The life expectancy for men aged 65 years in the U.S. has gradually increased since the 1960s. Now men in the United States aged 65 can expect to live 17 more years on average. Women aged 65 years can expect to live around 19.7 more years on average.

Life expectancy in the U.S.

As of 2021, the average life expectancy at birth in the United States was 76.33 years. Life expectancy in the U.S. had steadily increased for many years but has recently dropped slightly. Women consistently have a higher life expectancy than men but have also seen a slight decrease. As of 2019, a woman in the U.S. could be expected to live up to 79.3 years.

Leading causes of death

The leading causes of death in the United States include heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, chronic lower respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. However, heart disease and cancer account for around 38 percent of all deaths. Although heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death for both men and women, there are slight variations in the leading causes of death. For example, unintentional injury and suicide account for a larger portion of deaths among men than they do among women.

Mortality experience data from 2009 through 2013 on public pension plans in the United States

Registered pension plans (RPPs), active members and market value of assets by death benefits after retirement, sector, type of plan and contributory status.

Mortality experience data from 2010 through 2014 on private pension plans in the United States

This table contains 2394 series, with data for years 1991 - 1991 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years). This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 items: Canada ...), Population group (19 items: Entire cohort; Income adequacy quintile 1 (lowest);Income adequacy quintile 2;Income adequacy quintile 3 ...), Age (14 items: At 25 years; At 30 years; At 40 years; At 35 years ...), Sex (3 items: Both sexes; Females; Males ...), Characteristics (3 items: Life expectancy; High 95% confidence interval; life expectancy; Low 95% confidence interval; life expectancy ...).

The National Health Data System (SNDS) will make it possible to link:

• health insurance data (SNIIRAM database);
• hospital data (PMSI database);
• the medical causes of death (base of the CépiDC of Inserm);
• disability-related data (from MDPH - CNSA data);
• a sample of data from complementary health insurance organisations.

The first two categories of data are already available and constitute the first version of the SNDS. The medical causes of death should feed the SNDS from the second half of 2017. The first data from the CNSA will arrive from 2018 and the sample of complementary organizations in 2019.

The purpose of the SNDS is to make these data available in order to promote studies, research or evaluations of a nature in the public interest and contributing to one of the following purposes:

• health information;
• the implementation of health policies;
• knowledge of health expenditure;
• informing professionals and establishments about their activities;
• innovation in the fields of health and medico-social care;
• monitoring, surveillance and health security.

Monaco had the highest life expectancy among both men and women worldwide as of 2024. That year, life expectancy for men and women was 84 and 89 years, respectively. The East Asian countries and regions Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and Macao followed. Many of the countries on the list are struggling with aging populations and a declining workforce as more people enter retirement age compared to people entering employment.

A dataset to advance the study of life-cycle interactions of biomedical and socioeconomic factors in the aging process. The EI project has assembled a variety of large datasets covering the life histories of approximately 39,616 white male volunteers (drawn from a random sample of 331 companies) who served in the Union Army (UA), and of about 6,000 African-American veterans from 51 randomly selected United States Colored Troops companies (USCT). Their military records were linked to pension and medical records that detailed the soldiers������?? health status and socioeconomic and family characteristics. Each soldier was searched for in the US decennial census for the years in which they were most likely to be found alive (1850, 1860, 1880, 1900, 1910). In addition, a sample consisting of 70,000 men examined for service in the Union Army between September 1864 and April 1865 has been assembled and linked only to census records. These records will be useful for life-cycle comparisons of those accepted and rejected for service. Military Data: The military service and wartime medical histories of the UA and USCT men were collected from the Union Army and United States Colored Troops military service records, carded medical records, and other wartime documents. Pension Data: Wherever possible, the UA and USCT samples have been linked to pension records, including surgeon''''s certificates. About 70% of men in the Union Army sample have a pension. These records provide the bulk of the socioeconomic and demographic information on these men from the late 1800s through the early 1900s, including family structure and employment information. In addition, the surgeon''''s certificates provide rich medical histories, with an average of 5 examinations per linked recruit for the UA, and about 2.5 exams per USCT recruit. Census Data: Both early and late-age familial and socioeconomic information is collected from the manuscript schedules of the federal censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870 (incomplete), 1880, 1900, and 1910. Data Availability: All of the datasets (Military Union Army; linked Census; Surgeon''''s Certificates; Examination Records, and supporting ecological and environmental variables) are publicly available from ICPSR. In addition, copies on CD-ROM may be obtained from the CPE, which also maintains an interactive Internet Data Archive and Documentation Library, which can be accessed on the Project Website. * Dates of Study: 1850-1910 * Study Features: Longitudinal, Minority Oversamples * Sample Size: ** Union Army: 35,747 ** Colored Troops: 6,187 ** Examination Sample: 70,800 ICPSR Link: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06836

An interdisciplinary data resource on health, economic position and quality of life as people age. Longitudinal multidisciplinary data from a representative sample of the English population aged 50 and older have been collected. Both objective and subjective data are collected relating to health and disability, biological markers of disease, economic circumstance, social participation, networks and well-being. Participants are surveyed every two years to see how people''s health, economic and social circumstances may change over time. One of the study''s aims is to determine the relationships between functioning and health, social networks, resources and economic position as people plan for, move into and progress beyond retirement. It is patterned after the Health and Retirement Study, a similar study based in the United States. ELSA''s method of data collection includes face-to-face interview with respondents aged 50+; self-completion; and clinical, physical, and performance measurements (e.g., timed walk). Wave 2 added questions about quality of health care, literacy, and household consumption, and a visit by a nurse to obtain anthropometric, blood pressure, and lung function measurements, as well as saliva and blood samples, and to record results from tests of balance and muscle strength. Another new aspect of Wave 2 is the ''Exit Interview'' carried out with proxy informants to collect data about respondents who have died since Wave 1. This interview includes questions about the respondents'' physical and psychological health, the care and support they received, their memory and mood in the last year of their life, and details of what has happened to their finances after their death. Wave 3 data added questions related to mortgages and pensions. The intention is to conduct interviews every 2 years, and to have a nurse visit every 4 years. It also is envisioned that the ELSA data will ultimately be linked to available administrative data, such as death registry data, a cancer register, NHS hospital episodes data, National Insurance contributions, benefits, and tax credit records. The survey data are designed to be used for the investigation of a broad set of topics relevant to understanding the aging process. These include: * health trajectories, disability and healthy life expectancy; * the determinants of economic position in older age; * the links between economic position, physical health, cognition and mental health; * the nature and timing of retirement and post-retirement labour market activity; * household and family structure, social networks and social supports; * patterns, determinants and consequences of social, civic and cultural participation; * predictors of well-being. Current funding for ELSA will extend the panel to 12 years of study, giving significant potential for longitudinal analyses to examine causal processes. * Dates of Study: 2002-2007 * Study Features: Longitudinal, International, Anthropometric Measures * Sample Size: ** 2000-2003 (Wave 1): 12,100 ** 2004-2005 (Wave 2): 9,433 ** 2006-2007 (Wave 3): 9,771 ** 2008-2009 (Wave 4): underway Links * Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS): http://www.esds.ac.uk/longitudinal/about/overview.asp * ICPSR: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/00139#scope-of-study

In 2022, the average life expectancy of women in Japan was approximately 87.1 years, whereas the life expectancy of men reached around 81.1 years. The average life expectancy of both men and women in Japan indicated a decrease for two consecutive years. Aging workforce Japan has one of the highest proportions of senior citizens worldwide, with almost 30 percent of the country’s population aged 65 years and older. The growing average life expectancy and declining fertility rates led to this demographic shift. To secure the nation's workforce despite the aging population, the Japanese government amended the Act on Stabilization of Employment of Elderly Persons in 2021 and requested Japanese enterprises to raise the retirement age to 70 for employees who wish to continue working after turning 60 or 65. Causes of death The leading causes of death in Japan are malignant neoplasms, heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. Lung cancer is the most mortal cancer site among Japanese men and women, but its mortality risk has declined from the 1990s onward. This development can be partially attributed to the downward trend in tobacco consumption. Since peaking in the 1970s, tobacco consumption in Japan has steadily declined, noticeable from the continuous decrease in the cigarette industry’s annual sales volume growth. Apart from a growing awareness regarding health risks, this downward movement can be explained by a tightening of prefectural no-smoking policies in the streets, many restaurants, and public places in general.

Mortality experience data from 2007-2016 of retired individuals in the United States who are covered under group pension contracts

BackgroundAdverse socioeconomic conditions at the individual and regional levels are associated with an increased risk of mortality. However, few studies have examined this relationship using multilevel analysis and, if so, only within a single country. This study aimed to examine this relationship using data from several European countries.MethodsIndividual-level data were obtained from Waves 5 to 9 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, while regional-level data were obtained from the Luxembourg Income Study Database. Cox regression analysis with gamma-shared frailty and a random intercept for country of residence was used to examine the association between individual mortality from all causes, cancer, heart attack, and stroke and measures of socioeconomic deprivation at the individual level, including material and social deprivation indices, and at the area level, including the Gini index.ResultsThe risk of mortality from all causes was increased for respondents with material deprivation (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.77, 95% CI = [1.60, 1.96]) and social deprivation (HR = 7.63, 95% CI = [6.42, 9.07]) compared with those without. A similar association was observed between individual deprivation and the risk of mortality from cancer, heart attack, or stroke. Regional deprivation had a modest contextual effect on the individual risk of death from all causes and cancer. However, when individual-level deprivation was included in the models, no contextual effects were found.ConclusionThe results indicate that individual socioeconomic conditions significantly predict causes of death in older European adults, with those with material deprivation and social deprivation having a higher risk of death from all causes, including cancer, heart attack, and stroke, while the Gini index has a minimal effect, although the Gini index reflects regional disparities across Europe.

Data set of extensive information on the changing circumstances of aged and disabled beneficiaries - Living, noninstitutionalized population of the continental United States from the Social Security Administration''''s Master Benefit Record who were new recipients of Social Security benefits (first payment in mid-1980 through mid-1981) or who had established entitlement to Medicare and were eligible for, but had not received, Social Security benefits as of July 1982. Based initially on a national cross-sectional survey of new beneficiaries in 1982, the original data base was expanded with information from administrative records and a second round of interviews in 1991. Variables measured in the original New Beneficiary Survey (NBS) include demographic characteristics; employment, marital, and childbearing histories; household composition; health; income and assets; program knowledge; and information about the spouses of married respondents. The 1991 New Beneficiary Follow-up (NBF) updated marital status, household composition, and the economic profile and contains additional sections on family contacts, postretirement employment, effects of widowhood and divorce, major reasons for changes in economic status, a more extensive section on health, and information on household moves and reasons for moving. Disabled-worker beneficiaries were also asked about their efforts to return to work, experiences with rehabilitation services, and knowledge of SSA work incentive provisions. The NBDS also links to administrative files of yearly covered earnings from 1951 to 1992, Medicare expenditures from 1984 to 1999, whether an SSI application has ever been made and payment status at five points in time, and dates of death as of spring 2001. For studies of health, the Medicare expenditure variables include inpatient hospital costs, outpatient hospital costs, home health care costs, and physicians'''' charges. The survey data cover functional capacity including ADLs and IADLs. For studies of work in retirement, the survey includes yearly information on extent of work, characteristics of the current or last job, and reasons for working or not working. No other data set has such detailed baseline survey data of a population immediately after retirement or disability, enhanced with subsequent measures over an extended period of time. The data are publicly available through NACDA and the Social Security Administration Website. * Dates of Study: 1982-1991 * Study Features: Longitudinal * Sample Size: ** 18,136 (NBS 1981) ** 12,677 (NBF 1991) Links: * 1982 (ICPSR): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/08510 * 1991 (ICPSR): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/06118

In 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the largest non-government employer at the time, introduced an innovative pension system. Most railroad employees were entitled to a pension based on their average earnings in the previous ten years and the length of their service. Retirement was mandatory at age 70, but workers in ill health could retire after age 65 with the approval of their supervisors. The Pennsylvania Railroad pension became a model for other railroads and large companies. These data describe the first twenty years of the pension. Information about almost ten thousand retirees was collected from the reports of the Pennsylvania Railroad Board for the Eastern Lines from 1900 to 1920. The data include names, occupations, average earnings, pension allowances, type of retirement (mandatory at age 70 or by request of the retiree or his supervisor), ages, years of service, and dates of retirement and death. The retirees are almost all male and white. Occupations were segregated by race and sex, and the Pension Board intentionally excluded dining car workers, who were predominantly Black. During the first six years of the pension, average earnings were computed by assuming full time employment, but the Pension Board began using actual earnings in 1906. To study the effect of this change, the Pension Board’s reports included both actual and full-time earnings for employees who retired from 1906 to 1908. Data were transcribed from Pennsylvania Railroad. (1900-1920). Annual Reports. Pension Board. Pennsylvania Railroad Records, (Series 9: Pension Department, 1899-1958). Urban Archives Center. Temple University Libraries, Philadelphia PA.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Retirement Home Services market is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.90% from 2023 to 2030. Rising Global Life Expectancy Is Driving The Growth of the Market

People are living longer lives than they were a few decades ago. This is due to low rates of cardiovascular and infectious disease mortality. The majority of deaths in the world were caused by three primary health conditions: ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and stroke.

Since the 1990s, the average number of fatalities has grown. The number of people dying from illnesses such as heart disease has increased as the world population has grown.

The decrease in age-specific mortality rates for various illnesses is evidence of the healthcare industry's success.Life expectancy increases as a result of breakthroughs in public healthcare facilities and significant developments in the healthcare business, as well as higher living standards, increased nutrition, better education, and lifestyle changes. An individual's global average age is mostly determined by living conditions and place of residence. These factors will boost market growth during the forecast period.

Technological Developments Will Boost Market Expansion

During the forecast period, technological advancements in long-term healthcare are anticipated to propel market expansion. This is brought on by the increase in Internet usage, which has sparked the development of online marketplaces, mobile apps, and mHealth. There is a rising need for support services including smartphone apps, trackers, wearables, communication tools, and smart alarms. These tools allow nurses and caregivers to monitor, document, and observe patients as well as connect with medical specialists.The use of computer and mobile phone-based patient data management among these technologies is spreading throughout long-term care.

Apps that create electronic health records (EHRs) and mobile health records (MHRs) are now available, making it simpler for consumers and healthcare professionals to access and exchange health information.

(Source:health-e.in/blog/phr-apps-india/)

The main technological advancements are mHealth and mobile-based healthcare applications that produce electronic health records (EHRs) and mobile health records (MHRs). When there are medical emergencies, other technologies, like alarm integration methods, are employed to notify service providers and caregivers. As they lessen the dependency on carers, smart houses are becoming more popular in industrialized nations. Thus, the market's expansion over the course of the forecast period will be fueled by the rising acceptance of such cutting-edge technical solutions.

The Aspects of the Retirement Home Services Market are Limitingits Growth

Negative Reputation Of Retirement Homes Is A Significant Barrier To Market Growth

Though living in the comfort of one's own home is always preferable, living in an old age home has its advantages. However, just a few old age facilities provide the bare minimum of quality for a comfortable stay. The cost of services supplied by old age homes is heavily influenced by the quality of those services. Many individuals enroll in retirement homes that lack basic infrastructure and services because they cannot afford the hefty service fees. Residents at nursing facilities are rarely given privacy. The environment in certain nursing facilities frequently results in despair, boredom, neglect, and, in some cases, abuse.

Impact of COVID-19 on The Retirement Home Services Market

Due to the risk of getting the virus in communal living arrangements, the pandemic has reduced demand for retirement homes. However, the epidemic has increased demand for retirement homes that provide specialized nursing care services. Retirement homes that provide specialized services for nursing care are growing more popular as individuals seek a safe and comfortable place to live. Introduction of Retirement Home Services

A retirement home is a multi-residence living complex designed for the elderly, sometimes known as an old people's home or old age home. Everyone or a couple resides in a room or suite of rooms that is akin to an apartment. There are more facilities in the building. This will include places for gathering, eating, playing, and receiving some kind of healt...

This data collection constitutes a portion of the historical data collected by the project "Early Indicators of Later Work Levels, Disease, and Death." With the goal of constructing datasets suitable for longitudinal analyses of factors affecting the aging process, the project is collecting military, medical, and socioeconomical data on a sample of white males mustered into the Union Army during the Civil War. The project seeks to examine the influence of environmental and host factors prior to recruitment on the health performance and survival of recruits during military service, to identify and show relationships between socioeconomic and biomedical conditions (including nutritional status) of veterans at early ages and mortality rates from diseases at middle and late ages, and to study the effects of health and pensions on labor force participation rates of veterans at ages 65 and over. This installment of the collection, Version M-5, supersedes any previous version of these data. Collected in this version are data from military service, pension, and medical records of veterans who were originally mustered into the Union Army in California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin regiments. Also included are data from a 20-company pilot sample and information on recruits whose pension records were stored at the Veterans Administration (VA) Archives in Washington, DC, but had not been collected previously. Data include date and place of birth, place of residence, marital status, number of children, occupation, wealth and income, muster place and date, length of service, battles fought, medical experiences (e.g., illness, wounds, and hospital stays), health status, pension information, and date, place, and cause of death. Additional variables provide the place and date of birth of the recruits' wives, children, and parents. The data are organized into three sections according to state of enlistment. Section 1 (Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4) contains data from New England, Kansas, Missouri, Minnesota, Iowa, New Jersey, Indiana, Wisconsin, California, New Mexico, and the 20-company pilot sample. Section 2 (Parts 5, 6, 7, and 8) contains data from New York, Michigan, Washington, DC, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and West Virginia, along with pensions data from the VA Archives. Section 3 (Parts 9, 10, 11, and 12) contains data from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. The variables in Part 13, Linkage Data, indicate which major document sources were located for each recruit. Also, provided is information regarding death dates (Part 14) for individuals whose death records came from the pension payout cards. Approximate date of death was determined by examining the last record of payment to the pensioner.

A dataset that permits examination of health, economic, work, and retirement trajectories for a representative national sample of men from middle to old age. The original sample of 5,020 men, first interviewed in 1966, was re-interviewed periodically until 1983 under a contract with the US Department of Labor. The study provided a detailed longitudinal record of their labor market activity, health, financial status, family structure, and attitudes toward and experience in retirement. The NIA grant made possible a re-interview in 1990 with the surviving men and the widows (or other next-of-kin) of the decedents. The merging of the 1990 data includes death certificate information for the decedents, Blacks were over-represented in the original sample in a ratio of about three or four to one, resulting in about 500 surviving black men in the sample. Information on labor market activity, income, and assets also is available for a sample of about 1,350 widows, 90 percent of whom are between 60 and 89 years of age. This information can be linked to earlier data on the women''s health and work activity that was reported by their late husbands. Due to the original sample selection, other NLS cohorts contain wives and daughters of the older men. These other surveys also hold a wealth of detailed information on aging and retirement issues, especially on income transfers. * Dates of Study: 1966-1990 * Study Features: Longitudinal, Minority Oversamples * Sample Size: ** 1966: 5,020 men (baseline) ** 1990: 2,092 surviving men, 1,341 widows, 865 other next-of-kin Links: * BLS Website on NLS: http://www.bls.gov/nls/ * ICPSR: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/04675

Data set of annual questionnaires of a long-term prospective study of 1,337 former Johns Hopkins University medical students to identify precursors of premature cardiovascular disease and hypertension. The purpose of the study has broadened, however, as the cohort has aged. The study has been funded for 15 years. Participants were an average of 22 years of age at entry and have been followed to an average age of 69 years. Data are collected through annual questionnaires, supplemented with phone calls and substudies. Self-reports of diseases and risk factors have been validated. Every year from 1988 to 2003, anywhere from 2 to 6 questionnaires have been administered, in categories such as the following, which repeat periodically: Morbidity, Supplemental Illness, Health Behavior, Family and Career, Retirement, Job Satisfaction, Blood Pressure and Weight, Medications, Work Environment, Social Network, Diabetes, Osteoarthritis, Health Locus of Control, Preventive Health Services, General Health, Functional Limitations, Memory Functioning, Smoking, Religious Beliefs and Practices, Links with Administrative Data, National Death Index searches for all nonrespondents * Dates of Study: 1946-2003 * Study Features: Longitudinal * Sample Size: 1,337 (1946)

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.The National Child Development Study (NCDS) is a continuing longitudinal study that seeks to follow the lives of all those living in Great Britain who were born in one particular week in 1958. The aim of the study is to improve understanding of the factors affecting human development over the whole lifespan. The NCDS has its origins in the Perinatal Mortality Survey (PMS) (the original PMS study is held at the UK Data Archive under SN 2137). This study was sponsored by the National Birthday Trust Fund and designed to examine the social and obstetric factors associated with stillbirth and death in early infancy among the 17,000 children born in England, Scotland and Wales in that one week. Selected data from the PMS form NCDS sweep 0, held alongside NCDS sweeps 1-3, under SN 5565. Survey and Biomeasures Data (GN 33004):To date there have been nine attempts to trace all members of the birth cohort in order to monitor their physical, educational and social development. The first three sweeps were carried out by the National Children's Bureau, in 1965, when respondents were aged 7, in 1969, aged 11, and in 1974, aged 16 (these sweeps form NCDS1-3, held together with NCDS0 under SN 5565). The fourth sweep, also carried out by the National Children's Bureau, was conducted in 1981, when respondents were aged 23 (held under SN 5566). In 1985 the NCDS moved to the Social Statistics Research Unit (SSRU) - now known as the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS). The fifth sweep was carried out in 1991, when respondents were aged 33 (held under SN 5567). For the sixth sweep, conducted in 1999-2000, when respondents were aged 42 (NCDS6, held under SN 5578), fieldwork was combined with the 1999-2000 wave of the 1970 Birth Cohort Study (BCS70), which was also conducted by CLS (and held under GN 33229). The seventh sweep was conducted in 2004-2005 when the respondents were aged 46 (held under SN 5579), the eighth sweep was conducted in 2008-2009 when respondents were aged 50 (held under SN 6137) and the ninth sweep was conducted in 2013 when respondents were aged 55 (held under SN 7669). Four separate datasets covering responses to NCDS over all sweeps are available. National Child Development Deaths Dataset: Special Licence Access (SN 7717) covers deaths; National Child Development Study Response and Outcomes Dataset (SN 5560) covers all other responses and outcomes; National Child Development Study: Partnership Histories (SN 6940) includes data on live-in relationships; and National Child Development Study: Activity Histories (SN 6942) covers work and non-work activities. Users are advised to order these studies alongside the other waves of NCDS.From 2002-2004, a Biomedical Survey was completed and is available under End User Licence (EUL) (SN 8731) and Special Licence (SL) (SN 5594). Proteomics analyses of blood samples are available under SL SN 9254.Linked Geographical Data (GN 33497): A number of geographical variables are available, under more restrictive access conditions, which can be linked to the NCDS EUL and SL access studies. Linked Administrative Data (GN 33396):A number of linked administrative datasets are available, under more restrictive access conditions, which can be linked to the NCDS EUL and SL access studies. These include a Deaths dataset (SN 7717) available under SL and the Linked Health Administrative Datasets (SN 8697) available under Secure Access.Additional Sub-Studies (GN 33562):In addition to the main NCDS sweeps, further studies have also been conducted on a range of subjects such as parent migration, unemployment, behavioural studies and respondent essays. The full list of NCDS studies available from the UK Data Service can be found on the NCDS series access data webpage. How to access genetic and/or bio-medical sample data from a range of longitudinal surveys:For information on how to access biomedical data from NCDS that are not held at the UKDS, see the CLS Genetic data and biological samples webpage.Further information about the full NCDS series can be found on the Centre for Longitudinal Studies website. The National Child Development Study (NCDS) originated in the ‘Perinatal Mortality Survey’, which examined social and obstetric factors associated with still birth and infant mortality among over 17,000 babies born in Britain in the week 3-9 March 1958. Surviving members of this birth cohort have been surveying on eight further occasions in order to monitor their changing health, education, social and economic circumstances – in 1965 (age 7), 1969 (age 11), 1974 (age 16), 1981 (age 23), 1991 (age 33), 1999/2000 (age 41/42), 2004/05 (age 46/47), 2008/09 (age 50) and 2013/14 (age 55). There have also been surveys of sub-samples of the cohort, the most recent occurring in 1995 (age 37), when a 10% representative sub-sample was assessed for difficulties with basic skills. Finally, during 2002-04, 9,340 NCDS cohort members participated in a biomedical survey, carried out by qualified nurses.

Life expectancy at birth and at age 65, by sex, on a three-year average basis.