Worldwide fossil fuel consumption amounted to 140,231 terawatt-hours in 2023. This was an increase compared to the previous year and also the highest figure in the period of consideration.

In the United States, consumption of energy derived from fossil fuels came to approximately 77.4 quadrillion British thermal units in 2024.This represented a slight increase in comparison to the previous year. The peak in fossil fuel consumption was recorded in 2018, at 81.28 quadrillion British thermal units. Fossil fuel energies and their use today Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources formed from the remains of dead plants or animals that have been subject to immense pressure from a buildup of layers over millions of years. There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas, which are sources of primary energy. The energy demand in the U.S. is largely covered by fossil fuels. In 2024, net electricity generation amounted to 4,304 terawatt hours. Natural gas is the most common fuel type used for electricity generation. Combined with the coal share, fossil fuels account for 76 percent of all power production in the country.Apart from natural gas and coal consumed within the power sector, oil is one of the main energy sources in the U.S. The liquid is predominantly used in the transportation sector as it is refined into petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Oil and natural gas also serve as feed stocks in the petrochemical industry and are the building blocks for a variety of products such as plastics. Despite its prominent use since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels are finite resources and burning these fuels has severely impacted Earth's climate. Under the threat of climate change, the pollution caused by fossil fuels has put the whole industry under scrutiny. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming.

Global demand of fossil fuels is forecast to reach between 488 and 500 exajoules in 2023. Assuming governments are to follow through on their climate pledges to reduce fallout from carbon emissions, fossil fuel use is set to peak in 2027. Since 1965, fossil fuel demand has increased more than three-fold, rising to a peak of 497 exajoules in 2022. Assuming governments will do their part in keeping global heating under 1.5 degrees Celsius, worldwide supply of coal, oil, and natural gas would decrease to 95.6 exajoules by 2050.

Ireland IE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 85.363 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 84.585 % for 2014. Ireland IE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 85.032 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 93.277 % in 2004 and a record low of 67.242 % in 1960. Ireland IE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ireland – Table IE.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Fossil fuels account for nearly 81.5 percent of total primary energy consumption worldwide. Although figures have been declining in recent years, owing to greater use of renewable sources, fossil fuels still make up the majority share in energy consumption. Total fossil fuel energy consumption worldwide stood at roughly 140,000 terawatt-hours in 2023.

Publications containing historical energy statistics make it possible to estimate fossil fuel CO2 emissions back to 1751. Etemad et al. (1991) published a summary compilation that tabulates coal, brown coal, peat, and crude oil production by nation and year. Footnotes in the Etemad et al.(1991) publication extend the energy statistics time series back to 1751. Summary compilations of fossil fuel trade were published by Mitchell (1983, 1992, 1993, 1995). Mitchell's work tabulates solid and liquid fuel imports and exports by nation and year. These pre-1950 production and trade data were digitized and CO2 emission calculations were made following the procedures discussed in Marland and Rotty (1984) and Boden et al. (1995). Further details on the contents and processing of the historical energy statistics are provided in Andres et al. (1999). The 1950 to present CO2 emission estimates are derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations (2017), using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The energy statistics were compiled primarily from annual questionnaires distributed by the U.N. Statistical Office and supplemented by official national statistical publications. As stated in the introduction of the Statistical Yearbook, "in a few cases, official sources are supplemented by other sources and estimates, where these have been subjected to professional scrutiny and debate and are consistent with other independent sources." Data from the U.S. Department of Interior's Geological Survey (USGS 2017) were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Values for emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (1994), Rotty (1974), and data provided by G. Marland. Greater details about these methods are provided in Marland and Rotty (1984), Boden et al. (1995), and Andres et al. (1999). For access to the data files, click this link to the CDIAC data transition website: http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2014.html

Publications containing historical energy statistics make it possible to estimate fossil fuel CO2 emissions back to 1751. Etemad et al. (1991) published a summary compilation that tabulates coal, brown coal, peat, and crude oil production by nation and year. Footnotes in the Etemad et al.(1991) publication extend the energy statistics time series back to 1751. Summary compilations of fossil fuel trade were published by Mitchell (1983, 1992, 1993, 1995). Mitchell's work tabulates solid and liquid fuel imports and exports by nation and year. These pre-1950 production and trade data were digitized and CO2 emission calculations were made following the procedures discussed in Marland and Rotty (1984) and Boden et al. (1995). Further details on the contents and processing of the historical energy statistics are provided in Andres et al. (1999). The 1950 to present CO2 emission estimates are derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations (2017), using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The energy statistics were compiled primarily from annual questionnaires distributed by the U.N. Statistical Office and supplemented by official national statistical publications. As stated in the introduction of the Statistical Yearbook, in a few cases, official sources are supplemented by other sources and estimates, where these have been subjected to professional scrutiny and debate and are consistent with other independent sources. Data from the U.S. Department of Interior's Geological Survey (USGS 2017) were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Values for emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (1994), Rotty (1974), and data provided by G. Marland. Greater details about these methods are provided in Marland and Rotty (1984), Boden et al. (1995), and Andres et al. (1999). Since 1751 just over 400 billion metric tonnes of carbon have been released to the atmosphere from the consumption of fossil fuels and cement production. Half of these fossil-fuel CO2 emissions have occurred since the late 1980s. The 2014 global fossil-fuel carbon emission estimate, 9855 million metric tons of carbon, represents an all-time high and a 0.8% increase over 2013 emissions. The slight increase continues a three-year trend of modest annual growth under 2% per year. This modest growth comes on the heels of a quick recovery from the 2008-2009 Global Financial Crisis which had obvious short-term economic and energy use consequences, particularly in North America and Europe. Globally, liquid and solid fuels accounted for 75.1% of the emissions from fossil-fuel burning and cement production in 2014. Combustion of gas fuels (e.g., natural gas) accounted for 18.5% (1823 million metric tons of carbon) of the total emissions from fossil fuels in 2014 and reflects a gradually increasing global utilization of natural gas. Emissions from cement production (568 million metric tons of carbon in 2014) have more than doubled in the last decade and now represent 5.8% of global CO2 releases from fossil-fuel burning and cement production. Gas flaring, which accounted for roughly 2% of global emissions during the 1970s, now accounts for less than 1% of global fossil-fuel releases. Since 1751 approximately 392 billion metric tonnes of carbon have been released to the atmosphere from the consumption of fossil fuels and cement production. Half of these fossil-fuel CO2 emissions have occurred since the mid 1980s. The 2013 global fossil-fuel carbon emission estimate, 9776 million metric tons of carbon, represents an all-time high and a 1.1% increase over 2012 emissions. The increase continues a quick recovery from the 2008-2009 Global Financial Crisis which had obvious short-term economic and energy use consequences, particularly in North America and Europe. Globally, liquid and solid fuels accounted for 75.2% of the emissions from fossil-fuel burning and cement production in 2013. Combustion of gas fuels (e.g., natural gas) accounted for 18.5% (1806 million metric tons of carbon) of the total emissions from fossil fuels in 2013 and reflects a gradually increasing global utilization of natural gas. Emissions from cement production (554 million metric tons of carbon in 2013) have more than doubled in the last decade and now represent 5.7% of global CO2 releases from fossil-fuel burning and cement production. Gas flaring, which accounted for roughly 2% of global emissions during the 1970s, now accounts for less than 1% of global fossil-fuel releases.

France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 46.629 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 46.209 % for 2014. France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 59.909 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 96.694 % in 1964 and a record low of 46.209 % in 2014. France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

The Hestia NE corridor version 1.0 Beta FFCO2 emissions data product represents emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and cement production in 12 counties in the state of Maryland (6 counties), Virginia (5 counties), and District of Columbia from 2010 to 2015. The emissions are generated using a bottom-up/engineering approach and use the results generated by the Vulcan Project (version 3), an effort to quantify space/time-resolved FFCO2 emissions for the entire United States landscape, as the starting point for the more detailed Hestia analysis. A large number of local data sources are combined to best estimate FFCO2 emissions at fine scales such as air quality emissions data, traffic flow data, building information, sociodemographic information, and fuel statistics. The native spatial resolution of the Hestia data product is a combination of points, lines, and polygons dictated primarily by the underlying data sources and the Vulcan FFCO2 emissions outputs. The output made available here places this information into a regularized grid (0.01 degrees latitude x 0.01 degrees longitude) at hourly and annual temporal resolutions. The files below are NetCDF format files that are compressed with tar and gzip (*.tgz). Each contains Hestia for all sectors for one calendar year indicated in the filename. Annual files contain annual means, while hourly files contain hourly emissions for that calendar year.

This API provides international data on fossil fuels electricity capacity and electricity net generation. Data organized by country. Users of the EIA API are required to obtain an API Key via this registration form: http://www.eia.gov/beta/api/register.cfm

Fossil fuel consumption in the United States amounted to 77.41 quadrillion British thermal units in 2024, a slight increase in comparison to the previous year. Renewables consumption has progressively increased within the period of consideration, reaching 8.6 quadrillion British thermal units that in 2024.

description: This provides data on the average cost of fossil. Data organized by fuel type, i.e., coal, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite coal, petroleum liquids, petroleum coke, and natural gas. Also by sector, i.e., electric power, electric utility, independent power producers, commercial, and industrial. Annual, quarterly, and monthly data available. Based on Form EIA-423 and Form EIA-923 data. Users of the EIA API are required to obtain an API Key via this registration form: http://www.eia.gov/beta/api/register.cfm; abstract: This provides data on the average cost of fossil. Data organized by fuel type, i.e., coal, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite coal, petroleum liquids, petroleum coke, and natural gas. Also by sector, i.e., electric power, electric utility, independent power producers, commercial, and industrial. Annual, quarterly, and monthly data available. Based on Form EIA-423 and Form EIA-923 data. Users of the EIA API are required to obtain an API Key via this registration form: http://www.eia.gov/beta/api/register.cfm

Saudi Arabia SA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 99.997 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.996 % for 2013. Saudi Arabia SA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 99.991 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.997 % in 2014 and a record low of 99.976 % in 1972. Saudi Arabia SA: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Saudi Arabia – Table SA.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Ghana GH: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 52.305 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 52.498 % for 2013. Ghana GH: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 22.091 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52.616 % in 2012 and a record low of 11.529 % in 1983. Ghana GH: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ghana – Table GH.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

This table contains figures on the supply and consumption of energy broken down by sector and by energy commodity. The energy supply is equal to the indigenous production of energy plus the receipts minus the deliveries of energy plus the stock changes. Consumption of energy is equal to the sum of own use, distribution losses, final energy consumption, non-energy use and the total net energy transformation. For each sector, the supply of energy is equal to the consumption of energy.

For some energy commodities, the total of the observed domestic deliveries is not exactly equal to the sum of the observed domestic receipts. For these energy commodities, a statistical difference arises that can not be attributed to a sector.

The breakdown into sectors follows mainly the classification as is customary in international energy statistics. This classification is based on functions of various sectors in the energy system and for several break downs on the international Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). There are two main sectors: the energy sector (companies with main activity indigenous production or transformation of energy) and energy consumers (other companies, vehicles and dwellings). In addition to a breakdown by sector, there is also a breakdown by energy commodity, such as coal, various petroleum products, natural gas, renewable energy, electricity and heat and other energy commodities like non renewable waste.

The definitions used in this table are exactly in line with the definitions in the Energy Balance table; supply, transformation and consumption. That table does not contain a breakdown by sector (excluding final energy consumption), but it does provide information about imports, exports and bunkering and also provides more detail about the energy commodities.

Data available: From: 1990.

Status of the figures: Figures up to and including 2022 are definite. Figures for 2023 are revised provisional.

Changes as of March 17th 2025: For all reporting years the underlying code for 'Total crudes, fossil fraction' and 'Total kerosene, fossiel fraction' is adjusted. Figures have not been changed.

Changes as of November 15th 2024: The structure of the table has been adjusted. The adjustment concerns the division into sectors, with the aluminum industry now being distinguished separately within the non-ferrous metal sector. This table has also been revised for 2015 to 2021 as a result of new methods that have also been applied for 2022 and 2023. This concerns the following components: final energy consumption of LPG, distribution of final energy consumption of motor gasoline, sector classification of gas oil/diesel within the services and transfer of energy consumption of the nuclear industry from industry to the energy sector. The natural gas consumption of the wood and wood products industry has also been improved so that it is more comparable over time. This concerns changes of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of June 7th 2024: Revised provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

Changes as of April 26th of 2024 The energy balance has been revised for 2015 and later on a limited number of points. The most important is the following: 1. For solid biomass and municipal waste, the most recent data have been included. Furthermore data were affected by integration with figures for a new, yet to be published StatLine table on the supply of solid biomass. As a result, there are some changes in receipts of energy, deliveries of energy and indigenous production of biomass of a maximum of a few PJ. 2. In the case of natural gas, an improvement has been made in the processing of data for stored LNG, which causes a shift between stock changes, receipts of energy and deliveries of energy of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of March 25th of 2024: The energy balance has been revised and restructured. This concerns mainly the following: 1. Different way of dealing with biofuels that have been mixed with fossil fuels 2. A breakdown of the natural gas balance of agriculture into greenhouse horticulture and other agriculture. 3. Final consumption of electricity in services

1. Blended biofuels Previously, biofuels mixed with fossil fuels were counted as petroleum crude and products. In the new energy balance, blended biofuels count for renewable energy and petroleum crude and products and the underlying products (such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) only count the fossil part of mixtures of fossil and biogenic fuels. To make this clear, the names of the energy commodities have been changed. The consequence of this adjustment is that part of the energy has been moved from petroleum to renewable. The energy balance remains the same for total energy commodities. The aim of this adjustment is to make the increasing role of blended biofuels in the Energy Balance visible and to better align with the Energy Balances published by Eurostat and the International Energy Agency. Within renewable energy, biomass, liquid biomass is now a separate energy commodity. This concerns both pure and blended biofuels.

2. Greenhouse horticulture separately The energy consumption of agriculture in the Netherlands largely takes place in greenhouse horticulture. There is therefore a lot of attention for this sector and the need for separate data on energy consumption in greenhouse horticulture. To meet this need, the agriculture sector has been divided into two subsectors: Greenhouse horticulture and other agriculture. For the time being, we only publish separate natural gas figures for greenhouse horticulture.

3. Higher final consumption of electricity in services in 2021 and 2022. The way in which electric road transport is treated has improved, resulting in an increase in the supply and final consumption of electricity in services by more than 2 PJ in 2021 and 2022. This also works through the supply of electricity in sector H (Transport and storage).

Changes as of November 14th 2023: Figures for 2021 and 2022 haven been adjusted. Figures for the Energy Balance for 2015 to 2020 have been revised regarding the following items: - For 2109 and 2020 final consumption of heat in agriculture is a few PJ lower and for services a few PJ higher. This is the result of improved interpretation of available data in supply of heat to agriculture. - During the production of geothermal heat by agriculture natural gas is produced as by-product. Now this is included in the energy balance. The amount increased from 0,2 PJ in 2015 to 0,7 PJ in 2020. - There are some improvements in the data for heat in industry with a magnitude of about 1 PJ or smaller. - There some other improvements, also about 1 PJ or smaller.

Changes as of June 15th 2023: Revised provisional figures of 2022 have been added.

Changes as of December 15th 2022: Figures for 1990 up to and including 2019 have been revised. The revision mainly concerns the consumption of gas- and diesel oil and energy commodities higher in the classification (total petroleum products, total crude and petroleum produtcs and total energy commodities). The revision is twofold: - New data for the consumption of diesel oil in mobile machine have been incorporated. Consequently, the final energy consumption of gas- and diesel oil in construction, services and agriculture increases. The biggest change is in construction (+10 PJ from 1990-2015, decreasing to 1 PJ in 2019. In agriculture the change is about 0.5-1.5 PJ from 2010 onwards and for services the change is between 0 and 3 PJ for the whole period. - The method for dealing with the statistical difference has been adapted. Earlier from 2013 onwards a difference of about 3 percent was assumed, matching old data (up to and including 2012) on final consumption of diesel for road transport based on the dedicated tax specifically for road that existed until 2012. In the new method the statistical difference is eliminated from 2015 onwards. Final consumption of road transport is calculated as the remainder of total supply to the market of diesel minus deliveries to users other than road transport. The first and second item affect both final consumption of road transport that decreases consequently about 5 percent from 2015 onwards. Before the adaption of the tax system for gas- and diesel oil in 2013 the statistical difference was positive (more supply than consumption). With the new data for mobile machines total consumption has been increased and the statistical difference has been reduced and is even negative for a few years.

Changes as of 1 March 2022: Figures for 1990 up to and including 2020 have been revised. The most important change is a different way of presenting own use of electricity of power-generating installations. Previously, this was regarded as electricity and CHP transformation input. From now on, this is seen as own use, as is customary in international energy statistics. As a result, the input and net energy transformation decrease and own use increases, on average about 15 PJ per year. Final consumers also have power generating installations. That's why final consumers now also have own use, previously this was not so. In the previous revision of 2021, the new sector blast furnaces was introduced for the years 2015 up to and including 2020, which describes the transformation of coke oven coke and coking coal into blast furnace gas that takes place in the production of pig iron from iron ore. This activity was previously part of the steel industry. With this revision, the change has been put back to 1990.

When will new figures be published? Revised provisional figures: June/July of the following year. Definite figures: December of the second following year.

Undercharging for fuels is disaggregated into explicit and implicit subsidies. Explicit subsidies measure the amount that the financial cost to supply a fuel (i.e., the supply cost) exceeds the price paid by the fuel user. Implicit subsidies measure the difference between a fuel’s full social cost and the price paid by the fuel user, exclusive of any explicit subsidy. A fuel’s full social cost includes both supply costs and negative externalities, which are costs imposed on society due to consuming the fuel and primarily include local air pollution, climate change, and broader externalities related to driving.

It should be noted that the concept of “subsidies” used here differs from the definition of subsidies in macroeconomic statistics.Sources: Black, Simon; Liu, Antung A.; Parry, Ian; Vernon, Nate. 2023. IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update. International Monetary Fund. ISBN: 9798400249006/1018-5941. IMF staff estimations.Category: MitigationData series: Fossil Fuel Subsidies - Total Implicit and ExplicitFossil Fuel Subsidies - Total Implicit and Explicit - Natural GasFossil Fuel Subsidies - Total Implicit and Explicit - CoalFossil Fuel Subsidies - Total Implicit and Explicit - ElectricityFossil Fuel Subsidies - Total Implicit and Explicit - PetroleumExplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - TotalExplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - CoalExplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - ElectricityExplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - Natural GasExplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - PetroleumImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - TotalImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - AccidentsImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - CoalImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - CongestionImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - ElectricityImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - Foregone VATImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - Global WarmingImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - Local Air PollutionImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - Natural GasImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - PetroleumImplicit Fossil Fuel Subsidies - Road DamageMethodology:The calculations follow two steps for each fuel source and use (e.g., industrial coal use): (i) estimation of country-level externalities by fuel on societal costs of associated local air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, congestion and road accidents, and (ii) calculation of country-level subsidies based on support given to producers and the gap between retail prices and the socially optimal price.Subsidies are disaggregated into explicit and implicit subsidies, where explicit refers to subsidies caused by the supply costs being greater than the retail prices, whereas implicit subsidies reflect subsidies caused by the efficient price (incorporating the cost of negative externalities of fossil fuel use and foregone consumption tax revenues), being greater than the retail price exclusive of explicit subsidies.A full description of the methodology and associated data is provided in the Working Papers titled Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update, and on the IMF’s energy subsidy website. Disclaimer: The subsidy amounts are estimates using the available data. See the associated Working Paper for additional caveats.

This data set contains decadal (1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 1995) estimates of gridded fossil-fuel emissions, expressed in 1,000 metric tons C per year per one degree latitude by one degree longitude. The CO2 emissions are the summed emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production and gas flaring. The years 1950 to 1990 were developed and compiled using somewhat different procedures and information than the 1995 data. The national annual estimates (Boden et al., 1996) from 1950 to 1990 were allocated to one degree grid cells based on gridded information on national boundaries and political units, and a 1984 gridded human population map (Andres et al., 1996). For the 1995 data, the population data base developed by Li (1996a) and documented by CDIAC (DB1016: Li, 1996b) was used as proxy to grid the 1995 emission estimates. There is one *.zip data file with this data set at 1.0 degree spatial resolution.

Data Access Notice

Please note that, at present, the data for a sample of years are provided in this data record due to Zenodo's 50GB data limit. Data for all years 1959-2021 can be accessed via the following link:

http://opendap.uea.ac.uk:8080/opendap/hyrax/greenocean/GridFED/GridFEDv2022.2/contents.html

Product Description

See Jones et al. (2021) for a detailed description of this dataset and the core methods used to produce it. Key details are provided below.

GCP-GridFED (version 2022.2) is a gridded fossil emissions dataset that is consistent with the national CO₂ emissions reported by the Global Carbon Project (GCP; https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/) in the annual editions of its Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al., 2022).

GCP-GridFEDv2022.2 provides monthly fossil CO₂ emissions for the period 1959-2021 at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°. The gridded emissions estimates are provided separately for fossil CO₂ emitted by the oxidation of oil, coal and natural gas, international bunkers, and the calcination of limestone during cement production. The dataset also includes the cement carbonation sink of CO₂. Note that positive values in GridFED signify a surface-to-atmosphere CO₂ flux (emissions). Negative values signify an atmosphere-to-surface flux and apply only to the cement carbonation sink.

GCP-GridFED also includes gridded uncertainties in CO₂ emission, incorporating differences in uncertainty across emissions sectors and countries, and gridded estimates of corresponding O₂ uptake based on oxidative ratios for oil, coal and natural gas (see Jones et al., 2021).

Core Methodology in Brief

GCP-GridFEDv2022.2 was produced by scaling monthly gridded emissions for the year 2010, from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2; Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019), to the national annual emissions estimates compiled as part of the 2022 global carbon budget (GCP-NAE) for the years 1959-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., in preparation [Earth System Science Data]), an update from the 2021 edition of the Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al., 2022).

GCP-GridFEDv2022.2 uses a preliminary release of GCP-NAE covering the years 1959-2021 (timestamp 18th July 2021; and update from Andrew and Peters [2021]). The GCP-NAE estimates for year 2021 are based on data available at the timestamp and the estimates are thus expected to differ somewhat from those that will be presented by Friedlingstein et al. (in preparation [Earth System Science Data]), which will adopt updates to GCP-NAE since the timestamp.

For full details of the core methodology, see Jones et al. (2021).

Changes to the Seasonality of Emissions in GCP-GridFEDv2022.2

The seasonality of emissions (monthly distribution of annual emissions) for the following countries/sources is now based on the seasonality observed in the Carbon Monitor dataset (Liu et al., 2020; Dou et al., 2022):

• Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States.
• State or province-level data is used for Brazil, China, Russia, and the United States.
• This also applies for the Bunker Aviation and Bunker Shipping sectors.

Seasonality is determined in the following ways for those countries/sources:

• The seasonality of emissions in 2019-2021 is taken from Carbon Monitor.
• The seasonality of emissions in all years prior to 2019 is assigned as the average of the seasonality from Carbon Monitor in all years excluding 2020 (due to the impact of COVID-19 on the seasonality of emissions in 2020).

For all countries not listed above and all years 1959-2021, GCP-GridFED adopts the seasonality from EDGAR v4.3.2 (year 2010; Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019) and applies a small correction based on heating/cooling degree days to account for inter-annual climate variability which effects emissions in some sectors (see Jones et al., 2021).

Other New Features of GCP-GridFEDv2022.2

• Emissions of CO₂ from international shipping and bunker sources are now provided separately.
• The sink of CO₂ arising from the carbonation of cement is also included. Values are negative as this is an atmosphere-to-surface flux.
• A total surface flux of fossil CO₂ is now provided.

Kuwait KW: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 100.000 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 100.000 % for 2013. Kuwait KW: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 99.970 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2008 and a record low of 99.670 % in 1973. Kuwait KW: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kuwait – Table KW.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

The transportation sector is the largest consumer of primary fossil fuel energy in the United States. Largely due to reliance on petroleum-based motor fuels, the transportation sector consumed over 26.2 quadrillion British thermal units of fossil fuel energy in 2024. By comparison, fossil fuel consumption within the electric power sector has experienced an overall declining tendency in recent years, following a decline in U.S. electricity generation from coal. Consumption of fossil fuels in the U.S. Historically, the transportation sector and electric power sector consumed more than half of the fossil fuel-produced energy in the country. Being some of the cheapest energy sources on the market, the U.S. came to rely heavily on natural gas and coal in order to power its ever-growing economy, while gasoline and diesel remain the most common motor fuels. Petroleum is the greatest source of primary energy consumption in the U.S. Energy transition Despite the role fossil fuels continue to play in every day life for the U.S. resident, many within the country have urged the U.S. government to adopt more stringent targets to reducing the country's carbon footprint in order to mitigate climate change. An outlook from April 2025 suggest that renewable energy consumption in the U.S. is on track to increase to 19.43 quadrillion British thermal units by 2050. However, this amount is still far lower than the energy needed to offset fossil fuel use.