BackgroundIn medical practice, clinically unexpected measurements might be quite properly handled by the remeasurement, removal, or reclassification of patients. If these habits are not prevented during clinical research, how much of each is needed to sway an entire study?Methods and ResultsBelieving there is a difference between groups, a well-intentioned clinician researcher addresses unexpected values. We tested how much removal, remeasurement, or reclassification of patients would be needed in most cases to turn an otherwise-neutral study positive. Remeasurement of 19 patients out of 200 per group was required to make most studies positive. Removal was more powerful: just 9 out of 200 was enough. Reclassification was most powerful, with 5 out of 200 enough. The larger the study, the smaller the proportion of patients needing to be manipulated to make the study positive: the percentages needed to be remeasured, removed, or reclassified fell from 45%, 20%, and 10% respectively for a 20 patient-per-group study, to 4%, 2%, and 1% for an 800 patient-per-group study. Dot-plots, but not bar-charts, make the perhaps-inadvertent manipulations visible. Detection is possible using statistical methods such as the Tadpole test.ConclusionsBehaviours necessary for clinical practice are destructive to clinical research. Even small amounts of selective remeasurement, removal, or reclassification can produce false positive results. Size matters: larger studies are proportionately more vulnerable. If observational studies permit selective unblinded enrolment, malleable classification, or selective remeasurement, then results are not credible. Clinical research is very vulnerable to “remeasurement, removal, and reclassification”, the 3 evil R's.

Number of articles, number articles with at least one error, number of articles with at least one large error, and number of articles with at least one gross error for each journal separately for articles in which outliers are removed and for articles that did not report any removal of outliers.

Dataset for the statistical analysis of the article "Empowerment through Participatory Game Creation: A Case Study with Adults with Intellectual Disability".

This book is written for engineers and students at technical universities who plan to conduct human subject research.

List of Top Authors of Statistical Science sorted by articles.

Our data is sourced from Web of Science, an academic information retrieval platform. In the field of citation analysis, a recurring criticism revolves around ``field-dependent factors," which highlight that citation practices vary across different scientific disciplines. To enhance the credibility of our results, we focus exclusively on a single discipline, specifically Statistics & Probability, for citation analysis. Additionally, we limit our data to articles published between 2009 and 2018, as articles published within the last five years often have very few citations, which could skew the results. Moreover, there were few articles in the Statistics & Probability category before 2009. To minimize result variance, we selected articles contributed by scholars from Tsinghua University and Peking University, the two most influential universities in China, ensuring a baseline quality for the articles. In total, we exported detailed information on 566 articles from Web of Science (WoS).

Evaluation of the students attitude towards statistics courses.

Prevalence of journal-specific features (peer-reviewed journal articles only).

List of Top Authors of Annals of Statistics sorted by article citations.

Summary statistics of surveys.

Descriptive statistics (raw data).

Descriptive statistics of participants.

Descriptive estimates and inferences related to key variables from the two SESTAT surveys when following alternative analytic approaches.

List of Top Authors of Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods sorted by articles.

Article on Awassi Sheep in Palmyra and Its Surrounding Desert Areas: Statistics and Renowned Breeders in English

First column: Day of the week; Second column: Weekdays or weekends; Third column: Gender; Fourth column: Number of steps; Fifth column: Minutes in sedentary mode; Sixth column: Minutes in light activity; Seventh column: Minutes in moderate activity; Eighth column: Minutes in vigorous activity. (XLSX)

Statistics illustrates consumption, production, prices, and trade of Ceramic Household Articles and Toilet Articles in the World from 2007 to 2024.

The data set contains count of number of articles published by Covenant University Lecturers, in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. The dataset contains a sample of 126 lecturers comprising 99 from College of Business and Social Sciences, and 27 from College of Leadership. The dataset include the number of articles published by the lecturers from 2013-2015. The response variable was the number of article produced by lecturers (NOP) which was obtained by counting. Predictors are Gender of lecturers (SEX), male was coded 1, and female as 0, marital status (MS), married was coded as 1 and single as 0, number of children each lecturer have (CHD), years of teaching/lecturing experience (EXP), cadre indicating whether senior or junior lecturer, Assistant lecturer and lecturer II are categorized as Lower cadre, and coded as 0, while lecturer I up to professor are categorize as higher cadre, and coded as 1. Another predictor is number of undergraduate course(s) taught within the period of observation (UGC), and number of postgraduate course(s) taught within the period of observation (UPC).

Statistics illustrates consumption, production, prices, and trade of Rubber-to-Metal and Moulded Articles in Poland from 2007 to 2024.

Statistics illustrates consumption, production, prices, and trade of Ceramic Household Articles and Toilet Articles in Austria from Jan 2019 to Nov 2025.