This research note introduces a new dataset—the Governmental Incompatibilities Data Project (GIDP) 2.0—which identifies the presence of incompatibilities over governments for all countries in the world from 1960 to 2020. Incompatibilities over government involve organizations making maximalist claims related to the legitimacy of elections, the composition of the national government, or regime change. GIDP 2.0 includes information about which of these claims is present in each incompatibility year. These data can facilitate analyses of the onset, dynamics, and outcomes of both civil war and nonviolent campaigns, improve our ability to predict their occurrence, and allow for analysis of whether international efforts to prevent violent conflicts over government are effective. We present a series of descriptive analyses showing that governmental incompatibilities are common but not ubiquitous, and occur across time periods, and within and across regime types. These descriptive analyses further show interesting variation among the types of claims articulated in democracies, autocracies, and anocracies and across different types of autocratic institutions. A brief two-stage analysis shows that some factors commonly included in studies of armed conflict and nonviolent campaign onset have different effects on the emergence of governmental incompatibilities and on whether these incompatibilities escalate to mass mobilization.

Content

A baseball batting data frame with 107429 observations on the following 22 variables.

playerID Player ID code

yearID Year

stint player's stint (order of appearances within a season)

teamID Team; a factor

lgID League; a factor with levels AA AL FL NL PL UA

G Games: number of games in which a player played

AB At Bats

R Runs

H Hits: times reached base because of a batted, fair ball without error by the defense

X2B Doubles: hits on which the batter reached second base safely

X3B Triples: hits on which the batter reached third base safely

HR Homeruns

RBI Runs Batted In

SB Stolen Bases

CS Caught Stealing

BB Base on Balls

SO Strikeouts

IBB Intentional walks

HBP Hit by pitch

SH Sacrifice hits

SF Sacrifice flies

GIDP Grounded into double play

Baffled why your team traded for that 34-year-old pitcher? Convinced you can create a new and improved version of WAR? Wondering what made the 1907 Cubs great and if can they do it again?

The History of Baseball is a reformatted version of the famous Lahman’s Baseball Database. It contains Major League Baseball’s complete batting and pitching statistics from 1871 to 2015, plus fielding statistics, standings, team stats, park stats, player demographics, managerial records, awards, post-season data, and more.

Scripts, Kaggle’s free, in-browser analytics tool, makes it easy to share detailed sabermetrics, predict the next hall of fame inductee, illustrate how speed scores runs, or publish a definitive analysis on why the Los Angeles Dodgers will never win another World Series.

We have more ideas for analysis than games in a season, but here are a few we’d really love to see:

• Is there a most error-prone position?
• When do players at different positions peak?
• Are the best performers selected for all-star game?
• How many walks does it take for a starting pitcher to get pulled?
• Do players with a high ground into double play (GIDP) have a lower batting average?
• Which players are the most likely to choke during the post-season?
• Why should or shouldn’t the National League adopt the designated hitter rule?

See the full SQLite schema.