[From "BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2001: 2000 in review"]

 "World consumption of primary energy rebounded in 2000, rising by
 2.1%, driven by continued strong growth in the world economy and a
 return to colder winter weather patterns. There were again strong
 contrasts in the performance of different fuels. Natural gas and coal
 grew by significantly more than their 1990-2000 annual averages and
 oil and nuclear energy grew effectively in line with their 10-year
 average, while hydroelectricity grew by less."

Global primary energy consumption has increased dramatically in recent years and is projected to continue to increase until 2045. Only renewable energy consumption is expected to increase between 2045 and 2050 and reach almost 30 percent of the global energy consumption. Energy consumption by country The distribution of energy consumption globally is disproportionately high among some countries. China, the United States, and India were by far the largest consumers of primary energy globally. On a per capita basis, Qatar, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, and Iceland had the highest per capita energy consumption. Renewable energy consumption Over the last two decades, renewable electricity consumption has increased to reach over 48.8 exajoules in 2024. Among all countries globally, China had the largest installed renewable energy capacity as of that year, followed by the United States.

An annual publication that provides high-quality objective and globally consistent data on world energy markets. Tables include consumption of primary energy; reserves, production, consumption, prices and trade data for oil, natural gas and coal; consumption of nuclear energy, hydroelectricity and renewable energy; electricity generation; and carbon dioxide emissions.

Website: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html

Anthropogenic CH4 emissions for Europe based on EDGARv4.3 (Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019, fuel type and category specific emissions were provided by Greet Janssens-Maenhout, EU-JRC), Energy consumption statistics 2024 provided by the Energy Institute (https://www.energyinst.org/_data/assets/excel_doc/0020/1540550/EI-Stats-Review-All-Data.xlsx), temporal variations based on MACC-TNO (Denier van der Gon et al., 2011, https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2019-07/MACC_TNO_del_1_3_v2.pdf), temporal extrapolation and disaggregation described in COFFEE (Steinbach et al. 2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6855-2011) Hourly emissions for 2005-2023

This data reports natural gas consumption (in billion cubic meters) by country for the years 1965 to 2005. The data comes from the British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy. www.bp.com

China is the largest consumer of primary energy in the world, having used some 176.35 exajoules in 2024. This is a lot more than what the United States consumed, which comes in second place. The majority of primary energy fuels worldwide are still derived from fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. China's energy mix China’s primary energy mix has shifted from a dominant use of coal to an increase in natural gas and renewable sources. Since 2013, the renewables share in total energy consumption has grown by around eight percentage points. Overall, global primary energy consumption has increased over the last decade, and it is expected to experience the largest growth in emerging economies like the BRIC countries - Brazil, Russia, India, and China. What is primary energy? Primary energy is the energy inherent in natural resources such as crude oil, coal, and wind before further transformation. For example, crude oil can be refined into secondary fuels, such as gasoline or diesel, while wind is harnessed for electricity - itself a secondary energy source. A country’s total primary energy supply is a measure of the country’s primary energy sources. Meanwhile, end-use energy is the energy directly consumed by the user and includes primary fuels such as natural gas, as well as secondary sources, like electricity and gasoline.

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions for Europe based on EDGARv4.3 (Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019, fuel type and category specific emissions were provided by Greet Janssens-Maenhout, EU-JRC), Energy consumption statistics 2025 provided by the Energy Institute (https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review), temporal variations based on MACC-TNO (Denier van der Gon et al., 2011, https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2019-07/MACC_TNO_del_1_3_v2.pdf), temporal extrapolation and disaggregation described in COFFEE (Steinbach et al. 2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6855-2011) The lon/lat coordinates now denote the the CENTER of the grid elements. The lat/lon coordinates were changed using CDO, in original version they denoted the lower left corner. Time denotes end of hour for which emissions are valid. Koch, F.-T., Gerbig, C., 2025. European anthropogenic CO2 emissions based on EDGARv4.3 and the Statistical Review of World Energy 2025 for 2005-2024. https://doi.org/10.18160/3GP1-JZKA

This data reports hydroelectricity consumption (in million tonnes oil equivalent) by country for the years 1965 to 2005. The data comes from the British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy. www.bp.com

Global anthropogenic CO2 emissions based on EDGARv4.3, fuel type and category specific emissions provided by Greet Janssens-Maenhout (EU-JRC), BP statistics 2016 (http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/excel/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-workbook.xlsx), temporal variations based on MACC-TNO (https://gmes-atmosphere.eu/documents/deliverables/d-emis/MACC_TNO_del_1_3_v2.pdf), temporal extrapolation and disaggregation described in COFFEE (Steinbach et al. 2011). Gerbig, C., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Karstens, U. (2017). Global anthropogenic CO2 emissions based on EDGARv4.3 and BP statistics 2016, 2009-08-01–2009-08-31, https://hdl.handle.net/11676/-Ds8OPhCs4jTWMyTVyH9C5Xg

In 2024, global oil consumption hit a historic high of 101.8 million barrels per day, as reported by the Statistical Review of World Energy 2025. The U.S. remains the largest consumer, while India's demand surges. Production aligns closely with consumption, highlighting market equilibrium and strategic challenges.

The dataset contains the following information from 12 Middle Eastern countries from 1990 to 2020 (namely Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen): • The population (according to the United Nations population statistics) • The GDPs of countries (constant 2010 US dollar) in the studied period (collected from World Bank datasets) • Energy consumption in the Middle East by fuel (collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Outlook and British Petroleum (BP) statistical review) • The rate of carbon dioxide emissions in the Middle East by fuel (collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Outlook and British Petroleum (BP) statistical review)

Recommended citation

Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.6.1 (1750-2023). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.15016289.

Gütschow, J.; Jeffery, L.; Gieseke, R.; Gebel, R.; Stevens, D.; Krapp, M.; Rocha, M. (2016): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 571-603, doi:10.5194/essd-8-571-2016

Content

Use of the dataset and full description

Abstract

Support

Sources

Files included in the dataset

Notes

Data format description (columns)

References

Changelog

Abstract

The PRIMAP-hist dataset combines several published datasets to create a comprehensive set of greenhouse gas emission pathways for every country and Kyoto gas, covering the years 1750 to 2023, and almost all UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) member states as well as most non-UNFCCC territories. The data resolves the main IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2006 categories. For CO2, CH4, and N2O subsector data for Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and Agriculture are available. The "country reported data priority" (CR) scenario of the PRIMAP-hist datset prioritizes data that individual countries report to the UNFCCC.

For developed countries, AnnexI in terms of the UNFCCC, this is the data submitted anually in the "National Inventory Submissions". Until 2023 data was submitted in the "Common Reporting Format" (CRF). Since 2024 the new "Common Reporting Tables" (CRT) are used. For developing countries, non-AnnexI in terms of the UNFCCC, we use the "Biannial Transparency Reports" (BTR) which mostly come with data also using the "Common Reporting Tables". We also use older data available through the UNFCCC DI portal (di.unfccc.int) and additional country submissions from "Biannial Update Reports" (BUR), "National Communications" (NC), and "National Inventory Reports" (NIR) read from pdf and where available xls(x) or csv files. For a list of these submissions please see below. For South Korea the 2023 official GHG inventory has not yet been submitted to the UNFCCC but is included in PRIMAP-hist. PRIMAP-hist also includes official data for Taiwan which is not recognized as a party to the UNFCCC. We have mostly replaced the official data that has not been submitted to the UNFCCC used in v2.6 as countries have now submitted their data in CRT format, but had to make some exceptions as the CRT data was not usable for all countries.

Gaps in the country reported data are filled using third party data such as CDIAC, EI (fossil CO2), Andrew cement emissions data (cement), FAOSTAT (agriculture), and EDGAR 2024 (all sectors for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, except energy CO2). Lower priority data are harmonized to higher priority data in the gap-filling process.

For the third party priority time series gaps in the third party data are filled from country reported data sources.

Data for earlier years which are not available in the above mentioned sources are sourced from EDGAR-HYDE, CEDS, and RCP (N2O only) historical emissions.

The v2.4 release of PRIMAP-hist reduced the time-lag from 2 to 1 years for the October release. Thus the present version 2.6.1 includes data for 2023. For energy CO2 growth rates from the EI Statistical Review of World Energy are used to extend the country reported (CR) or CDIAC (TP) data to 2023. For CO2 from cement production Andrew cement data are used. For other gases and sectors we use EDGAR 2024 data. In a few cases we have to rely on numerical methods to estimate emissions for 2023.

Version 2.6.1 of the PRIMAP-hist dataset does not include emissions from Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) in the main file. LULUCF data are included in the file with increased number of significant digits and have to be used with care as they are constructed from different sources using different methodologies and are not harmonized.

The PRIMAP-hist v2.6.1 dataset is an updated version of

Gütschow, J.; Pflüger, M.; Busch, D. (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.6 (1750-2023). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13752654.

The Changelog indicates the most important changes. You can also check the issue tracker on github.com/JGuetschow/PRIMAP-hist for additional information on issues found after the release of the dataset. Detailed per country information is available from the detailed changelog which is available on the primap.org website and on zenodo.

Use of the dataset and full description

Before using the dataset, please read this document and the article describing the methodology, especially the section on uncertainties and the section on limitations of the method and use of the dataset.

Gütschow, J.; Jeffery, L.; Gieseke, R.; Gebel, R.; Stevens, D.; Krapp, M.; Rocha, M. (2016): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 571-603, doi:10.5194/essd-8-571-2016

Please notify us (johannes.guetschow@climate-resource.com) if you use the dataset so that we can keep track of how it is used and take that into consideration when updating and improving the dataset.

When using this dataset or one of its updates, please cite the DOI of the precise version of the dataset used and also the data description article which this dataset is supplement to (see above). Please consider also citing the relevant original sources when using the PRIMAP-hist dataset. See the full citations in the References section further below.

Since version 2.3 we use the data formats developed for the PRIMAP2 climate policy analysis suite: PRIMAP2 on GitHub. The data are published both in the interchange format which consists of a csv file with the data and a yaml file with additional metadata and the native NetCDF based format. For a detailed description of the data format we refer to the PRIMAP2 documentation.

We have also included files with more than three significant digits. These files are mainly aimed at people doing policy analysis using the country reported data scenario (HISTCR). Using the high precision data they can avoid questions on discrepancies with the reported data. The uncertainties of emissions data do not justify the additional significant digits and they might give a false sense of accuracy, so please use this version of the dataset with extra care.

Support

If you encounter possible errors or other things that should be noted, please check our issue tracker at github.com/JGuetschow/PRIMAP-hist and report your findings there. Please use the tag "v2.6.1" in any issue you create regarding this dataset.

If you need support in using the dataset or have any other questions regarding the dataset, please contact johannes.guetschow@climate-resource.com.

Climate Resource makes this data available CC BY 4.0 licence. Free support is limited to simple questions and non-commercial users. We also provide additional data, and data support services to clients wanting more frequent updates, additional metadata or to integrate these datasets into their workflows. Get in touch at contact@climate-resource.com if you are interested.

Sources

Global CO2 emissions from cement production v250226 data, paper: Andrew(2025), Andrew (2019)

EI Statistical Review of World Energy website: Energy Institute (2024)

CDIAC data: Hefner and Marland (2023), data: Hefner (2024), paper: Gilfillan and Marland (2021)

CEDS: data: Hoesly et al. (2020), paper: Hoesly et al. (2018)

EDGAR 2024: data/website: European Commission, European Commision, JRC (2024), report: European Commission. Joint Research Centre & IEA. (2024)

EDGAR-HYDE 1.4 data: Van Aardenne et al. (2001), Olivier and Berdowski (2001)

FAOSTAT database data: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2024)

RCP historical data data, paper: Meinshausen et al. (2011)

UNFCCC National Communications and National Inventory Reports for developing countries available from the UNFCCC DI portal website, data: UNFCCC (2024e), Pflüger and Gütschow (2024), github

UNFCCC Bnnial Update Reports, National Communications, and National Inventory Reports for developing countries website-BURs, website-NCs, data: UNFCCC (2024d), UNFCCC (2024b).

Notes:

Not all BUR and NC submissions are included as reading the data is time consuming and not all submission contain sufficient data to be used in PRIMAP-hist.

Not all submissions included in PRIMAP-hist are available in the github repository as we do not (yet) have code that we can publish for all submissions.

No submissions have been added for PRIMAP-hist v2.6.1

UNFCCC First Biannial Transparency Reports website, [data] UNFCCC (2025)

Notes:

For a list of added submissions see section "Data source updates (v2.6.1)" in the changelog in the pdf data description.

UNFCCC Common Reporting Format (CRF) website, paper, data (24-01-08): UNFCCC (2024c) (processed as described in Jeffery et al. (2018))

Official country repositories (non-UNFCCC)

Belarus: Greenhouse gas statistics (1990-2022) website: National Statistical Committee of theRepublic of Belarus (2024)

EU, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland: National emissions reported to the UNFCCC and to the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism, April 2024 website: European Environment Agency(2024)

South Korea: 2023 Inventory website, data: Republic of Korea (2023)

Taiwan / Republic of China: 2023 Inventory website, data: Republic of China - EnvironmentalProtection Administration (2023)

For the pre-1990 LULUCF time-series we use the following additional data sources:

Houghton land use CO2 website: Houghton (2008)

HYDE land cover data website: Klein Goldewijk et al. (2010), Klein Goldewijk et al. (2011)

SAGE Global Potential Vegetation Dataset website: Ramankutty and Foley (1999)

FAO Country Boundaries website: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(2015)

Files included in the dataset

For each dataset we have three files:

This data reports natural gas proved reserves (in trillion cubic meters) by country for the years 1980 to 2005. The data comes from the British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy. www.bp.com

This is an updated version of Gütschow et al. (2018, http://doi.org/10.5880/pik.2018.003). Please use this version which incorporates updates to input data as well as correction of errors in the original dataset and its previous updates. For a detailed description of the changes please consult the CHANGELOG included in the data description document. The PRIMAP-hist dataset combines several published datasets to create a comprehensive set of greenhouse gas emission pathways for every country and Kyoto gas covering the years 1850 to 2016, and all UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) member states, as well as most non-UNFCCC territories. The data resolves the main IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2006 categories. For CO2, CH4, and N2O subsector data for Energy, Industrial Processes and Agriculture is available. Version 2.0 of the PRIMAP-hist dataset does not include emissions from Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). List of datasets included in this data publication:(1) PRIMAP-hist_v2.0_11-Dec-2018.csv: With numerical extrapolation of all time series to 2016. (only in .zip folder)(2) PRIMAP-hist_no_extrapolation_v2.0_11-Dec-2018.csv: Without numerical extrapolation of missing values. (only in .zip folder)(3) PRIMAP-hist_v2.0_data-format-description: including CHANGELOG(4) PRIMAP-hist_v2.0_updated_figures: updated figures of those published in Gütschow et al. (2016)(all files are also included in the .zip folder) When using this dataset or one of its updates, please also cite the data description article (Gütschow et al., 2016, http://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-571-2016) to which this data are supplement to. Please consider also citing the relevant original sources. SOURCES:- Global CO2 emissions from cement production v2: Andrew (2018)- BP Statistical Review of World Energy: BP (2018)- CDIAC: Boden et al. (2017)- EDGAR version 4.3.2: JRC and PBL (2017), Janssens-Maenhout et al. (2017)- EDGAR versions 4.2 and 4.2 FT2010: JRC and PBL (2011), Olivier and Janssens-Maenhout (2012)- EDGAR-HYDE 1.4: Van Aardenne et al. (2001), Olivier and Berdowski (2001)- FAOSTAT database: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2018)- RCP historical data: Meinshausen et al. (2011)- UNFCCC National Communications and National Inventory Reports for developing countries: UNFCCC (2018)- UNFCCC Biennal Update Reports: UNFCCC (2018)- UNFCCC Common Reporting Format (CRF): UNFCCC (2017), UNFCCC (2018), Jeffery et al. (2018) Full references are available in the data description document. Country resolved data is combined from different sources using the PRIMAP emissions module (Nabel et. al., 2011). It is supplemented with growth rates from regionally resolved sources and numerical extrapolations.

This table contains figures on the supply and consumption of energy per sector and per energy carrier. The supply of energy is equal to the production of energy plus the supply minus the delivery plus the stock change. The consumption of energy is equal to the sum of the own consumption, the losses during distribution, the final energy consumption, the non-energetic use and the balance of the use and production of energy. For each sector, the supply of energy is equal to the consumption of energy. For some energy carriers, the total of the observed domestic deliveries is not exactly equal to the sum of the observed domestic supply. A statistical difference then arises for these energy carriers that cannot be attributed to a sector. The division into sectors broadly follows the division as is customary in international energy statistics. This classification is based on functions of various sectors in energy management and on elements from the international standard company classification. There are two main sectors: the energy sector (companies whose main activity is the production or conversion of energy) and energy consumers (other companies and households). In addition to a breakdown by sector, there is also a breakdown by energy carrier, such as coal, various oil products, natural gas, renewable energy, electricity and heat. The definitions used in this table correspond exactly to the definitions in the Energy balance table; supply, conversion and consumption. This table does not contain a breakdown by sector (with the exception of final energy consumption), but it does provide information about imports, exports and bunkers and also provides some more detail about the energy carriers. Data available: From 1990. Status of the figures: All figures up to and including the 2020 reporting year are final. Figures for 2021 and 2022 are provisional. Changes as of 15 June 2023: Further provisional figures for 2022 have been added. Changes as of December 15, 2022: The figures from 1990 up to and including 2019 have been revised. The revision mainly concerns the consumption of gas, diesel oil and light fuel oil and it has an effect on the parent energy carriers (total petroleum products and total petroleum raw materials and products and total energy carriers). The revision is twofold: - New data on the consumption of diesel in mobile equipment has been processed. As a result, the final energy consumption of gas, diesel oil and light fuel oil in construction, services and agriculture will increase. The biggest change is in construction (+10 PJ from 1990 to 2015, decreasing to 1 PJ in 2019. In agriculture, this is about 0.5 to 1.5 PJ from about 2010 and in services from 0 to 3 PJ throughout the period - The method for dealing with statistical differences has been adjusted. Previously, from 2013, a statistical difference of -3 percent on an annual basis was assumed, in line with old data (up to and including 2012) on diesel road traffic consumption based on the separate excise duty only for use for road traffic, which existed until then. In the new method, the statistical difference is eliminated from 2015. The final energy consumption of road traffic is calculated as a residual item by deducting the total market deliveries of diesel from deliveries to other customers. and the second point both have an effect on final energy consumption by road traffic, which will therefore decrease by an average of more than 5 percent from 2015. Before the 2013 excise adjustment, there was a positive statistical difference, ie more supply than consumption. Due to the improved data, whereby consumption has increased, this statistical difference has become smaller and negative in a number of years. When will new numbers come out? Further provisional figures: June/July of the year following the year under review. Final figures: December of the second year following the year under review.

Latin America Transformer market is valued at USD 2.95 Billion in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 3.92 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2026 to 2032. Industrial Growth Driving Power Needs: Rapid industrialization across Latin America has increased electricity consumption significantly. For instances, the Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy reported a 2.3% rise in electricity demand across the region in 2022 compared to the previous year. Government Policies Supporting Energy Sector Growth: Strategic initiatives like Brazil’s National Energy Plan up to 2050 emphasize renewable energy adoption and grid modernization. Similarly, Mexico’s energy reforms aim to reduce transmission losses and improve grid efficiency through advanced technologies.

Energy Capacity - Nuclear is the actual capacity of the nuclear electric power industry to describe the size of generating plants. MWe is the symbol for the actual output of a generating station in megawatts of electricity. Online resource: http://geodata.grid.unep.ch URL original source: http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/ Original Data Source uses -9999 to represent that no data is available, we have substituted a value of -1. a value of 0 means the country does not have nuclear energy capabilities.

Please use the updated version of this dataset which incorporates updates to input data as well as correction of errors in the original dataset. For a detailed description of the changes please consult the CHANGELOG included in the data description document of the new version. This dataset combines several published datasets to create a comprehensive set of greenhouse gas emission pathways for every country and Kyoto gas covering the years 1850 to 2014 and all UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) member states as well as most non-UNFCCC territories. The data resolves the main IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 1996 categories. For CO₂ from energy and industry time series for subsectors are available. List of datasets included in this data publication:PRIMAP-hist_v1.0_14-Apr-2016.csv: With numerical extrapolation of all time series to 2014. PRIMAP-hist_no_extrapolation_v1.0_14-Apr-2016.csv: Without numerical extrapolation of missing values. When using this dataset or one of its updates, please cite the precise version of the dataset used. Please consider also citing the relevant original sources. Sources: UNFCCC National Communications and National Inventory Reports for developing countries: UNFCCC (2015) UNFCCC Biennal Update Reports: UNFCCC (2016) UNFCCC Common Reporting Format (CRF): UNFCCC (2013), UNFCCC (2014) BP Statistical Review of World Energy: BP (2014) CDIAC: Boden et al. (2015) EDGAR versions 4.2 and 4.2 FT2010: JRC and PBL (2011), Olivier and Janssens-Maenhout (2012) FAOSTAT database: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015b) Houghton land use CO2: Houghton (2008); RCP historical data: Meinshausen et al. (2011) EDGAR-HYDE 1.4: Van Aardenne et al. (2001), Olivier and Berdowski (2001), HYDE land cover data: Klein Goldewijk et al. (2010), Klein Goldewijk et al. (2011) SAGE Global Potential Vegetation Dataset: Ramankutty and Foley (1999) FAO Country Boundaries: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015a) Country resolved data is combined from different sources using the PRIMAP emissions module (Nabel et. al., 2011). It is supplemented with growth rates from regionally resolved sources and numerical extrapolations. Regional deforestation emissions are downscaled to country level using estimates of the deforested area obtained from potential vegetation and calculations for the needed agricultural land.

This dataset displays energy production estimates in trillion Btu by source and by state for the year 2005. Included in the data are figures on coal, natural gas, crude oil, nuclear, renewable, and total energy production. All of which are on a trillion Btu Scale. Data is available for all 50 US states, and the District of Columbia. This information is for the year 2005. Side Notes: Includes coal recovery, market production of natural gas, lease condensate included in the crude oil, and renewable energy consumption is used as proxy.