provides access to download an ArcGIS geodatabase or shapefiles for the 2017 Texas Address Database, compiled by the Center for Water and the Environment (CWE) at the University of Texas at Austin, with guidance and funding from the Texas Division of Emergency Management (TDEM). These addresses are used by TDEM to help anticipate potential impacts of serious weather and flooding events statewide. This is part of the Texas Water Model (TWM), a project to adapt the NOAA National Water Model [1] for use in Texas public safety. This database was compiled over the period from June 2016 to December 2017. A number of gaps remain (towns and cities missing address points), see Address Database Gaps spreadsheet below [4]. Additional datasets include administrative boundaries for Texas counties (including Federal and State disaster-declarations), Councils of Government, and Texas Dept of Public Safety Regions. An Esri ArcGIS Story Map [5] web app provides an interactive map-based portal to explore and access these data layers for download.
The address points in this database include their "height above nearest drainage" (HAND) as attributes in meters and feet. HAND is an elevation model developed through processing by the TauDEM method [2], built on USGS National Elevation Data (NED) with 10m horizontal resolution. The HAND elevation data and 10m NED for the continental United States are available for download from the Texas Advanced Computational Center (TACC) [3].
The complete statewide dataset contains about 9.28 million address points representing a population of about 28 million. The total file size is about 5GB in shapefile format. For better download performance, the shapefile version of this data is divided into 5 regions, based on groupings of major watersheds identified by their hydrologic unit codes (HUC). These are zipped by region, with no zipfile greater than 120mb: - North Tx: HUC1108-1114 (0.52 million address points) - DFW-East Tx: HUC1201-1203 (3.06 million address points) - Houston-SE Tx: HUC1204 (1.84 million address points) - Central Tx: HUC1205-1210 (2.96 million address points) - Rio Grande-SW Tx: HUC2111-1309 (2.96 million address points)
Additional state and county boundaries are included (Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas), as well as disaster-declaration status.
Compilation notes: The Texas Commission for State Emergency Communications (CSEC) provided the first 3 million address points received, in a single batch representing 213 of Texas' 254 counties. The remaining 41 counties were primarily urban areas comprising about 6.28 million addresses (totaling about 9.28 million addresses statewide). We reached the GIS data providers for these areas (see Contributors list below) through these emergency communications networks: Texas 9-1-1 Alliance, the Texas Emergency GIS Response Team (EGRT), and the Texas GIS 9-1-1 User Group. The address data was typically organized in groupings of counties called Councils of Governments (COG) or Regional Planning Commissions (RPC) or Development Councils (DC). Every county in Texas belongs to a COG, RPC or DC. We reconciled all counties' addresses to a common, very simple schema, and merged into a single geodatabase.
November 2023 updates: In 2019, TNRIS took over maintenance of the Texas Address Database, which is now a StratMap program updated annually [6]. In 2023, TNRIS also changed its name to the Texas Geographic Information Office (TxGIO). The datasets available for download below are not being updated, but are current as of the time of Hurricane Harvey.
References: [1] NOAA National Water Model [https://water.noaa.gov/map] [2] TauDEM Downloads [https://hydrology.usu.edu/taudem/taudem5/downloads.html] [3] NFIE Continental Flood Inundation Mapping - Data Repository [https://web.corral.tacc.utexas.edu/nfiedata/] [4] Address Database Gaps, Dec 2017 (download spreadsheet below) [5] Texas Address and Base Layers Story Map [https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/6d5c7dbe0762413fbe6d7a39e4ba1986/] [6] TNRIS/TxGIO StratMap Address Points data downloads [https://tnris.org/stratmap/address-points/]
Texas county centroid latitude and longitude map data.
The 2019 cartographic boundary KMLs are simplified representations of selected geographic areas from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). These boundary files are specifically designed for small-scale thematic mapping. When possible, generalization is performed with the intent to maintain the hierarchical relationships among geographies and to maintain the alignment of geographies within a file set for a given year. Geographic areas may not align with the same areas from another year. Some geographies are available as nation-based files while others are available only as state-based files. The records in this file allow users to map the parts of Urban Areas that overlap a particular county. After each decennial census, the Census Bureau delineates urban areas that represent densely developed territory, encompassing residential, commercial, and other nonresidential urban land uses. In general, this territory consists of areas of high population density and urban land use resulting in a representation of the ""urban footprint."" There are two types of urban areas: urbanized areas (UAs) that contain 50,000 or more people and urban clusters (UCs) that contain at least 2,500 people, but fewer than 50,000 people (except in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam which each contain urban clusters with populations greater than 50,000). Each urban area is identified by a 5-character numeric census code that may contain leading zeroes. The primary legal divisions of most states are termed counties. In Louisiana, these divisions are known as parishes. In Alaska, which has no counties, the equivalent entities are the organized boroughs, city and boroughs, municipalities, and for the unorganized area, census areas. The latter are delineated cooperatively for statistical purposes by the State of Alaska and the Census Bureau. In four states (Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia), there are one or more incorporated places that are independent of any county organization and thus constitute primary divisions of their states. These incorporated places are known as independent cities and are treated as equivalent entities for purposes of data presentation. The District of Columbia and Guam have no primary divisions, and each area is considered an equivalent entity for purposes of data presentation. The Census Bureau treats the following entities as equivalents of counties for purposes of data presentation: Municipios in Puerto Rico, Districts and Islands in American Samoa, Municipalities in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Islands in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The entire area of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Island Areas is covered by counties or equivalent entities. The generalized boundaries for counties and equivalent entities are as of January 1, 2010.
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The TIGER/Line shapefiles and related database files (.dbf) are an extract of selected geographic and cartographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). The MTDB represents a seamless national file with no overlaps or gaps between parts, however, each TIGER/Line shapefile is designed to stand alone as an independent data set, or they can be combined to cover the entire nation. The primary legal divisions of most states are termed counties. In Louisiana, these divisions are known as parishes. In Alaska, which has no counties, the equivalent entities are the organized boroughs, city and boroughs, municipalities, and for the unorganized area, census areas. The latter are delineated cooperatively for statistical purposes by the State of Alaska and the Census Bureau. In four states (Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia), there are one or more incorporated places that are independent of any county organization and thus constitute primary divisions of their states. These incorporated places are known as independent cities and are treated as equivalent entities for purposes of data presentation. The District of Columbia and Guam have no primary divisions, and each area is considered an equivalent entity for purposes of data presentation. The Census Bureau treats the following entities as equivalents of counties for purposes of data presentation: Municipios in Puerto Rico, Districts and Islands in American Samoa, Municipalities in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Islands in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The entire area of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Island Areas is covered by counties or equivalent entities. The boundaries for counties and equivalent entities are as of January 1, 2017, primarily as reported through the Census Bureau's Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS).
The geographic extent of a County, this file represents 3 counties (Dallas, Collin, Denton) clipped from a statewide 2010 Census dataset that are in the Tx N. Central 4202 State Plane projection. The TIGER/Line Files are shapefiles and related database files (.dbf) that are an extract of selected geographic and cartographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). The MTDB represents a seamless national file with no overlaps or gaps between parts, however, each TIGER/Line File is designed to stand alone as an independent data set, or they can be combined to cover the entire nation. The primary legal divisions of most States are termed counties. The 2010 Census boundaries for counties and equivalent entities are as of January 1, 2010, primarily as reported through the Census Bureau's Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS).Metadata edited 01/2021
The 2022 cartographic boundary KMLs are simplified representations of selected geographic areas from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). These boundary files are specifically designed for small-scale thematic mapping. When possible, generalization is performed with the intent to maintain the hierarchical relationships among geographies and to maintain the alignment of geographies within a file set for a given year. Geographic areas may not align with the same areas from another year. Some geographies are available as nation-based files while others are available only as state-based files. School Districts are single-purpose administrative units within which local officials provide public educational services for the area's residents. The Census Bureau obtains the boundaries, names, local education agency codes, grade ranges, and school district levels for school districts from state officials for the primary purpose of providing the U.S. Department of Education with estimates of the number of children in poverty within each school district. This information serves as the basis for the Department of Education to determine the annual allocation of Title I funding to states and school districts. The cartographic boundary files include separate files for elementary, secondary and unified school districts. The generalized school district boundaries in this file are based on those in effect for the 2021-2022 school year, i.e., in operation as of January 1, 2022.
The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12000.
This resource is a member of a series. The TIGER/Line shapefiles and related database files (.dbf) are an extract of selected geographic and cartographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding adn Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). The MTDB represents a seamless national file with no overlaps or gaps between parts, however, each TIGER/Line shapefile is designed to stand alone as an independent data set, or they can be combined to cover the entire nation. Voting district is the generic name for geographic entities such as precincts, wards, and election districts established by State governments for the purpose of conducting elections. States participating in the 2020 redistricting program as part of Public Law 94-171 (1975) provided the Census Bureau with boundaries, codes, and names for their VTDs. Voting districts do not exist for all states since some states did not participate in the program or chose not to submit boundaries for some of, or their entire, state. Each VTD is identified by a 1- to 6-character alphanumeric census code that is unique within county. The code "ZZZZZZ" identifies a portion of the county for which no VTDs were identified.
This resource contains statewide networks of roadways, railroads, bridges, and low water crossings, for Texas only.
Roadways detail: The Transportation Planning and Programming (TPP) Division of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintains a spatial dataset of roadway polylines for planning and asset inventory purposes, as well as for visualization and general mapping. M values are stored in the lines as DFOs (Distance From Origin), and provide the framework for managing roadway assets using linear referencing. This dataset covers the state of Texas and includes on-systems routes (those that TxDOT maintains), such as interstate highways, U.S. highways, state highways, and farm and ranch roads, as well as off-system routes, such as county roads and local streets. Date valid as of: 12/31/2014. Publish Date: 05/01/2015. Update Frequency: Quarterly.
Bridges detail: As with the roadways, both on-system and off-system bridges are maintained in separate datasets (54,844 total bridges, 36,007 on-system and 18,837 off-system). Bridges have numerous useful attributes, see coding guide [1] for documentation. One such attribute identifies structures that cross water: the second digit of Item 42 “Type of Service”. If the second digit is between 5 and 9 (inclusive) then the structure is over water. The bridges datasets are valid as of December 2016.
The roadways and bridges datasets contained here were obtained directly from TxDOT through personal correspondence. An alternate resource that is more open is the Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) [2]. The railroads and low-water crossings were obtained through TNRIS.
References [1] TxDOT Bridges Coding Guide (download below) [2] TNRIS data downloads [https://tnris.org/data-download/#!/statewide]
U.S. Government Workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works
License information was derived automatically
The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the Texas Central (FIPS 4203) State Plane projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000.
U.S. Government Workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works
License information was derived automatically
The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual- chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This file is georeferenced to the earth's surface using the Lambert Conformal Conic projection and the Texas State Plane NAD83 Central Zone coordinate system, projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000. The Vertical Datum of this data set is North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD88). The specifications for the vertical control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a vertical accuracy of 2.4 feet or better.
A Certificate of Convenience and Necessity (CCN) is issued by the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT), and authorizes a utility to provide water and/or sewer service to a specific service area. The CCN obligates the water or sewer retail public utility to provide continuous and adequate service to every customer who requests service in that area. The maps and digital data provided in the Water and Sewer CCN Viewer delineate the official CCN service areas and CCN facility lines issued by the PUCT and its predecessor agencies. This dataset is a Texas statewide polygon layer of sewer CCN service areas. The CCNs were digitized from Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) county mylar maps. The mylar maps were the base maps on which the CCNs were originally drawn and maintained. CCNs are currently created and maintained using digitizing methods, coordinate geography or imported from digital files submitted by the applicant. TxDOT digital county urban road files are used as the base maps on which the CCNs are geo-referenced. It is best to view the sewer CCN service area data in conjunction with the sewer CCN facility line data, since these two layers together represent all of the retail public sewer utilities in Texas.*Important Notes: The CCN spatial dataset and metadata were last updated on: October 4, 2022The official state-wide CCN spatial dataset includes all types of CCN services areas: water and sewer CCN service areas; water and sewer CCN facility lines. This CCN spatial dataset is updated on a quarterly, or as needed basis using Geographic Information System (GIS) software called ArcGIS 10.8.2.The complete state-wide CCN spatial dataset is available for download from the following website: http://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/water/utilities/gis.aspxThe Water and Sewer CCN Viewer may be accessed from the following web site: http://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/water/utilities/map.htmlIf you have questions about this CCN spatial dataset or about CCN mapping requirements, please e-mail CCN Mapping Staff: water@puc.texas.govTYPE - Indicates whether a CCN is considered a water or a sewer system. If the CCN number begins with a '"1", the CCN is considered a water system (utility). If a CCN number begins with a "2", the CCN is considered a sewer system (utility).CCN_NO - A unique five-digit number assigned to each CCN when it is created and approved by the Commission. *CCN number starting with an ‘N’ indicates an exempt utility.UTILITY - The name of the utility which owns the CCN.COUNTY - The name(s) of the county(ies) in which the CCN exist.CCN_TYPE –One of three types:Bounded Service Area: A certificated service area with closed boundaries that often follow identifiable physical and cultural features such as roads, rivers, streams and political boundaries. Facilities +200 Feet: A certificated service area represented by lines. They include a buffer of a specified number of feet (usually 200 feet). The lines normally follow along roads and may or may not correspond to distribution lines or facilities in the ground.Facilities Only: A certificated service area represented by lines. They are granted for a "point of use" that covers only the customer connections at the time the CCN is granted. Facility only service lines normally follow along roads and may or may not correspond to distribution lines or facilities in the ground.STATUS – For pending dockets check the PUC Interchange Filing Search
This resource is a member of a series. The TIGER/Line shapefiles and related database files (.dbf) are an extract of selected geographic and cartographic information from the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File / Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) Database (MTDB). The MTDB represents a seamless national file with no overlaps or gaps between parts, however, each TIGER/Line shapefile is designed to stand alone as an independent data set, or they can be combined to cover the entire nation. Census tracts are small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county or equivalent entity, and were defined by local participants as part of the 2020 Census Participant Statistical Areas Program. The Census Bureau delineated the census tracts in situations where no local participant existed or where all the potential participants declined to participate. The primary purpose of census tracts is to provide a stable set of geographic units for the presentation of census data and comparison back to previous decennial censuses. Census tracts generally have a population size between 1,200 and 8,000 people, with an optimum size of 4,000 people. When first delineated, census tracts were designed to be homogeneous with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions. The spatial size of census tracts varies widely depending on the density of settlement. Physical changes in street patterns caused by highway construction, new development, and so forth, may require boundary revisions. In addition, census tracts occasionally are split due to population growth, or combined as a result of substantial population decline. Census tract boundaries generally follow visible and identifiable features. They may follow legal boundaries such as minor civil division (MCD) or incorporated place boundaries in some States and situations to allow for census tract-to-governmental unit relationships where the governmental boundaries tend to remain unchanged between censuses. State and county boundaries always are census tract boundaries in the standard census geographic hierarchy. In a few rare instances, a census tract may consist of noncontiguous areas. These noncontiguous areas may occur where the census tracts are coextensive with all or parts of legal entities that are themselves noncontiguous. For the 2010 Census, the census tract code range of 9400 through 9499 was enforced for census tracts that include a majority American Indian population according to Census 2000 data and/or their area was primarily covered by federally recognized American Indian reservations and/or off-reservation trust lands; the code range 9800 through 9899 was enforced for those census tracts that contained little or no population and represented a relatively large special land use area such as a National Park, military installation, or a business/industrial park; and the code range 9900 through 9998 was enforced for those census tracts that contained only water area, no land area.
description: The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the State Plane projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000.; abstract: The Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) Database depicts flood risk information and supporting data used to develop the risk data. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The DFIRM Database is derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data, where available. The FISs and FIRMs are published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The file is georeferenced to earth's surface using the State Plane projection and coordinate system. The specifications for the horizontal control of DFIRM data files are consistent with those required for mapping at a scale of 1:12,000.
The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintains a spatial dataset of roadway polylines for planning and asset inventory purposes, as well as for visualization and general mapping. This dataset covers the state of Texas and includes on-system routes (those that TxDOT maintains), such as interstate highways, U.S. highways, state highways, and farm and ranch roads, as well as off-system routes, such as county roads and local streets.
This data contains measures. Measures are stored as M-values within each vertex along the line, in the same way that some datasets store z-values for the elevation, except that measures store the distance from the origin, or DFO, along the line. M-enabled networks serve as frameworks for locating roadway assets along the network using linear referencing. This data set must be downloaded as a file geodatabase in order to keep M-Values intact. If downloaded as a shapefile or added to a map from a connection to ArcGIS online, measures will not be applied to the line.
Update Frequency: Monthly
Source: Geospatial Roadway Inventory Database (GRID)
Security Level: Public
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
This resource contains Lidar-DEM collection status shapefiles from the Texas Natural Resources Information System (TNRIS) [http://tnris.org]. November 2023 updates: this year, TNRIS changed its name to Texas Geographic Information Office (TxGIO). The domain name hasn't changed yet, but the data hub is continually evolving. See [1], [2] for current downloadable data.
For purposes of Hurricane Harvey studies, the 1-m DEM for Harris County (2008) has also been uploaded here as a set of 4 zipfiles containing the DEM in tiff files. See [1] for a link to the current elevation status map and downloadable DEMs.
Project name: H-GAC 2008 1m
Datasets: 1m Point Cloud, 1M Hydro-Enforced DEM, 3D Breaklines, 1ft and 5ft Contours
Points per sq meter: 1
Total area: 3678.56 sq miles
Source: Houston-Galveston Area Council (H-GAC)
Acquired by: Merrick, QA/QC: Merrick
Catalog: houston-galveston-area-council-h-gac-2008-lidar
References: [1] TNRIS/TxGIO StratMap elevation data [https://tnris.org/stratmap/elevation-lidar/] [2] TNRIS/TxGIO DataHub [https://data.tnris.org/]
U.S. Government Workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works
License information was derived automatically
Cartographic Boundary Map provided the State of Texas Open Data Portal here: https://data.texas.gov/dataset/Texas-Counties-Cartographic-Boundary-Map/sw7f-2kkd/about_data
Terms of Use This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. It does not represent an on-the-ground survey and represents only the approximate relative location of property boundaries. This product has been provided by the City of Austin via the US Census Bureau for the sole purpose of geographic reference. No warranty is made by the City of Austin regarding specific accuracy or completeness.