Uttar Pradesh had the highest horse and pony population across India, at about 76 thousand in 2019. The number of horses and ponies across the country declined significantly by nearly 46 percent between 2012 and 2019.

This statistic shows the most common uses of horses by owners and managers in the United States as of March 2012. During the survey, **** percent of horse owners and managers said they used their horses for lessons and training.

The industry has grown in recent years, buoyed by a healthy economy and increased disposable incomes, particularly among middle- and upper-income groups. With greater financial flexibility, individuals are increasingly drawn to horse ownership and equine-related activities such as competitive sports and recreational riding. This heightened consumer interest has driven a 1.3% rise in revenue this year, reaching $2.5 billion. In addition to strong spending, weakening import penetration has strengthened domestic breeding programs by promoting homegrown quality and minimizing foreign biosecurity risks. Over the past five years, the industry has had robust growth at a CAGR of 4.8%. Enthusiasm for equestrian sports and equine-assisted experiences surge as events like dressage and show jumping capture public attention through high-profile races and targeted marketing. Downstream spending has spurred strong demand for high-performance, locally bred horses to meet diverse consumer needs. Advancements in veterinary care have significantly improved horses’ overall health, performance and longevity. Enhanced radiography, diagnostic tools and other technologies allow for early issue detection and optimized performance, reducing medical costs by curtailing common illnesses. Horse and equine producers’ growth remains promising over the next five years at a tempered CAGR of 2.2%, while profit continues its solid climb since 2021. Falling feed costs will enable the industry to reinvest in breeding technologies and training facilities, allowing for herd expansion and new market segment development. Producers developing specialized breeds tailored for specific uses will command premium prices and greater profitability, especially with rising export volumes. The weakening US dollar enhances producers’ competitiveness abroad by making domestic horses more affordable for foreign buyers. By capitalizing on these positive trends and remaining aware of global trade regulations, US producers will continue growing in this dynamic landscape through 2029, reaching $2.8 billion.

Brazil has the fourth largest equine herd in the world and the State of Minas Gerais has the largest equine population in the country. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of cases of neurologic diseases is a priority in Minas Gerais. The aim of this study was to identify by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) infectious agents associated with neurological disease in the central nervous system (CNS) of horses. A survey of encephalitis and encephalomyelitis in horses in Minas Gerais State was performed on samples of CNS from horses that died with neurological signs from January 2009 to January 2011. Forty seven CNS samples from 217 (21.7%) horses were positive for rabies virus by the indirect immunofluorescence assay and mouse inoculation. Among the 170 samples that were negative for rabies, EHV-1 was detected in 20 (11.8%) and the swine herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1) was detected in one sample by PCR, and the Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) was identified in another sample by reverse transcription (RT) and PCR (RT-PCR). Rabies virus is the most common causative agent of encephalitis in horses, despite the increasing number of cases of encephalitis associated with EHV-1 in the State of Minas Gerais.

"The Equine Death and Breakdown report lists horses that have broken down, been injured, or have died at New York State race tracks."

https://data.ny.gov/widgets/q6ts-kwhk

IMAGE by: https://pt.scribd.com/article/408514386/Why-Are-So-Many-Racehorses-Dying

Big Data Derby 2022 Analystics Competition - Context

"Injury prevention is a critical component in modern athletics. Sports that involve animals, such as horse racing, are no different than human sport. Typically, efficiency in movement correlates to both improvements in performance and injury prevention."

"A wealth of data is now collected, including measures for heart rate, EKG, longitudinal movement, dorsal/ventral movement, medial/lateral deviation, total power and total landing vibration. Your data science skills and analysis are needed to decipher what makes the most positive impact."

https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/big-data-derby-2022/overview/description

United States and Europe Horse Racing Market size was valued at USD 292 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 538 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 8.73% from 2024 to 2031.

Some of the growth market drivers are growing disposable income to drive market growth. Rising household incomes would certainly benefit the sector since consumers will have more money to spend on on-track services like food and beverages. As disposable income rises, consumers prefer to spend more on discretionary goods and services, such as horse racing betting and other sector services. In the future years, per capita disposable income is likely to rise, creating an opportunity for the industry.

Horse racing tracks have grappled with declining consumer interest and competition from more accessible forms of gambling like lotteries, casinos and online platforms. While marquee events like the Triple Crown still captivate audiences, many racetracks struggle to attract a younger, more diverse clientele. Aging, predominantly male patrons continue to be the sport's core demographic. As this demographic shrinks and public concerns about horse doping and animal welfare continue, interest in horse racing has waned. Revenue has fallen at a CAGR of 2.8% to $6.4 billion through the end of 2024, including a contraction of 0.5% in 2024 alone. Lower consumer confidence has curtailed discretionary spending, hitting racetracks hard. The popularity of online betting has offered a lifeline, enabling some race tracks to maintain substantial handles. Despite this, not every track has developed its own online betting platform, funneling potential profit into third-party hands and exacerbating revenue losses. Racinos, which combine horse racing tracks and casinos, have provided an essential revenue stream but have also introduced another layer of complexity. States like Ohio have seen racinos siphoning off revenue from traditional casinos, demonstrating mixed benefits and drawbacks. The next few years will bring opportunities and daunting challenges for horse racing. Racetracks will increasingly lean into online gambling platforms, much like Churchill Downs Incorporated has done with TwinSpires.com. Technological advancements, like heart rate monitors, GPS trackers and machine learning algorithms, will revolutionize how trainers and bettors engage with the sport. These innovations aim to enhance the horse racing experience and make it safer, attracting a broader audience. As tracks adapt to these multifaceted challenges, their ability to balance tradition with modernization will be critical for future sustainability. Revenue is expected to rally, climbing at a CAGR of 1.2% to $6.8 billion through the end of 2029.

This data shows wild horse and burro herd areas in Idaho. Wild horses are managed in accordance with the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971, which gives the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) responsibility to protect wild horses while ensuring their populations are in balance with the ecological capacity of public lands. This data set contains nine herd areas (HA). Five herd areas are located in the Boise District, one HA is located in the Twin Falls District and three HAs are located in the the Idaho Falls District. All of Idaho's herd areas are managed for wild horses; there are no burros. A campaign started in the 1950's to protect wild horses and burros led to aerial flight surveys in 1971 to determine where wild horses and burros occurred. On Dec. 18, 1971, Congress passed the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. At that time, wild horses and burros were found roaming across 53.8 million acres of Herd Areas, of which 42.4 million acres were under the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) jurisdiction. Herd Areas were carried forward in land use plans and determinations were made as to whether or not to manage animals on these federal lands. Today the BLM manages wild horses and burros in 179 subsets of these Herd Areas (known as Herd Management Areas) that comprise 31.6 million acres, of which 26.9 million acres are under BLM management. No specific amount of acreage was “set aside” for the exclusive use of wild horses and burros under the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. The Act directed the BLM to determine the areas where horses and burros were found roaming and to manage them "in a manner that is designed to achieve and maintain a thriving natural ecological balance on the public lands." The law also stipulated in Section 1339 that "Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize the [Interior] Secretary to relocate wild free-roaming horses or burros to areas of the public lands where they do not presently exist." Of the 22.2 million acres no longer managed for wild horse and burro use 6.7 million acres were never under BLM management. Of the 15.5 million other acres of land under BLM management (numbers current as of July 25, 2011): 48.6 percent (7,522,100 acres) were intermingled ("checkerboard") land ownerships or areas where water was not owned or controlled by the BLM, which made management infeasible; 13.5 percent (2,091,709 acres) were lands transferred out of the BLM's ownership to other agencies, both Federal and state through legislation or exchange; 10.6 percent (1,645,758 acres) were lands where there were substantial conflicts with other resource values (such as the need to protect habitat for desert tortoise); 9.7 percent (1,512,179 acres) were lands removed from wild horse and burro use through court decisions; urban expansion; highway fencing (causing habitat fragmentation); and land withdrawals; 9.6 percent (1,485,068 acres) were lands where no BLM animals were present at the time of the passage of the 1971 Act or places where all animals were claimed as private property. These lands in future land-use plans will be subtracted from the BLM totals as they should never have been designated as lands where herds were found roaming; and 8.0 percent (1,240,894 acres) were lands where a critical habitat component (such as winter range) was missing, making the land unsuitable for wild horse and burro use, or areas that had too few animals to allow for effective management. Since Herd Area boundaries were set by Congress they will not be updated. For more information contact us at blm_id_stateoffice@blm.gov.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Horse Equipment market size is USD 2251.2 million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market of more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 900.48 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a share of over 30% of the global market size of USD 675.36 million.
Asia Pacific held the market of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 517.78 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America market of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 112.56 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa held the major market of around 2% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 45.02 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The performance held the highest Horse Equipment market revenue share in 2024

Market Dynamics of Horse Equipment Market

Key Drivers for Horse Equipment Market

Rising Participation in Equestrian Activities to Propel the Market Revenue Growth

The need for top-notch horse equipment is driven by rising interest in and involvement in equestrian activities, including dressage, eventing, show jumping, and horse racing. The market for specialist equipment and clothing grows as more individuals participate in these activities for competition, leisure, or recreation. For instance, according to the Georgia Agricultural Commodity Commission for Equine, roughly 4.6 million Americans are employed in some capacity by the horse industry. For just nine million American horses, the horse industry generates an annual economic effect of $39 billion. In the United States, 27 million individuals ride horses annually.

Rising Disposable Income of Population to Propel Market Growth

The market for horse equipment is expanding as a result of increased levels of disposable income and prosperity in emerging economies. People are more likely to invest in equestrian sports and buy top-notch equipment for themselves and their horses as their purchasing power increases. For instance, according to secondary analysis, the United States' per capita disposable personal income is currently $61579.00, up from $61449.00 in the previous month and $59439.00 in the previous year. This represents a 3.60% change from a year ago and a change of 0.21% from last month.

Source: ycharts.com/indicators/us_disposable_personal_income_per_capita

Restraint Factor for the Horse Equipment Market

Seasonal Demand to Limit the Expansion of the Market

Seasonal fluctuations can be seen in the horse equipment market, with demand usually reaching its highest point in certain seasons, such as the spring and summer when shows, competitions, and recreational riding are most common. To satisfy varying demand throughout the year, manufacturers and retailers may encounter difficulties in controlling inventory levels and maximizing production capacity. Thus, the seasonal demand for horse equipment might be a major restraining factor for the market growth during the forecast period.

Key Trends for Horse Equipment Market

Enhancing Attention on Tailored and Ergonomic Horse Equipment

Riders and horse owners are increasingly prioritizing comfort, safety, and performance, resulting in a heightened demand for customized saddles, bridles, and protective gear. Products designed with ergonomics in mind, specifically for both horse and rider, are becoming more popular in both professional and recreational markets. This trend is driving innovation and the premiumization of the horse equipment industry.

Expansion of E-Commerce and Digital Sales Platforms

The growth of digital retail channels is revolutionizing the marketing, sale, and distribution of horse equipment across various regions. Equestrian brands are allocating resources towards online storefronts, influencer marketing, and product visualization tools to enhance customer engagement. This trend is particularly crucial for niche and premium brands that aim to reach global equestrian communities.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Horse Equipment Market

The COVID-19 pandemi...

Cerebral lateralisation is the tendency for an individual to preferentially use one side of their brain and is apparent in the biased use of paired sensory organs. Horses vary in eye use when viewing a novel stimulus which may be due to different physiological reactions. To understand the interplay between physiology and lateralisation, we presented a novel object (an inflated balloon) to 20 horses while electrocardiogram traces were collected. We measured the amount of time each horse looked at the balloon with each eye. We calculated ‘sample entropy’ as a measure of non-linear heart rate variability both prior to and during the stimulus presentation. A smaller drop in sample entropy values between the habituation phase and the sample presentation indicates the maintenance of a more complex signal associated with a relaxed physiological state. Horses that spent longer viewing the balloon with their left eye had a greater reduction in sample entropy, while time spend looking with the right eye was unrelated to the change in sample entropy. Therefore, the horses that exhibited a greater reduction in sample entropy tended to use their right hemisphere more, which may take precedence in emotional reactions. These results may help to explain the variation in lateralisation observed among horses.

According to the estimates published by the Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations (FAO), Romania, the United Kingdom (UK), and Germany had the highest number of horses among the countries of the old 28 country strong European Union.

Horses in human culture

Horses play a huge role in human cultures, with uses in leisure activities, sport and for working purposes. Equestrian sports, such as show jumping and dressage, focus on the level of control and balance between horse and rider, while working roles include mounted police units and search and rescue teams. Currently, there are over three hundred breeds of horse worldwide.

Equestrian sports on the British Isles

In 2019, around ****** companies worked on raising horses and other equines in Great Britain. Almost ***** horses were registered with the British Equestrian Federation, the UKs national body for equestrian sports. For more information about Equestrian sports in the UK visit our topic page.

In Ireland about ***** horses, that were aged six years or older, were in race horse training. On average the price of a race horse in the country came to over **** thousand euros.

IntroductionHorse racing is a major sport practiced worldwide. The environment to which horses are exposed during race meetings can influence their behavior. However, to the best of our knowledge, a method for assessing a horse’s response to its surroundings during the pre- and post-race periods has not yet been reported. This study aimed to create a standard list of descriptors for use in a qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) focused on assessing the emotional expressivity of horses before and after racing events.Materials and methodsSeventy pre- or post-race 30-second videos of horses were randomly selected from our database of 700 videos. A panel of 8 experienced equine sports medicine specialist veterinarians watched a 60 min presentation on QBA. The panel then watched all videos randomly, simultaneously, individually, continuously, and without any verbal interaction, describing the descriptors related to the emotional expressivity of the horse after each video using a method known as free-choice profiling (FCP).ResultsThe initial selection of descriptors was based on those indicated by more than one evaluator in the same video, or descriptors with more than 20 occurrences. The second selection was performed based on the content validity index (CVR) to select the descriptors retained in the previous step. Another panel of six veterinarians scored each of the descriptors retained for content validity on a visual scale. Interobserver reliability was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). A natural language processing (NLP) algorithm was used to analyze the behavior (positive or negative polarity) of the descriptors based on the lexicoPT package of R software.Discussion/ConclusionNLP analysis considered the descriptors “agitated,” “troubled,” “restless” and “irritated” to have a negative polarity, while “focused,” “relaxed” and “peaceful” had a positive polarity. In the principal component analysis (PCA), descriptors in a negative state were associated with each other and inversely associated with descriptors in a positive state. We conclude with a fixed list of descriptors to be used in a QBA to assess emotional and welfare expressivity in racehorses’ pre- and post-race environments.

ABSTRACT A study was designed to compare two sedation protocols to be used in horses undergoing orchiectomy when standing. In both protocols, the induction to the sedative state was performed with bolus detomidine at a dose of 10 µg/kg, intravenously (IV). In the first protocol (eight horses), the sedative state was maintained with 1% glyceryl guaiacol ether (GGE) in continuous infusion, at a dose of 1ml/kg/hour IV. In the second protocol (eight horses) this sedative effect was maintained with detomidine in continuous infusion at the same dose and induction route. Orchiectomy was performed on all animals. The two protocols allowed the surgeries to be performed when standing. However, horses kept under sedation by the GGE showed greater relaxation and a more intense degree of sedation. It should be noted that the use of GGE to maintain the sedative state in horses is unprecedented in the literature. The drug is used in anesthetic protocols in the species, but only in pre-anesthetic medication in general anesthesia. It was concluded that the two sedation protocols allowed the performance of orchiectomy with the horses when standing. However, the protocol in which 1% GGE was used showed more profound sedation, without adverse effects.

The Horse Racing Licensing report lists all individuals licensed to compete within New York State.

Splitgraph serves as an HTTP API that lets you run SQL queries directly on this data to power Web applications. For example:

See the Splitgraph documentation for more information.

Morphological characterization and multi-locus DNA sequence analysis of fungal isolates obtained from 32 clinical cases of equine fungal keratitis (FK) was performed to identify species and determine associations with antifungal susceptibility, response to therapy and clinical outcome. Two species of Aspergillus (A. flavus and A. fumigatus) and three species of Fusarium (F. falciforme, F. keratoplasticum, and F. proliferatum) were the most common fungi isolated and identified from FK horses. Most (91%) equine FK Fusarium nested within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) with nine genetically diverse strains/lineages, while 83% of equine FK Aspergillus nested within the A. flavus clade with three genetically diverse lineages. Fungal species and evolutionary lineage were not associated with clinical outcome. However, species of equine FK Fusarium were more likely (p = 0.045) to be associated with stromal keratitis. Species of Aspergillus were more susceptible to voriconazole and terbinafine than species of Fusarium, while species of Fusarium were more susceptible to thiabendazole than species of Aspergillus. At the species level, A. fumigatus and A. flavus were more susceptible to voriconazole and terbinafine than F. falciforme. Natamycin susceptibility was higher for F. falciforme and A. fumigatus compared to A. flavus. Furthermore, F. falciforme was more susceptible to thiabendazole than A. flavus and A. fumigatus. These observed associations of antifungal sensitivity to natamycin, terbinafine, and thiabendazole demonstrate the importance of fungal identification to the species rather than genus level. The results of this study suggest that treatment of equine FK with antifungal agents requires accurate fungal species identification.

This theme shows Herd Management Areas (HMAs) in Idaho. Wild horses are managed in accordance with the Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971, which gives the Bureau of Land Management (BLM ) the responsibility to protect wild horses while ensuring their populations are in balance with the ecological capacity of public lands. This data set contains six herd management areas (HMAs). Four herd management areas are located in the Boise District, one HMA is located in the Twin Falls District and one HMA is located in the Idaho Falls District. BLM studies each HMA to determine how many wild horses the area can support while providing for other land uses and resource values. The overall capacity of the HMA to support wild horses is called its Appropriate Management Level (AML). All of Idaho's Herd Management Areas are managed for wild horses; there are no burros. All Herd Management Areas need to be contained within an originally designated Herd Area. Management status can change based on changing conditions. Specific laws and regulations pertaining to the management of wild horses and burros are applied. The Bureau uses the term Herd Management Area; the Forest Service uses the term Wild Horse Territory. A campaign started in the 1950's to protect wild horses and burros led to aerial flight surveys in 1971 to determine where wild horses and burros occurred. On Dec. 18, 1971, Congress passed the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. At that time, wild horses and burros were found roaming across 53.8 million acres of Herd Areas, of which 42.4 million acres were under the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) jurisdiction. Herd Areas were carried forward in land use plans and determinations were made as to whether or not to manage animals on these federal lands. Today the BLM manages wild horses and burros in 179 subsets of these Herd Areas (known as Herd Management Areas) that comprise 31.6 million acres, of which 26.9 million acres are under BLM management. No specific amount of acreage was “set aside” for the exclusive use of wild horses and burros under the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. The Act directed the BLM to determine the areas where horses and burros were found roaming and to manage them "in a manner that is designed to achieve and maintain a thriving natural ecological balance on the public lands." The law also stipulated in Section 1339 that "Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize the [Interior] Secretary to relocate wild free-roaming horses or burros to areas of the public lands where they do not presently exist." Of the 22.2 million acres no longer managed for wild horse and burro use 6.7 million acres were never under BLM management. Of the 15.5 million other acres of land under BLM management (numbers current as of July 25, 2011): 48.6 percent (7,522,100 acres) were intermingled ("checkerboard") land ownerships or areas where water was not owned or controlled by the BLM, which made management infeasible; 13.5 percent (2,091,709 acres) were lands transferred out of the BLM's ownership to other agencies, both Federal and state through legislation or exchange; 10.6 percent (1,645,758 acres) were lands where there were substantial conflicts with other resource values (such as the need to protect habitat for desert tortoise); 9.7 percent (1,512,179 acres) were lands removed from wild horse and burro use through court decisions; urban expansion; highway fencing (causing habitat fragmentation); and land withdrawals; 9.6 percent (1,485,068 acres) were lands where no BLM animals were present at the time of the passage of the 1971 Act or places where all animals were claimed as private property. These lands in future land-use plans will be subtracted from the BLM totals as they should never have been designated as lands where herds were found roaming; and 8.0 percent (1,240,894 acres) were lands where a critical habitat component (such as winter range) was missing, making the land unsuitable for wild horse and burro use, or areas that had too few animals to allow for effective management. For more information contact us at blm_id_stateoffice@blm.gov.

This is a MD iMAP hosted service layer. Find more information at http://imap.maryland.gov. Maryland Sports (http://www.marylandsports.us/) has identified sport venues located within the State of Maryland. These venues offer opportunities to participate in free and fee-based - organized and pick-up - indoor and outdoor sports and physical fitness related activities in the area of Horse Racing. Last Updated: 08/2014 Feature Service Layer Link: https://mdgeodata.md.gov/imap/rest/services/Society/MD_SportVenues/FeatureServer ADDITIONAL LICENSE TERMS: The Spatial Data and the information therein (collectively "the Data") is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind either expressed implied or statutory. The user assumes the entire risk as to quality and performance of the Data. No guarantee of accuracy is granted nor is any responsibility for reliance thereon assumed. In no event shall the State of Maryland be liable for direct indirect incidental consequential or special damages of any kind. The State of Maryland does not accept liability for any damages or misrepresentation caused by inaccuracies in the Data or as a result to changes to the Data nor is there responsibility assumed to maintain the Data in any manner or form. The Data can be freely distributed as long as the metadata entry is not modified or deleted. Any data derived from the Data must acknowledge the State of Maryland in the metadata.

Individuals values of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), white blood cell (WBC), temperature and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score in the disease horses (n = 19). Individuals values about data required for the SIRS score calculation (HR, RR, temperature and WBC) in the disease horses. SIRS state is defined as having two or more abnormal results for any of the following: HR > 52 beats/min, RR > 20 breath /min, WBC above or below 5.0–12.5 × 109/L, and temperature below or above 37.0–38.5 °C. SIRS score is obtained on the number of abnormal SIRS criteria (4 point-score). non-SIRS: 0–1 abnormal criteria; SIRS2: 2 abnormal SIRS criteria; SIRS3/4: 3 or 4 abnormal SIRS criteria [12]. (XLSX 41 kb)

Background: The rate of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in racehorses is high in the United States compared to other countries. Few modifiable risk factors related to lameness, medication, and surgery history have been identified.Objective: To detect management factors that increase risk of CMI by comparing medical histories between horses that sustained, and horses that did not sustain, a CMI.Study design: Case-control.Methods: Racehorse necropsy data (May 2012-June 2013) were obtained through the California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Program. Attending veterinarians of Thoroughbreds (TB) and Quarter Horses (QH) that experienced CMI, and of three matched control horses, were invited to complete an online veterinary medical history survey. We investigated associations between CMI and lameness, medication, surgery, and exercise history using multivariable logistic regression.Results: There were 146 TB (45 cases, 101 controls) and 17 QH (11 cases, 6 controls) surveys completed. TB cases were more likely to show signs of lameness within the 3 months prior to death compared to controls. A high proportion of both cases (64.3%) and controls (76.8%) were administered medications, but unraced TB case horses were more likely to have been administered systemic medications compared to those that previously raced. TB cases were more likely to have raced with greater intensity during their career, but had eased off in the month preceding CMI. For QHs, there was insufficient power to detect significant differences between cases and controls that showed signs of lameness, or that were administered medications. Surgery history was not associated with CMI.Main limitation: Insufficient power to detect small effect sizes.Conclusions: The study provides information that can be used to aid in identification of horses at high risk for catastrophic injury, and management factors that can be modified to reduce the risk for all horses.

The Horse Farming industry has grown in recent years, driven by climbing demand for thoroughbred horses, boosting sales and the average price paid per horse and service. However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic limited export demand and constrained racehorse trading and servicing operations. In addition, declining harness racing activity has reduced demand for standardbred horses over the past several years. Weaker demand for standardbred and other horses has recently hampered the industry’s performance. Overall, industry-wide revenue has been growing at an annualised 1.3% over the past five years and is expected to total $1.6 billion in 2023-24, when revenue will rise by an estimated 1.0%. Horse farmers have faced varying trading conditions in recent years. Australia's growing reputation for producing high-quality thoroughbred racehorses has fuelled increased domestic and international demand for Australian stud farms. This trend has allowed players like Godolphin and Coolmore Stud to expand in the industry. Conversely, operators that farm standardbred and other horses have faced harsh conditions. These operators are largely owner-occupiers, and declining demand for these breeds of horses has increased competition among standardbred and other horse farmers. In addition, players have had to deal with volatile wheat feed and coarse grain prices, which has put pressure on many small farms. The industry is set to continue expanding over the coming years. Australia's reputation for producing high-quality horses for racing will continue to support strong demand from domestic and overseas customers. As a result, export revenue is poised to climb over the coming years. Rising overseas and domestic demand is set to boost industry-wide profit margins. In addition, a projected fall in the domestic price of wheat feed will aid the rise in industry profitability. Industry revenue is forecast to increase at an annualised 1.6% over the five years through 2028-29, to total $1.7 billion.